FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
by M.B. Pescod
Tyne and Wear Professor of Environmental Control Engineering and Head, Department of Civil Engineering University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1992
|
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
M-56
ISBN 92-5-103135-5
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO 1992
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
1. Wastewater characteristics and effluent quality parameters
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Characteristics of wastewaters
1.3 Quality parameters of importance in agricultural use of wastewaters1.3.1 Parameters of health significance
1.3.2 Parameters of agricultural significance
2. Wastewater quality guidelines for agricultural use
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Human exposure control
2.3 Effluent quality guidelines for health protection
2.4 Water quality guidelines for maximum crop production
2.5 Health protection measures in aquacultural use of wastewater2.5.1 Special concerns in aquacultural use of human wastes
2.5.2 Quality guidelines for health protection in using human wastes for aquaculture
3.1 The problem
3.2 Conventional wastewater treatment processes3.2.1 Preliminary treatment
3.2.2 Primary treatment
3.2.3 Secondary treatment
3.2.4 Tertiary and/or advanced treatment
3.2.5 Disinfection
3.2.6 Effluent storage
3.2.7 Reliability of conventional and advanced wastewater treatment3.3 Natural biological treatment systems
3.3.1 Wastewater stabilization ponds
3.3.2 Overland treatment of wastewater
3.3.3 Macrophyte treatment
3.3.4 Nutrient film technique
4. Aquifer recharge with wastewater
4.1.1 Soil-aquifer treatment (SAT)
4.1.2 SAT system layouts
4.1.3 Soil requirements4.2.1 Hydraulic capacity and evaporation
4.2.2 Basin management
4.2.3 Pretreatment4.3.1 Suspended solids
4.3.2 Organic compounds
4.3.3 Bacteria and viruses
4.3.4 Nitrogen
4.3.5 Phosphorus
4.3.6 Trace elements and salts
5.1 Conditions for successful irrigation
5.1.1 Amount of water to be applied
5.1.2 Quality of water to be applied
5.1.3 Scheduling of irrigation
5.1.4 Irrigation methods
5.1.5 Leaching
5.1.6 Drainage5.2 Strategies for managing treated wastewater on the farm
5.3 Crop selection5.3.1 To overcome salinity hazards
5.3.2 To overcome toxicity hazards
5.3.3 To prevent health hazards5.4 Selection of irrigation methods
5.5 Field management practices in wastewater irrigation5.5.1 Water management
5.5.2 Land and soil management
5.5.3 Crop management and cultural practices5.6 Planning for wastewater irrigation
5.6.1 Central planning
5.6.2 Desirable site characteristics
5.6.3 Crop selection issues
6. Agricultural use of sewage sludge
6.1 Characteristics of sewage sludge
6.2 Sludge treatment
6.3 Sludge application
6.4 Effects of sludge on soils and crops
6.5 Planting, grazing and harvesting constraints
6.6 Environmental protection
7. Wastewater use in aquaculture
7.1 Biota in aquaculture ponds
7.2 Technical aspects of fish culture
7.2.1 Environmental factors
7.2.2 Fish yields and population management
7.2.3 Health related aspects of fish culture
8. Economic, institutional and policy issues
8.1 Economic and financial implications
8.2 Institutional organization
8.3 Policy issues
9. Wastewater use case studies
9.1 Advanced wastewater treatment: California, USA
9.1.1 Reclaimed wastewater uses
9.1.2 Wastewater reclamation criteria
9.1.3 Wastewater treatment
9.1.4 Monterey wastewater reclamation study for agriculture9.2 Wastewater treatment in stabilization ponds: Al Samra, Jordan
9.2.1 Septage pretreatment and wastewater transmission
9.2.2 Al Samra stabilization ponds
9.2.3 Performance of Al Samra stabilization ponds9.3 Soil-aquifer treatment: Arizona, USA
9.4 Wastewater treatment and crop restriction: Tunisia
9.4.1 Current and future use of wastewaters in Tunisia
9.4.2 Studies of treated wastewater irrigation and sewage sludge application
9.4.3 Legislation9.5 Wastewater treatment and human exposure control: Kuwait
9.5.1 Background to treated effluent use in Kuwait
9.5.2 Master plan for effluent utilization
9.5.3 Project outputs and controls9.6 Crop restriction for wastewater irrigation: Mexico
9.6.1 Historical use of sewage for irrigation
9.6.2 Mezquital valley irrigation district 03 experience
9.6.3 Health impacts9.7 Wastewater use in aquaculture: Calcutta, India