FAO provides technical assistance on wildlife and protected area management within the framework of its regular and field programmes. Through the regular programme, financed by the Organization, FAO acts both as a centre for the collection and analysis of information and as an international forum and source of policy advice. The technical assistance is provided mainly through the field programmes, with three sources of funds, which are the Technical Cooperation Programme (TCP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Trust Fund Programme. The TCP is funded from the Organization's regular programme, which was established to assist government urgent requests by providing small and rapid projects. Many of these projects were of a preparatory nature, to enable governments to receive pre-investment assistance, as well as training or emergency help. A number of TCP projects have contributed efficiently to promote sustainable development through the conservation and management of wildlife and protected areas. UNDP is the central source for technical assistance funding, having financed for many years regional and country projects executed by FAO and recipient governments. The Trust Fund Programme is multi-bilateral. One country supports another, with a multinational agency as an intermediate. In this case, FAO provides expertise to execute the project. Trust Funds are presently contributing with more than half of the Organization's Field Programme within the framework of the Government Cooperative Programme (GCP). Under the GCP, donor governments supply funds in trust to FAO to execute projects in countries or regions of their special interest and in subjects selected by priority.
During the period extending from 1975 to date, FAO assisted 84 member countries on wildlife and protected area management, supporting local governments in the identification, formulation, evaluation, selection, promotion and implementation of projects. The Organization helped to foster medium and long-term development planning, resource management and use, technology-development training and research, including resource assessment and monitoring, in wildlife and protected areas. FAO provided advice and information on the development of protected area systems by building up capabilities at regional or national levels in planning and management of wildlands.
Workshops, seminars and training
The project FAO/UNEP on Wildlands, Protected Areas and Wildlife Management in Latin America and the Caribbean, still in operation, aims at strengthening the professional and technical capabilities of the field personnel for managing wildlands, protected areas and wildlife. It was designed to encourage the utilization of the full potential of wild plants and animal resources on a sustainable basis for enhanced economic and social development of the region. Among other objectives of this project it can be highlighted the integration of planning and management of wildlands, protected areas and wildlife into the national conservation strategies and national development plans by the governments involved. In order to promote the exchange of scientific and technical information in the region a number of workshops and seminars were organized. Some examples are:
· Workshop on Wildlife Management for Rural Development - Peru, 1985· Workshop on Protected Wildlands Planning - Venezuela, 1986
· Workshop on In Situ Conservation of Genetic Resources - Peru, 1987
· International Workshop on the Strategies for the Management and Rational Utilization of "Guanaco" - Argentina, 1989
· Protected Wildlands and Local Communities in Latin America - Costa Rica, 1989
· Workshop on Project Development for National Parks and Protected Areas -Dominica, 1989
· International Workshop on Protected Areas in Amazonís Basin - Peru, 1990
· Management of Biosphere Reserves in Latin America - Mexico, 1991
· International Workshop on the Management and Utilization of the Green Iguana -Nicaragua, 1992.
· International Workshop on Tourism Policies in National Parks and other Protected Areas - Venezuela, 1992
· Workshop on the Integrated Management of Protected Wildlands in Chile - Chile, 1992
· International Workshop on Protected Area Policies towards the Conservation and Rational Utilization of Biodiversity in Latin America - Argentina, 1994
FAO support to wildlife training was mainly funded by the Technical Cooperative Programme and conducted in many different regions. In Kenya, the project "Training in Wildlife Management and Fisheries" proposed a revision of the curriculum for wildlife and fisheries management training and developed a draft curriculum for a B.Sc. Fisheries Management Course at Moi University. Another example in Africa was the Seminar on Integrated Wildlife Resource Use, undertaken by the SADCC - Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference - member states Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The seminar emphasized community's participation in wildlife management and utilization for rural development, by analyzing case studies of Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
A project with similar objectives was designed for Thailand - Demonstration and Training in Wildlife Farming for Rural Development - through which a wildlife farming programme was initiated to increase food supply for rural population. The rational utilization of wildlife resources also contributed to boost family income.
The project Training of Conservation Personnel, in Mongolia, assisted national staff in preparing and carrying out field training courses for forest and wildlife rangers, enabling the government to implement its policy for the development of the Gobi region's forest and wildlife resources.
In Paraguay, through the project Training for Investments Promotion in the Forestry Sector, FAO helped prepare practical guides for the game wardens' work in the national parks system. There were also made some recommendations for the establishment of national parks.
