THE STATE
OF FOOD
AND
AGRICULTURE
2007

Paying farmers for environmental services

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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword   (Download  1 Mb)
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and acronyms
Explanatory note

PART I - PAYING FARMERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

1.Introduction and overview   (Download  659 Kb)

Ecosystem services and agriculture
The role of farmers
Payments for environmental services
Current experience with payments for environmental services
Implications for poverty
Main messages from the report

2. Environmental services and agriculture (Download  832 Kb)

How can agricultural producers generate environmental services?
Agriculture and climate change mitigation
Water quantity and quality
Biodiversity conservation
Importance of scale, location and coordination in supplying environmental services
Technical versus economic potential to supply environmental services
Conclusions

3. Demand for environmental services (Download  544 Kb)

Value and beneficiaries of environmental services
Who are the potential buyers?
Demand for three main environmental services
Farmers and landholders as buyers of services
Future developments affecting potential growth of PES programmes in developing countries
Conclusions

4. Supplying environmental services: farmers’ decisions and policy options (Download  672 Kb)

The role of individual farmers' decisions
Constraints against the provision of environmental services
Policy options to shape farmers’ incentives
Why payments?
Supply response to payments for environmental services
Conclusions

5. Designing effective payments for environmental services (Download  384 Kb)

What should payments be made for?
Who should be paid?
How much should be paid?
How should payments be made?
Reducing transaction costs
Establishing an enabling environment
Conclusions

6. Implications for poverty

The poor as suppliers of environmental services
Indirect impacts of PES programmes on the poor
Payments for environmental services and poverty reduction: where are the synergies?
Conclusions

7. Conclusions

The way forward

PART II - WORLD AND REGIONAL REVIEW: a longer term perspective (Download  704 Kb)

Agricultural production
Food consumption
Agricultural trade
Food insecurity
Opportunities and challenges in the future

PART III - STATISTICAL ANNEX (Download   896 Kb)

Notes on the annex tables
Table A1 Total and agricultural population (including forestry and fisheries)
Table A2 Land use
Table A3 Water use and irrigated land
Table A4 Production of cereals and meat
Table A5 Production of fish and forest products (2004)
Table A6 Value of agricultural exports and share in total exports
Table A7 Value of agricultural imports and share in total imports

Table A8 Share of processed food products in total food trade   (Download  288 Kb)
Table A9 Per capita GDP and per capita agricultural GDP of the agricultural population
Table A10 Dietary energy, protein and fat consumption
Table A11 Number of undernourished and proportion in total population
Table A12 Life expectancy and child mortality

Glossary of terms (Download   640 Kb)
References
Special chapters of The State of Food and Agriculture
Selected publications

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