FRESHWATER FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN CHINA
| FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 168 | FIR/T168 |
| | FRESHWATER FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN CHINA |
A Report of the
FAO Fisheries (Aquaculture) Mission to China
21 April – 12 May 1976
by
D.D. Tapiador (Team Leader)
H.F. Henderson (Lake and Reservoir Fisheries)
M.N. Delmendo (Aquaculture)
H. Tsutsui (Land and Water Management)
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
M-44
ISBN 92-5-100328-9
The copyright in this book is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT
This document was prepared by the FAO Fisheries (Aquaculture) Mission to China which visited the People's Republic of China, 21 April to 12 May 1976, to study the aquacultural and fishery practices of the country and consider ways of utilizing the Chinese experience for the further development of inland fisheries and aquaculture in other member countries of FAO.
| Distribution | Bibliographic reference |
| FAO Department of Fisheries FAO Regional Fishery Officers FAO Country Representatives and Senior Agricultural Advisers Selector SI UNDP/SF Projects in Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture | Tapiador, D.D. et al. (1977) FAO Fish.Tech.Pap., (168):84 p. Freshwater fisheries and aquaculture in China. A report of the FAO Fisheries (Aquaculture) Mission to China 21 April – 12 May 1976 |
| Inland water environment. Water management. Inland fisheries. Freshwater fish. Aquaculture. Agropisciculture. Fish culture. Pearl culture. Aquaculture development. Production(biological). Fishery management. Stocking(organisms). Rearing. Disease control. Fishery products. Marketing. Education. Sociological aspects. Economics. China, People's Rep. |
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, June 1977 © FAO
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2.1 Geography
2.2 Recent history and social organization
2.3 Status of freshwater fisheries and aquaculture
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Water and its uses
3.3 Land and water development strategy
3.3.1 Major schemes
3.3.2 Hupei Province (as an example)
3.3.3 Integration of major, small-scale and on-farm schemes
3.4 Reservoirs and ponds
3.5 Natural lakes
3.6 Canals and creeks
3.7 On-farm water supply system
3.8 Fish ponds
3.9 Paddy fields
3.9.1 Modification of paddy fields for fish
3.9.2 Fish culture with rice cultivation
3.9.3 Water and farm inputs management
3.10 Water lifting devices
3.11 Water consolidation
3.12 Fishways
3.13 Summary and recommendations
3.13.1 Summary
3.13.2 Recommendations
4. LAKE AND RESERVOIR FISHERIES
4.1.1 Reservoirs and lakes
4.1.2 Rivers and canals
4.2.1 Principles
4.2.2 Special methods
4.2.2.1 Stocking
4.2.2.2 Fertilization
4.2.2.3 Bulk or large-scale harvesting
4.2.2.4 Subdivision
4.2.2.5 Bottom grading and clearing
4.3 Environmental problems
4.4 Summary and recommendations
5.1 General
5.2 Aquaculture development
5.2.1 Ponds
5.2.2 Lakes, dams and reservoirs
5.2.3 Paddy fields
5.2.4 Canals and ditches
5.3 Fish culture techniques
5.4 Aquaculture management
5.4.1 Eradication (“sterilization”) of pond pests and
nuisances
5.4.2 Application of fertilizers
5.4.3 Feeds and feeding of cultivated fish
5.5 Artificial spawning of fish
5.5.1.1 Spawning pools
5.5.1.2 Incubation and hatching pools
5.5.2 Methods and procedure of artificial fish spawning
5.5.2.1 Broodfish rearing
5.5.2.2 Induced spawning technique
5.5.2.3 Incubation and hatching
5.6 Rearing of fry and fingerlings
5.6.1 Fry rearing
5.6.2 Rearing of fingerlings
5.7 Fish diseases
5.8 Fish-farm design
5.9 Aquaculture production
5.10 Aquaculture devices and equipment
5.10.1 Aerators
5.10.2 Dredging machine
5.10.3 Harvesting equipment
5.11 Other aquaculture activities
5.11.1 Pearl culture
5.11.2 Mink production
5.12 Fish genetics
5.13 Summary and recommendations
5.13.1 Summary
5.13.2 Recommendations
6. FISH DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING
7. RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND TRAINING
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Research
7.3 Education and training
8. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Integration of productive activities
8.3 The organization of the communes
8.4 “Take agriculture as the base”
8.5 Simple but effective promotional campaigns
8.6 The “three-in-one” combination and “open-door” research
and education
8.7 Production-oriented motivation
8.8 Other factors
8.9 Moving fishermen to the land
8.10 A planned economy
8.11 Provision of recreational facilities
8.12 Fish as food
8.13 Summary
9. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
9.1 Impressions
9.2 Conclusions
9.3 Recommendations
Appendix I - Itinerary and persons met
Appendix II - List of publications brought from China
1 China, with main administrative subdivisions and their capitals
2 Causeway on East Lake separating lake into different basins
3 Poster at East Lake showing successive positions of the blocking nets used to concentrate fish into one arm of the lake for harvest
4a Lifting the trap portion of a large blocking net used in reservoir harvest (Ho lung Reservoir, Kwangtung Province)
4b Emptying the trap, Ho lung Reservoir
5 Pig manure composting tanks with canals to convey the liquid product to the water supply system leading to the fish ponds, Pai-tan Lake, Fish Cultivation Station, Hupei Province
6 Water supply system fed with pig manure, Pai-tan Lake Fish Cultivation Station
7 Water control structure along the water supply canal, Pai-tan Lake Fish Cultivation Station
8 Collection of pond humus and its application to crops grown near the pond, Shia-Kia People's Commune, Kwangtung Province
9 Mulberry trees planted between ponds, Le Liu People's Commune, Kwangtung Province
10 Pond slopes planted with grass to serve as food for grass carp, Shia-Kia People's Commune, Kwangtung Province
11a A circular spawning pool and hatching facility, Pai-tan Lake Fish Cultivation Station, Hupei Province
11b Design of the circular spawning pool (dimensions in centimetres)
12 Water inlet installed in a diagonal position on the wall of a spawning tank to circulate water, Pai-tan Lake Fish Cultivation Station
13 Rectangular collection chamber between a large spawning pool (lower right) and two circular hatching pools, Nan-hai Station, Kwangtung Province
14 Another type of hatching pool from the Hwa Chung Agriculture Academy, Wuhan
15a A multiple-chambered hatching pool with paddle wheels for water circulation in locations where there is insufficient water for continuous circulation, Hwa Chung Agriculture Academy
15b Design of a three-chambered hatching pool (dimensions given in centimetres)
16a Portable hatching jars installed below a concrete water reservoir, Hwa Chung Agriculture Academy
16b Design of portable hatching jars as used at Hwa Chung Agriculture Academy
17 Injection of hormone to induce spawning at Nan-hai Station, Kwangtung Province
18 Egg collection net installed in the egg-collection chamber, also used for collecting fry from the hatching pool
19 Transferring fry from holding nets to plastic bags for transport, Nan-hai Station, Kwangtung Province
20 A section of the fishpond/farmland layout of the Shia-Kia People's Commune, Kwangtung Province (see also Fig. 10)
21 Pond layout at Pai-tan Lake Fish Cultivation Station. Structure in foreground is used as a holding area for fry before release and pumping well. An electric water pump used to empty the ponds can be seen in the background
22 Floating aerator as used at the Jie-fang People's Commune, Shanghai
23 Operation of the dredging machine, Jie-fang People's Commune. The suction pump at the centre transports the mud formed to the site of dike construction
24 Settling of mud from the dredging operation to form a pond dike. Pipes at right pump excess water from sand filters embedded in dike
25 Seining a pond using rubber tire floats to hold net above water, Ho Law People's Commune, Wushi
26 Fish transport at Le Liu People's Commune: (a) shoulder pole, (b) live fish boat in canal
27 Pond for culture of the freshwater mussel for pearl production, Chen-tung People's Commune, Shanghai
28a Freshwater mussel opened for the removal of pearls, Chen Tung Commune
28b Pearls produced at Chen Tung Commune
1 Discharge of the Major Rivers of China
2 China - Precipitation and Runoff in Major River Basins
3 China - Water Use in Yellow and Yangtse River Basins
4 Productivity and Other Characteristics of Various Lakes and Reservoirs in China
5 Stocking Density for Multigrade Polyculture
6 Various Combinations of Species used in Polyculture in China
7 Stocking Combination for Broodstock Rearing in Kwangtung Province