Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

50

Luca Fe D'Ostianti

FAO

ESAF

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Bolivia

Santa Cruz watershed, Rio Pirai

South and Central America

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

High

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Livestock

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Highland and mountain forest in a tropical or temperate region, bio mesothermico 1500-2000m

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-1

-1

0

0

0

0

-1

2

Summary

A municipal livestock policy is working against a regional afforestation policy formulated for watershed management. Flooding in Santa Cruz, the main centre of production in Bolivia, results partly from natural causes but has been exacerbated by the management regimes practised in the watershed. Sedimentation and erosion are also problems. The municipalities in the watershed, which is located in the bio mesothermico zone (1500-2000m), are populated by autochthons. These people are still governed largely by municipal policies which the people of the municipality are involved in guiding through a structured system of alliance. These structures originated during the period of the previous left of centre government. The regional plan to change the management practices in the watershed (planting trees and appropriate crops) go against the municipal policies of planting pasture which constitutes a valuable resource for the families in the area. These systems have led to denudation of areas, however, through overgrazing. SEARPI was formed by the Federal Government but under the control of the local government of Santa Cruz and the municipalities to manage the watershed but the mandate has not been put into practice.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

FAO (2000) Ordenamiento territorial municipal: una experiencia en el Departmento de Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Documento de Campo 6. (Project no. GCP/INT/542/ITA-Bolivia)

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

51

Mauricio Rosales/ Manuel Sanchez

FAO

AGAL

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Brazil, Central & Latin America

Amazon and other forest areas

South and Central America

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

High

High

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Livestock

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a low population density, also temperate oceanic, sub-tropical dry forest, Sub-tropical humid and tropical dry forest

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-2

-2

0

0

0

0

-2

2

Summary

Subsidised credit for livestock was given in frontier areas in Brazil and other countries in Latin America. Livestock has a greater impact in Latin America than in other areas because there are few natural grazing animals and therefore the plants do not have natural defences.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Kaimowitz, D. (1996) Livestock and Deforestation. Central America in the 1980s and 1990s: A Policy Perspective. CIFOR special publication.

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

52

Miguel Trossero

FAO

FOPW

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Paraguay/ Argentina

south of Paraguay, north of Argentina

South and Central America

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

High

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Livestock

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a low population density,

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-2

-1

0

1

0

1

-1

1

Summary

Subsidised cattle ranching in the south of Paraguay and north of Argentina led to deforestation for pasture establishment.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

53

Alain Bonzon

FAO

FIPP

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Mozambique

Africa

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

High

No

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Livestock

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a low population density,

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

Summary

Forests in Madagascar have been preserved as a result of their suitability for crocodile farming.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

54

Adrian Whiteman

FAO

FONS

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Namibia

All

Africa

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

Low

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Livestock

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Forest and tree vegetation in arid or semi-arid land,

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

0

-2

0

0

0

0

-1

1

Summary

In the agriculture sector, livestock loans have led to fencing of public land. This, in turn, has led to over-exploitation and/or overgrazing of land within the fences.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

http://www.dea.met.gov.na/data/publications/reports/elp1999.pdf

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

55

Lennart Ljungman

FAO

FON

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

India

Asia

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

High

No

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Livestock

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a high population density, also forest and tree vegetation in arid or semi-arid land

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-1

-1

0

0

0

-1

0

0

Summary

Grazing pressure from Holy Cows in India leads to forest degradation which stall-feeding of cows may alleviate. Population growth and agricultural development has put unprecedented pressure on India's forests in the past half-century. With the simultaneous increase in both the number of cattle and the area of land under cultivation, livestock owners have been forced to move to forest areas to graze their herds; 78% of all forests have experienced incidences of grazing, and in 74% of forests regeneration is lacking (State of the Forest Report 1995).

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Ministry of Environment and Forests. The State of Forest Report 1995. Government of India.

Number

Name

Affiliation

D epartment

56

Mauricio Rosales/ Manuel Sanchez

FAO

AGAL

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

EU Mediterranean countries

Less favoured agricultural areas

Europe

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

High

High

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Livestock

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Other, Mediterranean vegetation (Maquis and Garrigue)

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

Summary

In Mediterranean ecosystems livestock grazing is important in preventing forest fires. Livestock farming in these areas would probably not exist if not for subsidies. Maquis and garrigue vegetation has evolved with heavy grazing and frequent cutting and burning but agricultural land use in the Mediterranean has changed considerably in the last 20 - 30 years. Records show that grazing of semi-natural Mediterranean vegetation by sheep and goats has virtually ceased in several European countries where marginal land has been abandoned. This has lead to the rapid succession to woodland and accumulation of biomass. This in turn then affects the frequency and intensity of fires. In Spain, Greece and France stocking densities of sheep and goats have declined. Changes in farming systems to include more intensive land management around villages (Ashworth et al. 1997) has also led to abandonment of the grazing of peripheral scrub woodlands. Hetier (1993) showed that although the incidence of fire had increased in Spain and Greece over the 1980 to 1990 period the incidence of fire had declined in Italy and was little changed in France. Hetier concluded that the incidence of fire was influenced by a complex mix of animal husbandry and human activity including changes in cultural activities like the cutting of scrub woodlands for fuel. On the basis of this limited examination it is concluded that the incidence of forest fires has increased in some Member States and declined in others since the introduction of the CMO for sheep and goats. It is unclear therefore the extent to which structural changes in the sheep sector can be associated with the incidence of fires. The common organisation of the markets (CMO) in the sheep and goatmeat sector which falls under the common agricultural policy provides payments to farmers in Less Favoured Areas (LFA) in order to maintain traditional farming systems and to raise farmers incomes. LFAs incorporated any area of land characterised by a considerable limitation of the possibilities of using the land and an appreciable increase in the cost of working it. The importance of livestock production in LFAs was recognised with the introduction of a compensatory allowance for the "permanent natural handicaps and to assist farming activities" based on livestock numbers on a holding. Regulation 950/97 continues the provision for livestock compensatory allowances established in 1975 but following the Agenda 2000 reforms payments are now on an area basis decoupled from livestock numbers.

Policy name or reference

The common organisation of the markets (CMO) in the sheep and goatmeat sector

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

http://www.ed.ac.uk/~modmed/aims/aims.htm; http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/eval/reports/sheep/rep_en.pdf; Ashworth S.W., Waterhouse A., Treacher T. and Topp K. (1997) The European Union sheepmeat and goatmeat regime and its effect on the environment" A report by SAC and the University of Cordoba for the Land Use Policy Group of the Countryside Agencies of Great Britain; Hetier. J-P, 1993. Forêt mediterranéenne : vivre avec le feu? Éléments pour une gestion patrrimoniale des écosystèmes forestiers littoraux. Les cahiers du conservatoire du littoral, n°2, Montpellier, janvier 1993; http://www.uni-freiburg.de/fireglobe/iffn/country/fr/fr_2.htm

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

57

Jeremy Broadhead

FAO

FONP

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

United Kingdom

Europe

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

High

Low

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Livestock

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Temperate and boreal forest in an industrialised country with a market economy,

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-3

-2

0

0

0

0

-1

1

Summary

Over grazing by deer and sheep in large areas of Scotland has resulted in lack of tree regeneration and almost complete disappearance of the native Caledonian pine forests. Sheep farming has been a practised for a few hundred years and is thus accepted as traditional. It is therefore supported by subsidies without which sheep farming would be untenable. Deer numbers have been kept high due to the relationship with estate value. This results from the revenues that are realised through deer stalking. The situation is changing, however, as individual deer do not grow so large and make such good trophies when the deer population is approaching the carrying capacity of the land. Experiments involving excluding sheep and deer have shown that rapid regeneration takes place and forest can quickly regrow. RSPB took a lead and began reducing deer numbers on their estates to allow vegetation to flourish unchecked for the sake of bird populations.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/eval/reports/sheep/rep_en.pdf; Ashworth, S.W., Waterhouse, A., Treacher, T. and Topp, K. (1997) The European Union sheepmeat and goatmeat regime and its effect on the environment" A report by SAC and the University of Cordoba for the Land Use Policy Group of the Countryside Agencies of Great Britain

