|
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publications do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO 1998
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome, 1998
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
Introduction
1. Agricultural and food security trends worldwide: an overview
1.1 Global
1.2 Africa
1.3 Asia and the Pacific
1.4 Europe
1.5 Latin America and the Caribbean
1.6 The Near East2.1 Women as food producers
2.2 Women's other contributions to food security
2.3 The "feminization" of agriculture3. Factors and constraints affecting women's roles in food security
3.1 "Gender blindness" and "invisibility" of women's roles in and contributions to food security
3.2 Agricultural development policies and research
3.3 Impact of environmental degradation
3.4 Access to resources
Introduction
1. Regional trends
1.1 Women's contribution to agricultural production
1.2 Female-headed households
1.3 Access to resources
1.4 Impact of environmental degradation2 Overview of NGOs working for women and development in Africa
2.1 Uganda
2.2 Ethiopia
2.3 Burkina Faso
2.4 Regional networks3.1 Inadequate policy support
3.2 Impact of sectoral and macroeconomic policies on production and trade4 Conclusions
5 Recommendations
5.1 Policy, planning and research
5.2 Institutional strengthening
5.3 Direct assistance to rural women
Introduction
1. Rural women in Asia: current status
1.1 Women's participation in the labour force
1.2 Women's roles in farming systems
1.3 Rural women and biological diversity
1.4 Rural women in the cash crop sector
1.5 Rural women in fishing communities
1.6 Rural women in the post-harvest sector
1.7 Rural employment and enterprises of rural women
1.8 Female-headed households and rural household production
1.9 Female children and rural household production2. Rural women's access to productive resources
2.1 Land
2.2 Common property resources
2.3 Credit
2.4 Extension service delivery
2.5 Technology3. Impact of Asian macrotransitions on rural women
4. Institutional support to Asian rural women
5. Recommendations
References
Introduction
1. Food security
2. Pacific Islands resources
3. Pacific rural women in agriculture
3.1. Rural women in the agricultural labour force
3.2 Rural women in subsistence agriculture
3.3 Rural women in the cash crop sector
3.4 Rural women in rural food marketing
3.5 Rural women and fisheries
3.6 Rural women's social network and access to food4. Pacific rural women's access to productive resources
5. Macro-transformations influencing rural women's food sector roles
5.1 Imported food and household food security
5.2 Natural resource degradation
5.3 Linkages among land pressure, soil fertility and food security
5.4. Plantation economy and migration
5.5 Resettlement schemes, household resource allocation and food security6. Organizational support to Pacific rural women
6.1 Government-sponsored support
6.2 Women's organizations' support for women
Introduction
1. Agricultural adjustment in Europe
1.1 Adjustment in western Europe and the common agricultural policy
1.2 Agricultural transition in the CEEC2. Agriculture, food systems and nutrition
2.1 Food systems and nutrition in western Europe
2.2 Food and nutrition in the CEEC: similarities and divergence3. Women in the farming sector
3.1 Women in agriculture in Western Europe
3.2 Women in agriculture in the CEEC4. Pluriactivity in farm adjustment
4.1 Trends in pluriactivity
4.2 Pluriactivity and risk
4.3 Farm women and pluriactivity5. Environment, ecological agriculture and green consumerism
5.1 Environmental problems related to agriculture
5.2 Organic agriculture and green consumerism in western Europe
5.3 Women and sustainable agriculture and food systems
5.4 Prospects for sustainable agriculture in the CEEC
Latin America and the Caribbean
Introduction
1. The context of rural development
2. The overall situation of rural women in Latin America and the Caribbean
3 The situation of rural women by subregion
3.1 central America and the Caribbean
3.2 Andean countries
3.3 The Southern Cone4. The social situation of women
5. Experiences in formulating policy targeting rural women
6. International cooperation initiatives
7. Recommendations
7.1 Policies with a gender perspective approach
7.2 Macroeconomic priorities
7.3 Food production
7.4 Food preparation and consumption in households
7.5 Participation and organization of rural women
7.6 Women's social development
7.7 Institutional reform
7.8 Social awareness of gender
Introduction
1. Food security in the near east region
1.1 The near east region: a brief overview
1.2 Food security indicators2. Women's roles in food production and food security
2.1 The status of rural women
2.2 Women in food production
2.3 Women and food security3 Constraints faced by women farmers
3.1 Exclusion from power and decision-making
3.2 Poor institutional support
3.3 Lack of land rights
3.4 Lack of credit
3.5 Inappropriate technology
3.6 Insufficient education
3.7 Neglect by agricultural extension services
3.8 Exclusion from research4 Conclusions and recommendations in an evolving landscape
4.1 The importance of research at the farm level
4.2 Improving the educational and health status of women
4.3 Increasing women's productivity by removing barriers to productive resources
4.4 Gender-sensitive policies to increase household food security