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Table of Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Glossary
Explanatory note
I. Current agricultural situation - facts and figures
1. CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN 1995
2. FOOD SHORTAGES AND EMERGENCIES
3. CURRENT CEREAL SUPPLY, UTILIZATION AND STOCKS
4. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE TO AGRICULTURE
5. FOOD AID FLOWS IN 1995/96
6. INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRICES
7. FISHERIES: CATCH DISPOSITION AND TRADE
8. FORESTRY PRODUCTION AND TRADE
II. Overall economic environment and agriculture
WORLD ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Economic outlook and the implications for agriculture
Agricultural outlook for the developing countries
URBAN AGRICULTURE: AN OXYMORON?
What is urban agriculture?
Urban agriculture and the poor
Conditions of urban agriculture among the poor
Benefits of urban farming
Obstacles to urban farming
Policy support for urban agriculture
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: WHAT IT MEANS FOR AGRICULTURE
Situation and emerging developments
Opportunities
Constraints
Policy issues
The role of government and international organizations in promoting the use of information technology
THE THREAT OF DESERTIFICATION
Extent and causes of desertification
Policies to prevent and combat desertification
SUPPORT SERVICES POLICY FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Agricultural support services in development
The development of agricultural support services
Conclusions
I. Developing country regions
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
REGIONAL OVERVIEW
Agricultural performances
Policy developments
BURKINA FASO
General characteristics
The role of the agricultural sector in the economy
Characteristics of the agricultural sector
Historic performance of the economy and the agricultural sector
Current economic policies: structural adjustment
Agricultural policies: sectoral adjustment
Impact of policy reforms
Conclusions
ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
REGIONAL OVERVIEW
Economic developments
Agricultural performance and issues
Issues and prospects for regional agriculture
PAKISTAN
Economic developments
Macroeconomic conditions and trends
Importance of the agricultural sector
Government intervention in the agricultural sector
The productivity problem
Progress and problems
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
REGIONAL OVERVIEW
Economic developments
Agricultural performances and issues
The role of agricultural policies
Prospects and emerging issues
COLOMBIA
Macroeconomic performance
Sectoral policy changes and performance
Future prospects
NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
REGIONAL OVERVIEW
Economic developments
Agricultural performances and issues
Issues affecting regional food security
PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES
Economic review
Role of agriculture
Agricultural resource use
Water and agriculture
Trade and market access
Institutional framework
Assistance programmes
Regional review
II. Developed country regions
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: SUBREGIONAL OVERVIEW
Improving economic trends and agricultural performance
Continuing lack of harmony in the process of structural reforms
Development of private small-scale farming
Increasing orientation of agricultural policies towards the EU policy model
The necessity for improving competitiveness in the CEEC agrofood sector
COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES: SUBREGIONAL OVERVIEW
Economic performance and policies
Recent performance of the agricultural sector
Farm restructuring
Upstream and downstream sectors
State procurement
Subsidies, price and credit policy
AGRICULTURAL AND ECONOMIC REFORMS IN BELARUS AND THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Macroeconomic setting
The human costs of austerity
Soviet agricultural subsidies and Moldova's and Belarus' specialization and trade within the former USSR
Food price liberalization and budget support
Post-reform adjustments in consumption, agricultural production and trade
Transformation and privatization in agriculture
Private plot agriculture in Moldova and Belarus
Lessons and long-term objectives from Moldova's and Belarus' comparative experiences
UNITED STATES
THE 1996 UNITED STATES FARM ACT INCREASES MARKET ORIENTATION
Pressure for reform
United States farm programmes altered
General impacts of the new legislation
Conclusions
PART III
FOOD SECURITY: SOME MACROECONOMIC DIMENSIONS
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY?
WHAT ARE THE PROSPECTS FOR WORLD FOOD SECURITY?
GOVERNMENTS AND FOOD SECURITY
RELIABILITY AS A COMPONENT OF FOOD SECURITY: SHORT-TERM FLUCTUATIONS AND LONG-TERM TRENDS
Export programmes in 1996
Recent agricultural legislation
TRADE-RELATED ECONOMIC POLICIES
THE USE OF FUTURES AND OPTIONS MARKETS
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS SUPPORT
DEBT REDUCTION
RURAL AND URBAN FOOD SECURITY: GROWTH WITH EQUITY
CONCLUSIONS
FAO Economic and Social Development Papers
The statistical material in this publication has been prepared from the information available to FAO up to July 1996.
The designations employed and the presentation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In some tables, the designations “developed” and “developing” economies are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.
David Lubin Memorial Library
Cataloguing in Publication Data
FAO, Rome (Italy)
The state of food and agriculture 1996.
ISBN 92-5-103858-9
(FAO Agriculture Series, no. 29)
ISSN 0081-4539
1. Agriculture.
2. Food production.
3. Food security.
4. Macroeconomic analysis.
I. Title
II. Series
FAO code: 70
AGRIS: E16 E10
© FAO 1996
Printed in Italy