A UNDP-funded project was carried out in Nigeria, in two phases, to plan and to construct the Federal School of Wildlife Management, conceiving the curriculum, initiating courses at technician level and ensuring counter-part training abroad.
Establishment and Management of Protected Areas
FAO provided advice for many countries and regions in the development of a system of parks, reserves and sanctuaries in representative ecological zones as an attempt to assure the conservation of ecosystems, the protection of endangered species and an effective management of wildlife resources. The projects, mostly funded by UN DP, assisted in the preparation of national management plans, identifying priority areas for environmental conservation. Moreover, they conducted multidisciplinary studies, oriented towards the implementation of protected area networks and promoted integrated management of protected areas and buffer zones. Some of the countries assisted were Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Benin, Bhutan, Cameroon, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Sri Lanka and Sudan.
Legislation
The projects concerning legislation were formulated and implemented in close cooperation with FAO's Legal Office. The main source of funding was the Technical Cooperative Programme, except for the project Forestry, Wildlife and National Parks Policy and Legislation, MontSerrat, financed by UNDP.
At regional level the project Forestry Legislation and Policy, for Latin America and the Caribbean, provided assistance to the participating countries in upgrading their forestry policies and national legislation, and in implementing regulations to forests, wildlife and national parks. A separate review of forestry, wildlife and national parks legislation was prepared for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Under the two-phase-project Elaboration of Legislation for Protection of Flora and Fauna, the government of Angola was assisted through the preparation of a comprehensive set of laws for wildlife management and protection, based on previous studies of the situation.
Particular attention was given to the hunting regulations and wildlife protection in Guinea. A report to the government, containing an analysis of the existent fauna legislation and subsequent proposals for an effective enforcement of the law.
A very recent project in Tanzania aims at assisting the government in undertaking a comprehensive review of the legal framework for national parks management. In addition, it will be prepared a draft legislation, along with other legal documents and strategies to better implement the country's national parks policies. Other projects regarding forest and environmental legislation were executed in Zanzibar, with a special assistance in marine areas. For those areas, it was proposed specific legislation for marine parks and reserves, for better management of the resources.
Wildlife Utilization and Management
The majority of the projects to support the development of wildlife management was financed either by TCP or UNDP, most of them concentrated in Africa. Mozambique, for instance, received support to the development of community forestry and wildlife management throughout pilot experiences, training, technology development, research and education. Another project carried out in the country sought to improve the wildlife meat supply to Beira and Marromeu by rationalizing the utilization of wildlife resources, thus generating income and improving the protein nutrition of rural communities.
Projects in Zimbabwe, Burkina Faso and Somalia enabled the respective governments to initiate the implementation of utilization and management programmes for wildlife resources. Within those programmes it was emphasized the evaluation of institutional arrangements regarding the distribution of benefits and revenues to local people. Zimbabwe was supported by a GCP project to assess the promotion of production, processing and marketing of handicrafts from wildlife trophies, stones and wood by local people in communal lands. FAO also provided advice to the establishment of small-scale industries for the production and marketing of those handicrafts.
There were four projects in the Central African Republic to develop a wildlife management programme. They contributed to improve the quality of life of the local population through the utilization of wildlife resources.
In Malawi a wildlife management project increased farm productivity by reducing crop damage and pre-harvest losses caused by wild animals.
In Kenya the projects contributed to the sustained development of wildlife resources by assisting the government to conduct studies in order to develop and demonstrate the economic returns from wildlife utilization and management.
FAO cooperated in carrying out ecological studies in Tanzania with special reference to wildlife utilization.
Some of the projects were carried out in other regions. In Mongolia the Organization demonstrated ways of increasing the profitability of wildlife management as well as protecting endangered animal species.
The government of Dominica was assisted in the conservation of the environment by ensuring the effective management of the island's fauna.
In Indonesia there was a project for nature conservation and wildlife management through which an effective system of national parks and reserves was developed. This was an important measure to safeguard viable and representative samples of the Indonesian flora and fauna, and to develop the economic potential of such areas through tourism where appropriated.
Iran was supported in wildlife conservation and management through the development of a viable parks and wildlife research and management programme in the Nature Conservation Office. FAO also helped in the development of a sound conservation education programme and legislation for this country.
In relation to hunting management the Organization formulated a project to reorganize hunting for subsistence in Burkina Faso and conducted feasibility studies on game reserves and management of the Bili-Uere hunting reserve in Zaire. Other feasibility studies took place in Croatia to incentive hunting development and tourism. In Mauritania there was a need to organize controlled hunting of birds that were destructive to crops. The government of Botswana was provided with a computerized system for collection of updated information to enable more effective control of both hunting licensing and administration.
Wildlife Production
A TCP project on ostrich production and marketing was developed in Namibia to advise the government on economic ostrich farming, identifying the potentials and constraints regarding the domestic and the export market, for ostrich products and byproducts.
FAO assisted the government of Papua New Guinea to establish a deer farm through a UNDP-funded project. Studies of Rusa deer were undertaken in support of the development of a deer industry at local and large commercial levels.
A significant contribution was made to crocodile management, breeding, farming or industry. TCP was the main source of funding for generic crocodile management projects. In Botswana, Ethiopia and Myanmar those projects prepared and implemented guidelines for the development of crocodile management for rural people, together with specialized training and establishment of crocodile conservation programmes. There are on-going projects in Chad and Mali that are assisting the governments of these countries to conduct inventories of monitor lizard populations of economic importance and to monitor the conservation status of the species according to CITES criteria.
Crocodile breeding projects were carried out in Bhutan and India, financed by UNDP. Studies on the possibility and potential for rehabilitation of crocodiles in the wild were made in Bhutan, followed by an analysis of the possibility and prospects of crocodile farming for commercial purposes. In India, the Crocodile Breeding and Management project contributed to the strengthening of the Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute in Hyderabad, having trained personnel at professional level in crocodile husbandry and sanctuary management.
TCP and UNDP projects on potential and/or practice of crocodile ranching and farming took place in Cameroon, Ethiopia, India, Madagascar and Solomon Islands. The advisory assistance to those countries consisted basically of the following activities: inventories of crocodile populations; feasibility studies for farming, accessing the potential of increased utilization of crocodile resources; establishment and management of crocodile hatchery and rearing stations; and investigation of the possibilities and perspectives of crocodile farming in captivity, either for conservation or commercial purposes.
An important GCP project was developed and implemented in Indonesia for the development of crocodile industry on a sustained yield basis. It attempted to reduce pressure on wild stocks by bringing the trade under control. The main strategy was to add legal protection to the crocodile species and to enforce regulation through the utilization of permits to control each stage of the industry. Other projects on crocodile skin industry, funded by UNDP, were developed in Ethiopia, Myanmar and Papua New Guinea to establish commercially viable crocodile skin export industry in order to increase foreign exchange earnings. The projects were complemented by the introduction of monitoring systems, training in the techniques of husbandry and marketing, and cooperation with CITES.
Institutional Strengthening
Most of the projects on institutional building were financed through UNDP and the GEF. FAO assisted to develop the potential of the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation in Nepal, enabling the country to manage natural parks and the protected area system in a more effective way. A three-phase-project in Myanmar established a Forest Institute in Yezin and elaborated research programmes in wildlife management. In Afghanistan and in Ecuador the support to the capacity building of their forest departments improved the planning, development and management of national parks. The strengthening of the Somali Institute of Forestry and Wildlife helped improve both the national training programme and the forest management planning. Building up the IZCN (Wildlife and National Parks) in Zaire was a good mechanism for the implementation of a reorganized policy for wildlife and national parks.
A very important sub-regional project for Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda was funded through GEF (the Global Environmental Facility) to provide institutional support for the Conservation of East African Biological Diversity. A similar support through GEF was also provided to Sri Lanka.
Technical Assistance
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Categories
1. PROTECTED AREA PLANNING
2. PROTECTED AREA ESTABLISHMENT
3. PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT
4. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
5. WILDLIFE STUDIES, SURVEYS, RESEARCH AND MONITORING
6. WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
7. WILDLIFE AND PROTECTED AREA TRAINING PROGRAMMES
8. WILDLIFE AND PROTECTED AREA LEGISLATION
9. WILDLIFE CONTROL
10. WILDLIFE UTILIZATION
11. ENDANGERED SPECIES CONSERVATION
12. GAME FARMING
13. CROCODILE FARMING
14. CROCODILE BREEDING
15. RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND BUFFER ZONE MANAGEMENT
16. ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION
17. INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING
