FAO FISHERIES TECHNICAL PAPER
361
Edited by
Patrick Lavens and Patrick Sorgeloos
Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference
Center
University of Ghent
Ghent, Belgium
|
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations |
Rome, 1996
|
The designations employed and the presentation of material in
this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the
part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
M-44
ISBN 92-5-103934-8
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO 1996
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Major classes and genera of cultured algal species
2.3. Algal production2.3.1. Physical and chemical conditions
2.3.1.1. Culture medium/nutrients
2.3.1.2. Light
2.3.1.3. pH
2.3.1.4. Aeration/mixing
2.3.1.5. Temperature
2.3.1.6. Salinity
2.3.2. Growth dynamics
2.3.3. Isolating/obtaining and maintaining of cultures
2.3.4. Sources of contamination and water treatment
2.3.5. Algal culture techniques2.3.5.1. Batch culture
2.3.5.2. Continuous culture
2.3.5.3. Semi-continuous culture
2.3.6. Algal production in outdoor ponds
2.3.7. Culture of sessile micro-algae
2.3.8. Quantifying algal biomass
2.3.9. Harvesting and preserving micro-algae
2.3.10. Algal production cost
2.4. Nutritional value of micro-algae
2.5. Use of micro-algae in aquaculture2.5.1. Bivalve molluscs
2.5.2. Penaeid shrimp
2.5.3. Marine fish
2.6. Replacement diets for live algae
2.6.1. Preserved algae
2.6.2. Micro-encapsulated diets
2.6.3. Yeast-based diets
2.7. Literature of interest
2.8. WorksheetsWorksheet 2.1.: Isolation of pure algal strains by the agar plating technique
Worksheet 2.2.: Determination of cell concentrations using haematocytometer according to Fuchs-Rosenthal and Burker.
Worksheet 2.3.: Cellular dry weight estimation of micro-algae.
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Morphology
3.3. Biology and life history
3.4. Strain differences
3.5. General culture conditions3.5.1.1. Salinity
3.5.1.2. Temperature
3.5.1.3. Dissolved oxygen
3.5.1.4. pH
3.5.1.5. Ammonia (NH3)
3.5.1.6. Bacteria
3.5.1.7. Ciliates
3.5.2. Freshwater rotifers
3.5.3. Culture procedures3.5.3.1. Stock culture of rotifers
3.5.3.2. Upscaling of stock cultures to starter cultures
3.5.3.3. Mass production on algae
3.5.3.4. Mass production on algae and yeast
3.5.3.5. Mass culture on yeast
3.5.3.6. Mass culture on formulated diets
3.5.3.7. High density rearing
3.6. Nutritional value of cultured rotifers
3.6.1. Techniques for (n-3) HUFA enrichment
3.6.1.1. Algae
3.6.1.2. Formulated feeds
3.6.1.3. Oil emulsions
3.6.2. Techniques for vitamin C enrichment
3.6.3. Techniques for protein enrichment
3.6.4. Harvesting/concentration and cold storage of rotifers
3.7. Production and use of resting eggs
3.8. Literature of interest
3.9 WorksheetsWorksheet 3.1. Preparation of an indicator solution for determination of residual chlorine
4.1. Introduction, biology and ecology of Artemia
4.1.1. Introduction
4.1.2. Biology and ecology of Artemia4.1.2.1. Morphology and life cycle
4.1.2.2. Ecology and natural distribution
4.1.2.3. Taxonomy
4.1.2.4. Strain-specific characteristics
4.2.1.1. Cyst morphology
4.2.1.2. Physiology of the hatching process
4.2.1.3. Effect of environmental conditions on cyst metabolism
4.2.1.4. Diapause
4.2.2. Disinfection procedures
4.2.3 Decapsulation
4.2.4. Direct use of decapsulated cysts
4.2.5. Hatching4.2.5.1. Hatching conditions and equipment
4.2.5.2. Hatching quality and evaluation
4.2.6. Literature of interest
4.2.7. WorksheetsWorksheet 4.2.1.: Procedure for estimating water content of Artemia cysts
Worksheet 4.2.2.: Specific diapause termination techniques
Worksheet 4.2.3.: Disinfection of Artemia cysts with liquid bleach
Worksheet 4.2.4.: Procedures for the decapsulation of Artemia cysts
Worksheet 4.2.5.: Titrimetric method for the determination of active chlorine in hypochlorite solutions
Worksheet 4.2.6.: Artemia hatching
Worksheet 4.2.7.: Determination of hatching percentage, hatching efficiency and hatching rate