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

58

Dominique Greboval

FAO

FIPP

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Benin, Togo

Coastal lakes and lagoons

Africa

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

High

No

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Fisheries

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a high population density,

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-1

-1

0

0

0

0

0

1

Summary

Acadja farming in lagoons on the coast of Benin and Togo uses large quantities of wood to create 'pens' in which the fish are enclosed. The large demands for wood have resulted in local deforestation and the necessity of collecting wood at some distance from the lagoons.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

http://www.idrc.ca/nayudamma/acadja_33e.html; http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7387e/W7387E02.htm

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

59

Dominique Greboval/Benedict Satia

FAO

FIPP

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Gambia, Kenya, Liberia, Mauritania, Madagascar, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zaire

Countries in Africa with Mangrove, esp. humid areas

Africa

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

Low

No

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Fisheries

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a low population density, Mangrove (also lowland forest in the humid tropics with a high population density)

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-1

-1

0

0

0

0

-1

1

Summary

Harvesting of wood from mangroves for smoking and cooking fish has led to deforestation and forest degradation which results in erosion and loss of wildlife and nursery grounds for fish. This is particularly the case in Africa where smoked fish is preferred and where it is often too damp to allow drying. Red mangroves (Rhizophora sp.) are preferred because of the flavour they impart and the preservative substances they contain. In some areas it is not only locally caught fish that is smoked but also fish imported from other areas which places additional pressure on mangroves.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Chong, P. 1987. Alleviation of fuelwood supply shortages in the western area, Sierra Leone. FAO Consultant Report, Forestry Department (unpublished).; http://www.cmi.no/research/cm-final_rep_top.PDF

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

60

Mette Loyche Wilkie/Rolf Willman/Patrick Durst

FAO

FORM

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand

Mangroves

Asia

128 tropical countries. Malaysia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Ecuador, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

High

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Fisheries

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a high population density, Mangrove

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-2

-2

0

1

0

2

-2

2

Summary

As mangroves have traditionally been thought of as low value, unpleasant places they have, in the main, not been legislated but open to everyone. Institutional issues including aquaculture as a development strategy, low economic rent of mangroves, overlapping bureaucracy and conflicting policies, corruption, weak law enforcement and lack of political will are relevant to the decline. Individual agencies have also approached coastal resource management with priorities limited to those directly related to agency jurisdiction and goals. Recently, shrimp farming has been blamed for large-scale losses, notably in Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. Shrimp farming has also been encouraged, through credit availability to promote food self-sufficiency and there are also high profits (and export earnings) to be made from prawn farming and the chance to acquire use rights over coastal areas with potential for later development. With the development of intensive shrimp farming techniques in Thailand in the 1980s, there was a rush into modern shrimp farming by deepening salt ponds or converting large areas of the remaining mangroves. By 1989 shrimp production in these provinces had collapsed because the environmental carrying capacity was exceeded (Phillips, 1994). Much of the land is now unproductive and awaits redevelopment. Although mangrove areas are now generally considered to be sub-optimal for the culture of shrimp due to their acid-sulphate soils and high clearance and maintenance costs, large tracts of forest are still being converted to shrimp ponds.

If all the 993,750 ha. of shrimp ponds were converted from mangroves then this would only account for less than 6% of the global resource. In reality the figures are much lower than this as in some countries such (e.g. China) shrimp ponds are found largely in non-mangrove areas and in others (e.g. the Philippines) many of the traditional extensive systems have been in operation for many years. The problem remains serious however; Thailand has lost a total of 203,000 ha, or 52% of the total mangrove resource, since 1961. The decline of Philippine mangroves from half a million hectares in 1918 to only 120 000 ha in 1994 may be traced to local exploitation for fuelwood and conversion to agriculture, salt beds, industry and settlements. Brackish water pond culture, however, remains the major cause of loss. During the 1980s Indonesia implemented a policy to promote shrimp farming to increase foreign exchange earnings to offset a decline in petroleum export revenues. Most of the 300,000 ha. of land being used to culture shrimp was ex-mangrove forest and the government is planning to raise this figure to more than 1 million ha. By 1985 Java had lost 70% of it's mangroves, Sulawesi 49% and Sumatra 36%. This destruction has had a devastating effect on coastal fisheries and has led to the marginalisation of subsistence fisherman and the erosion of shorelines. (from Primavera (2000) and Macintosh and Zisman (http://iufro.ffp.csiro.au/iufro/iufronet/d1/wu10700/unpub/macint95.htm)

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

http://iufro.ffp.csiro.au/iufro/iufronet/d1/wu10700/unpub/macint95.htm; Ronnback, P. Primavera, J.H. 2000. Illuminating the need for ecological knowledge in economic valuation of mangroves under different management regimes, a critique. Ecological Economics 35: 135-141; Development and conservation of Philippine mangroves: institutional issues. Primavera, J.H. (2000) Special issue: The values of wetlands - landscape and institutional perspectives, Soderqvist, T.; Mitsch, W. J.; Turner, R. K. (eds). Ecological-Economics. 2000, 35: 91-106

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

61

Dominique Greboval

FAO

FIPP

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Developing countries

Several/all

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

All

No

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Fisheries

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a low population density, also lowland forest in the humid tropics with a high population density

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-1

-1

0

0

0

0

0

1

Summary

Most fishing in developing countries is done by small fishermen using wooden canoes. This has led to deforestation in coastal areas and has resulted in fishermen going farther and farther inland to find trees of sufficient size. The situation may also be viewed as a failure of forestry policy in that demand from fishermen is not met.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

62

Luc Dubreuil

FAO

TCII

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Madagascar

Africa

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

High

No

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Mining

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a low population density,

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-2

0

0

0

0

0

-1

1

Summary

Mining for gems, diamonds and uranium in Madagascar is often at the expense of forest as there is little legislation in the forestry sector or for that matter in any sector.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

67

Susan Braatz

FAO

FONS

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Ecuador

Low

South and Central America

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

High

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Transport

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a low population density, also highland and mountain forest in a tropical or temperate region

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-2

-1

0

0

0

1

-1

1

Summary

Roading policies in Ecuador related to high agricultural commodity prices as in other areas of South America have been linked to forest clearance.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Wunder, S (2000) The Economics of Deforestation: The Example of Ecuador. Macmillan press, UK.

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

68

Suffyan Koroma

FAO

ESCB

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, Djibouti

Africa

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

Low

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Transport

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Forest and tree vegetation in arid or semi-arid land, Tropical shrubland (FRA Global Ecological Zone)

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-2

-1

0

0

0

1

0

1

Summary

Road networks have been developed in the Horn of Africa region under SADAC/IGAP resulting in forest clearance and development in forested areas.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

69

Mette Loyche Wilkie

FAO

FORM

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Bangladesh

Sunderbans

Asia

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

Low

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Transport

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a high population density, Mangrove

