FAO Fisheries Circular No.937
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Prepared by
Nigel P. Brothers
Parks and Wildlife Service,
GPO Box 44A, Hobart 7001,
Tasmania, Australia
John Cooper
Birdlife International Seabird Conservation Programme
Avian Demography Unit
Department of Statistical Sciences
University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
([email protected])
And
Svein Løkkeborg
Institute of Marine Research,
P.O. Box 1870, N5024 Bergen, Norway
([email protected])
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1999
| The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
ISSN 0429-9329
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO 1999
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT
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1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
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2. A DESCRIPTION OF LONGLINE FISHING METHODS
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2.1 General description of longline fishing
2.2 Description of gear configuration and operation
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE WORLD'S MAJOR LONGLINE FISHERIES AND THEIR INCIDENTAL CATCHES OF SEABIRDS
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3.1 Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea demersal longline fisheries
3.2 Northwestern Atlantic Ocean demersal longline fisheries
3.3 Northeastern Pacific Ocean demersal longline fisheries
3.4 Northwestern Pacific Ocean demersal longline fisheries
3.5 Central and South American demersal longline fisheries
3.6 Southern African demersal longline fisheries
3.7 Australasian demersal longline fisheries
3.8 Southern Ocean demersal longline fisheries
3.9 Pelagic longline fisheries: an overview
3.10 Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea pelagic longline fisheries
3.11 Indian Ocean pelagic longline fisheries
3.12 Pacific Ocean pelagic longline fisheries
3.13 Southern Ocean pelagic longline fisheries
3.14 Seabirds at risk from longlining
4. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES TO REDUCE SEABIRD INCIDENTAL CATCH BY LONGLINE FISHERIES
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4.1 Introduction
4.2 What is a mitigation measure?
4.3 How birds get caught on longlines
4.4 The effectiveness of mitigation measures 4.5 A brief history of mitigation measures
4.6 Line setting at night
4.7 Underwater setting
4.8 Line weighting
4.9 Bait condition
4.10 Bird-scaring lines
4.11 Bait-casting machines
4.12 Fishing season and area closures
4.13 Additional mitigation measures
4.14 Prescribing mitigation measures
4.15 Impediments to mitigation
4.16 The future
REFERENCES
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