4.3. Use of nauplii and meta-nauplii
4.3.1. Harvesting and distribution
4.3.2. Cold storage
4.3.3. Nutritional quality
4.3.4. Enrichment with nutrients
4.3.5. Enrichment for disease control
4.3.6. Applications of Artemia for feeding different species4.3.6.1. Penaeid shrimp
4.3.6.2. Freshwater prawn
4.3.6.3. Marine fish
4.3.6.4. Freshwater fish
4.3.6.5. Aquarium fish
4.3.7. Literature of interest
4.3.8. WorksheetsWorksheet 4.3.1.: Standard enrichment for Great Salt Lake Artemia.
4.4. Tank production and use of ongrown Artemia
4.4.1. Nutritional properties of ongrown Artemia
4.4.2. Tank production4.4.2.1. Advantages of tank production and tank produced biomass
4.4.2.2. Physico-chemical conditions
4.4.2.3. Artemia
4.4.2.4. Feeding
4.4.2.5. Infrastructure
4.4.2.6. Culture techniques
4.4.2.7. Enrichment of ongrown Artemia
4.4.2.8. Control of infections
4.4.2.9. Harvesting and processing techniques
4.4.2.10. Production figures and production costs
4.4.3. Literature of interest
4.4.4. WorksheetsWorksheet 4.4.1: Feeding strategy for intensive Artemia culture.
4.5.1. Description of the different Artemia habitats
4.5.1.1. Natural lakes
4.5.1.2. Permanent solar salt operations
4.5.1.3. Seasonal units
4.5.2.1. Climatology
4.5.2.2. Topography
4.5.2.3. Soil conditions
4.5.3.1. Large permanent salt operations
4.5.3.2. Small pond systems
4.5.4.1. Liming
4.5.4.2. Predator control
4.5.4.3. Fertilization
4.5.5.1. Artemia strain selection
4.5.5.2. Inoculation procedures
4.5.6. Monitoring and managing the culture system
4.5.6.1. Monitoring the Artemia population
4.5.6.2. Abiotic parameters influencing Artemia populations
4.5.6.3. Biotic factors influencing Artemia populations
4.5.7. Harvesting and processing techniques
4.5.7.1. Artemia biomass harvesting and processing
4.5.7.2. Artemia cyst harvesting and processing
4.5.8. Literature of interest
4.5.9. WorksheetsWorksheet 4.5.1.: Pond improvements and harvesting procedures
Worksheet 4.5.2.: Procedures for the brine processing step
Worksheet 4.5.3.: Procedures for the freshwater processing step
5.1.1. Introduction
5.1.2. Collection from the wild
5.1.3. Collection techniques5.1.3.1. Plankton nets
5.1.3.2. Trawl nets
5.1.3.3. Baleen harvesting system
5.1.3.4. Flow-through harvesting
5.1.3.5. Plankton light trapping
5.1.4. Zooplankton grading
5.1.5. Transport and storage of collected zooplankton
5.2.1. Introduction
5.2.2. Life cycle
5.2.3. Biometrics
5.2.4. Nutritional quality
5.2.5. Culture techniques
5.2.6. Use of resting eggs
5.2.7. Applications in larviculture
5.3.1. Introduction
5.3.2. Types of mesocosms5.3.2.1. Pold system (2-60 m³)
5.3.2.2. Bag system (50-200 m³)
5.3.2.3. Pond system
5.3.2.4. Tank system
5.3.3. Mesocosm protocol
5.3.4. Comparison to intensive methods
6. CLADOCERANS, NEMATODES AND TROCHOPHORA LARVAE
6.1.1. Biology and life cycle of Daphnia
6.1.2. Nutritional value of Daphnia
6.1.3. Feeding and nutrition of Daphnia
6.1.4. Mass culture of Daphnia6.1.4.1. General procedure for tank culture
6.1.4.2. Detrital system
6.1.4.3. Autotrophic system
6.1.4.4. General procedure for pond culture
6.1.4.5. Contamination
6.1.5. Production and use of resting eggs
6.1.6. Use of Moina
6.2. Nematodes
6.3. Trochophora larvae6.3.1. Introduction
6.3.2. Production of trochophora larvae6.3.2.1. Mussel larvae
6.3.2.2. Pacific oyster and Manila clam larvae
6.3.3. Quality control of the produced trochophora larvae
6.3.4. Cryopreservation