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

0

-2

0

0

0

-1

-1

-2

Summary

Water diversion for the Farakka dam in India has changed the salinity of the water flowing through the mangroves in the Sunderbarns of India. India built a barrage at Farrakka, near Bangladesh's western border to divert water into the Hoogly river in order to flush silt, which obstructs Calcutta port during the dry season. For 20 years the two countries have been in dispute over the sharing of the Ganges water, with Bangladesh claiming the diversion at Farakka allowed it insufficient water for agriculture and other activities. It also claimed that lack of water to flush the Sundarbans delta was resulting in increasing salinity which affects the unique ecology as well as some 500,000 people living in the region. This unilateral diversion of dry-season water has adversely affected the mangrove ecosystem, flooding, soil composition, salinity intrusion, groundwater, riverbed aggradation, and coastal erosion in Bangladesh. Adverse effects of withdrawal of water have led to environmental crisis in 23 districts of the south-west and north-west regions of Bangladesh and have affected economic growth. An analysis by the Water Development Board shows that average peak flow discharge has increased by about 12 per cent compared to average peak flow before 1975. On the same basis, the average low flow has decreased by 60 per cent. Dry season flows are particularly important to flush sediments, sustain fisheries and prevent seawater incursion.

The damming of the Volta River has resulted in reduced flooding and an increase in mangrove cutting, accompanied by the virtual collapse of agriculture and fishing in the estuary. Another ecological consequence of the reduced level of flooding has been reduced dispersal of seedlings of the principal mangrove, Rhizophora racemosa. Therefore, after cutting of this species, re-colonisation is either by conspecifics growing at very high densities or by one of a number of weed species. Environmental data collected in the vicinity of the mangroves enabled suggestions to be made as to whether R. racemosa or Avicennia africana would be the more suitable mangrove to replant. Recommendations have also been made to introduce the palm Nypa fruticans to the area, together with the development of nature-based tourism, both of which would provide alternative means of income generation, thereby reducing the need to cut remaining mangroves.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

70

Luc Dubreuil

FAO

TCII

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Bhutan

Asia

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

High

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Transport

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Highland and mountain forest in a tropical or temperate region,

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-1

0

0

0

0

0

-1

1

Summary

Development of roads and infrastructure in Bhutan has, in some cases, led to enormous landslides in forested areas due to the steepness of the terrain and use of inappropriate techniques.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

71

Manuel Paveri

FAO

FONP

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Caribbean

South and Central America

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

Low

High

No

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Tourism

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Lowland forest in the humid tropics with a high population density,

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

0

-1

0

0

0

0

0

1

Summary

In some parts of the Caribbean ecotourism has resulted in the degradation of natural habitats, including forests, as a result of poor management and/or insufficient policy frameworks regulating the activities of tourists and tour operators.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

http://www.ecotourism.org/textfiles/statsfaq.pdf

Number

Name

Affiliation

Department

72

Richard Owen

FAO

TCIL

Country/ies

Area/region

Continent

Other countries with similar policies

Brazil

Minas Gerais

South and Central America

Income

Forest cover

Policy involved

Main policy area

High

High

Yes

Public policies related to special economic sectors: Industry

Forest/socio-economic classifications

Other, Cerrado

Scale of impact (-3 to +3)

Forest cover

Forest alteration

Management capacity

Forest product processors

Markets & demands

Forest products supply

Soil & water

Socio-economic effects

-2

-1

0

0

0

0

-1

1

Summary

Brazilian government had been subsidising the pig iron/steel industry in Minas Gerais for many years which led to deforestation as a result of charcoal consumption. After a review suggested that there was no comparative advantage in producing steel in this area the subsidies were dropped. Since 1994 The Instituto Brasileiro de Siderurgia (IBS) said there has been no subsidy to the steel industry. Charcoal production programs based on afforestation projects in the states of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Maranhão, and Pará for the Carajás project, have been carried out since 1980. The first program, designed by the State Forestry Institute of Minas Gerais (IEF), has been very successful in supplying charcoal to pig iron plants in Minas Gerais, thereby avoiding the use of native trees and decreasing the deforestation rate of the savanna-like Cerrado ecosystem. About 1 million ha of afforestation projects were established to supply wood for charcoal production in Minas Gerais.

Policy name or reference

Supporting references, web sites, etc.

http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/brazil/00-8544-1.txt; THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF BRAZIL, Alfredo C. Gurmendi (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/9504094.pdf)