Integrating crops and livestock in West Africa
FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPER 41
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Integrating crops and livestock in West Africa |
Reprinted 1985
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
M-61
ISBN 92-5-101443-4
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
This publication is based on material prepared for FAO by Mr. R. Von Kaufmann, leader of the International Livestock Centre for Africa's Subhumid zone team in Nigeria, Dr. B.N. Okigbo, Deputy Director of the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria, and Dr. E.N.N. Oppong, formerly Head of the Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana. It attempts to bring together existing information relating to prospects for developing closer integration of crop and livestock production in West Africa and to present this in a format useful to senior professionals and technical administrators concerned with improving efficiency of land use in those parts of the subregion where increasing population density makes this necessary. Its focus is mainly on the Subhumid and Humid zones since these offer greatest scope for intensification and integration of crop and animal production.
The fact that the content is derived heavily from Nigerian experience is attributable to the location of two highly relevant internationally sponsored research programmes in that country. Nigeria encompasses all of the West African ecological zones from mangrove swamp to Sahel, and its national development plan supports small farmer development, pastoralist sedentarization and development of parastatal and private farming enterprises. Nigeria, having higher population density, has arrived earlier than other West African countries at the point where traditional land use practices must be replaced by more intensive systems which will yield higher outputs per unit of land whilst preserving the natural resource base. It is expected therefore that the Nigerian experience will have increasing relevance and value for other West African countries over the next few decades.
W. Ferguson
Animal Production Officer
(Rural Development)
Animal Production and Health
Division
Food and Agricultural
Organization of the United
Nations
Rome, Italy
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome. © FAO 1983
Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.
CHAPTER I THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Location
Relief and Drainage
Climate
Radiation
Vegetation
Climatic and Ecological Classes
Soils
Socio-Economic Background
The Climatic Zones of West Africa
Areas Suitable for Integrated Crop/Livestock Systems
CHAPTER II THE PROGRESSION FROM PASTORALISM TO INTEGRATED CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Integration of Pastoral and Arable Farming
Pastoral Settlement and the Adoption of Agropastoralism
Agropastoral Livestock Production
Agropastoral Crop Production
Reduction in Trypanosomiasis Risk
Cattle Distribution within the Subhumid Zone
Relevant National Policies
Impediments to Integration
Related Research
CHAPTER III THE PROGRESSION FROM ARABLE CROPPING TO INTEGRATED CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Current Agricultural Production Systems in West Africa
Spatial Arrangements and Structure
Farms and Production Methods
Changes in Traditional Farming Systems
Progression towards Integrated Crop and Livestock Production Systems
Interactions between Cultivators and Herders
Relevant National Policies
Impediments to Integration
Related Research
CHAPTER IV INTEGRATING LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION INTO TREE CROPS
Tree Crop Plantations and Production
Impediments to Integration
Related Research Findings
CHAPTER V STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS
The Pastoralist Sector
The Arable Crop Sector
The Plantation Crop Sector
TABLE 1 BASIC STATISTICAL DATA ON WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES
TABLE 2 SETTLED PASTORAL CATTLE PRODUCTIVITY PARAMETERS IN KADUNA STATE, NORTHERN NIGERIA
TABLE 3 AGROPASTORAL CROPS AND CROP MIXTURES
TABLE 4 THE APPROXIMATE EXTENT OF VARIOUS INTENSITIES OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE, PRESENT AND PROJECTED CATTLE POPULATIONS AND ZONAL EXTRAPOLATIONS OF CATTLE NUMBERS AT STOCKING RATES TYPICAL FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CULTIVATION INTENSITY IN THE SUBHUMID ZONE OF NIGERIA
TABLE 5 ESTIMATED RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY PER SEASON (DRY MATTER)
TABLE 6 PRODUCTION RESPONSES DUE TO SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING OF WHITE FULANI CATTLE UNDER TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT
TABLE 7 STYLOSANTHES PRODUCTIVITY AND CHANGE OF QUALITY IN FODDER BANKS (1981/82 DRY SEASON)
TABLE 8 TOTAL NIGROGEN AND ORGANIC CARBON IN SOIL FROM NATURAL BUSH AND STYLOSANTHES PLOTS IN THE SUBHUMID ZONE OF NIGERIA
TABLE 9 COMPARATIVE YIELDS FOR TRADITIONAL AND IMPROVED METHODS OF CROP PRODUCTION
TABLE 10 YIELDS OF SORGHUM AND STYLO UNDERSOWN AT DIFFERENT INTERVALS AFTER A CEREAL
TABLE 11 CLASSIFICATION OF FARMING SYSTEMS IN AFRICA
TABLE 12 CHANGES IN CROPPING SYSTEMS IN RELATION TO THE INTENSIFICATION OF CULTIVATION AND INTEGRATION OF ANIMAL AND CROP PRODUCTION
TABLE 13 MEAN GRAIN AND ROOT YIELDS FOR INTERCROPPED MAIZE AND CASSAVA IN RELATION TO LEGUMINOUS COVER AND TILLAGE PRACTICE
TABLE 14 AREA UNDER COCOA, COCONUT, OIL PALM AND RUBBER PLANTATIONS IN WEST AFRICA
TABLE 15 INPUT REQUIREMENTS AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE COCONUT/CATTLE MIXED FARMING PROJECT AT CPCRI
TABLE 16 OPTIMUM RATES OF INCLUSION OF SOME FEEDSTUFFS FROM TREE CROPS IN DIETS FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY
TABLE 17 LAND TYPES AS IDENTIFIED BY AERIAL SURVEY OF 4 ILCA CASE STUDY AREAS IN NIGERIA
Figure 1 Regions of Tropical Africa
Figure 2 West Africa Distribution of Population
Figure 3 West Africa Climatic Zones and Growing Season
Figure 4 Humid and arid months, vegetation belts and farming systems in the tropics
Figure 5 Dry season cattle density gradients in the Nigerian Subhumid zone
Figure 6 Wet season cattle density gradients in the Nigerian Subhumid zone
Figure 7 Geographical gradients of land under cultivation in the Nigerian Subhumid zone
Figure 8 The seasonal relationship between cattle distribution and cultivated land in the Nigerian Subhumid zone
Figure 9 Annual Crude Protein (CP) profiles for native pasture and Stylosanthes grown in fodder banks
Figure 10 West Africa Main Agricultural or Farming Systems
Figure 11 Simplified model of spatial organization of fields and Farming Systems in Tropical Africa
Figure 12 Schematic diagram of compound farms in relation to associated fields systems in traditional Farming Systems of the humid tropics of West Africa
Figure 13 Comparison of various lengths of fallow in relation to cultivation periods in African farming systems (adapted from Grove & Klein, 1979) in comparison with recent attempts to eliminate long term fallows and achieve intensification through alley cropping
Figure 14 Apparent shading of ground by coconuts of different ages
PLATE 1 Settled pastoralists in the Subhumid Zone, Nigeria
PLATE 2 Compound or homestead-garden in the Humid Zone, Nigeria
PLATE 3 Compound or homestead-garden and adjacent plot in the Subhumid Zone, Nigeria
PLATE 4 Distant open cultivated field in the Humid Zone, Nigeria
PLATE 5 Distant cultivated lowland Fadama in the Subhumid Zone, Nigeria
PLATE 6 Sheep grazing under oil palms in the Humid Zone, Ghana