Energy and protein requirements |
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Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation
World Health Organization Technical Report Series 724
Reprinted 1987, 1991
ISBN 92 4 120724 8
© World Health Organization, Geneva 1985
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2. Energy and protein requirements—some unifying concepts
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Individuals and groups
References
3. Considerations common to the estimation of energy and protein requirements
3.1 Adaptation
3.2 Body size: reference standards for children, adolescents, and adults
3.3 Body composition
3.4 Physical fitness and functional capacity
3.5 Expression of requirements in relation to body weight and age
3.6 Interpretation of tables of requirements
References
4. Principles for the estimation of energy requirements
4.1 General considerations
4.2 Components of energy requirement
4.3 Changes in energy requirements with age
4.4 Sex differences in energy requirements
4.5 Variability in energy expenditure
4.6 Measurement of energy expenditure
4.7 Adaptation in energy requirements
References
5. Principles of estimating protein requirements
5.1 The metabolic background
5.2 Adaptation to low protein intakes
5.3 Relationship between energy and protein requirements
5.4 Requirements for total nitrogen
5.5 Principles of nitrogen balance
5.6 Requirements for essential amino acids
5.7 General comments on methods of assessing protein requirements
References
6. Estimates of energy and protein requirements of adults and children
6.1 Adults
6.2 Pregnancy and lactation
6.3 Infants, children, and adolescents
References
7. Factors affecting energy and protein requirements
7.1 Available energy
7.2 Energy density
7.3 Quality and digestibility of dietary proteins
7.4 Environmental effects on energy and protein requirements
References
8. Summary of requirements for energy and protein
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Adults
8.3 Adolescents
8.4 Infants and children
8.5 Pregnancy and lactation
8.6 Corrections for the quality of the diet
References
9. Energy and protein requirements for catch-up growth and the influence of infections on requirements
9.1 Catch-up growth
9.2 Effects of infection on energy and protein requirements
9.3 Conclusion
References
10. The protein-energy ratio as a measure of dietary quality
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Derivation of reference PE ratios
10.3 Factors that affect the PE ratio
References
11. Some principles and issues in the application of requirement estimates
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Aggregation of requirement estimates
11.3 Matching the time-frame of intake and requirement
11.4 Adjustments for digestibility and amino acid score
11.5 Modelling of distributions
References
12. Future research
References
Annex 1. Equations for the prediction of basal metabolic rate
Annex 2. Anthropometric data of children and adolescents
Annex 3. Gross energy cost of walking on the level
Annex 4. Estimates of energy cost of weight gain
Annex 5. Gross energy expenditure in specified activities
Annex 6. Miscellaneous nitrogen (N) losses
Annex 7. Calculation of BMR and total energy expenditure
Annex 8. Additional requirements for catch-up growth
Annex 9. Statistical principles for estimating protein and energy requirements
Annex 10. List of participants
ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS
Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation