The large influx of Syrian refugees into Lebanon, an estimated 1.5 million, constitutes a major challenge for the country. Many refugees arrive from neighbouring countries with a large number of unvaccinated livestock, thereby increasing the risk of transboundary animal diseases (TADs). The impact on agriculture is particularly worrying, as this is the main source of income and livelihoods for a large number of people in rural areas, especially for poor and vulnerable communities. Livestock keeping is the mainstay of the rural economy of Lebanon and it has a significant impact on rural well-being and poverty alleviation, particularly in areas bordering Syria. This subsector generates significant household cash income through sales of live animals and/or dairy products. Many people, mainly youth and women, are involved in animal care and milk processing. In 2015, FAO carried out a vaccination campaign in Lebanon to control the spread of TADs.