Notes:
| (H) | Abel, G. & A. Kleitz, 1991. * Improving trade policy. In: OECD Observer No. 172 Oct./ Nov. 1991. OECD, Paris. pp20–22. Over the last 30 years there has been an unprecedented world movement toward trade liberalisation and expansion. The article considers factors underlying this development and the role which OECD has played. |
| (E,I,J) | lexandre, A. & E. Oberkampf, 1991. * Funding urban infrastructure. In: Observer No. 172, Oct/Nov. 1991. OECD, Paris. pp.31–34. Today's city, or rather urban conurbation, has to face the challenge of providing sustained economic growth, restoring social equilibrium, ensuring efficient functioning of public services and providing an attractive living environment. All this has to be financed. |
| (C,D,E,F) | Alfons, H. (Ed.), 1991. ** Use of agricultural land for non-food purposes. Results of the FAO/ECE Symposium on the use of agricultural land for non-food purposes, 3–8 June 1991, Graz, Austria. Bundesanstalt für Agrarwirtschaft Schriftenreihe Nr. 66, Vienna. 435pp. Symposium report and series of invited papers covering the following main topics: renewable raw material and sources of energy; set-aside of agricultural land; conservation and protection of nature; recreation and leisure activities; afforestation. |
| (E,F) | Anon, 1987. ** Management agreements in Dutch agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, The Hague, Netherlands. 20pp. A management agreement is a contract that lays down the terms to be observed by the owner or user of the land and the Netherlands Bureau for Agricultural Land Management (BBL). An important objective is to reconcile the requirements of commercial farming with the objectives of nature and landscape conservation. The owner is compensated for any decline in returns, extra man-hours or differences in operating costs involved in applying the agreement. |
| (D) | Anon, 1991. * “Acid Rain” - Critical and targetload maps for the United Kingdom. Air Quality Division, Department of the Environment, United Kingdom. 6pp. A critical load is defined as the quantity of a substance falling on a given space over a given period which a specified part of the environment can tolerate without adverse effects occurring. The 34 countries of the UN- ECE region agreed at the Bergen Conference on Sustainable Development in May 1990 that, inter alia, the concept of critical loads should serve as a guideline for the abatement of emissions of SO2 and NOx Booklet describes the UK's work in developing the science of the critical loads approach. |
| (D,H) | Anon, 1992. * Exigences essentielles en manière d'emballages. In: “L'Echo des Bois” of October 1992. p. 14–16. Discusses the objectives of the proposal of 12 October 1992 for an EC Directive on packaging waste, and the implications for the production, trade and utilisation of forest products. |
| (C,D) | Anon, 1992a. * National Energy Plan 1991–2000. Secretary General of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism, Spain. 288pp. The NEP establishes the main guidelines for energy policy in Spain for the 10-year period 1991 to 2000. The 1991 NEP consists of five sections: the international energy context; energy demand; energy supply; energy and the environment; and R&D; with two annexes: the energy conservation and efficiency plan; and the third general plan for radioactive waste. The first section synthesises the forecasts of specialised international organisations, primarily IEA. |
| (D) | Anon, 1992b. * Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/ loads and geographic areas where they are executed. Prepared by the Task Force on Mapping with the assistance of the Coordination Centre for Effects of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and the Secretariat of the UN-ECE. Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Berlin, Germany. 109pp. and 2 annexes. Covers: mapping deposition loads and concentration levels; mapping critical levels for direct effects of air pollutants on forests, crops and natural vegetation; mapping critical levels for effects on materials; mapping critical loads of acidity (sulphur and nitrogen); mapping critical loads for nutrient nitrogen. |
| (C,D) | Anon, 1993. ** A survey of waste and the environment 1993. In: “The Economist”, London. 24pp. A comprehensive review of the current situation in western Europe and North America on the quantities and types of waste and the ways in which the environmental problems it causes are being tackled, including incentives. |
| (D,H) | Anon, 1993a. * The packaging ordinance and international trade (The handling of foreign companies' exports to the Federal Republic of Germany in accordance with the packaging ordinance). Submission by Germany to the GATT Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade. GATT, Geneva. TRE/W/15 (RESTRICTED). 25pp. (Not reviewed). |
| (J) | Anon, 1993b. * Corporate treasury management. Financial Times Survey. In: Financial Times, 2 November 1993. Financial Times, London, 4pp. Includes articles on: ERM upset causes new anxieties; lower interest rates bring new problems; tax regimes following at snail's pace behind business innovation. |
| (A) | Appleyard, R. T., 1992. * International Migration: Challenge for the Nineties. Published for the 40th anniversary of IOM. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva, Switzerland. 84pp. Historical review of international migration trends. Discusses the increasingly important issue of immigration in western Europe and the options available to deal with it, as well as the strong emigration pressures in eastern Europe and the southern Mediterranean arising from the large income differentials. There is need for economic policies in the North to be directed to the South, combined with a strengthened multilateral trading system. |
| (D) | Bernes, C., 1993. * The Nordic Environment - present state, trends and threats. Prepared by the Nordic Council of Minister's Nordic Environment Report Group. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. NORD 1993:12. 212pp. Presents, inter alia, charts plotting the types and extent of environmental threats to the forest and other landscapes against how widespread they may be for biological diversity, natural resources, attractiveness, human health, etc. |
| (C,D) | Barthod, Ch., 1993. ** La Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement et le développement (Rio de Janeiro, 3–14 juin 1992) et la forêt. In: Revue Forestière française, Vol. XLV-1-1993. E.N.G.R.E.F., Nancy, France. pp- 7–25. Documents and discussions at UNCED gave pride of place to forests. This was a marked difference from the Stockholm Conference in 1972. A whole chapter of Agenda 21 is devoted to forests and, for the very first time, after very strenuous negotiations, a world summit of Heads of State and Government issued a political statement on forests. In a similar vein, certain binding, legal measures of the conventions on climate change and bio-diversity - both signed in Rio - also apply to the forest. The NGOs also worked very actively on the issues of forests throughout the governmental negotiations and adopted two worldwide documents. The Rio Conference was not the last word, but rather the first official step in a debate within the richer countries of the North and at the North-South level on the balance to be struck between economics and environment, as concerns the forests of the world. |
| (D,G) | Boyd, J., 1993. * The allocation of environmental liabilities in central and eastern Europe. In: Resources, Summer 1993, No. 112. Resources for the Future, Washington. pp. 1–6. Existing soil and groundwater contamination are likely to affect future industrial development and investment in central and eastern Europe. Determining how pollutant cleanup costs should be allocated between governments and current or future property owners will not be easy. |
| (D,E) | Castle, E. N., 1992. * A pluralistic, pragmatic and evolutionary approach to natural resource management. In: Forest Ecology and Management 56 (1993). Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam. pp. 279–295. Demonstrates the partial nature of individual academic disciplines with respect to natural resource management. States the requirements of a satisfactory approach to the subject and provides the philosophical justification for pluralism, pragmatism and evolution in natural resource policy and thereby provides a framework for interdisciplinary communication. |
| (D) | CEC, 1975. * Council Directive of 15 July 1975 on waste. In: Official Journal of the European Communities L 194. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. pp39–41. General directive to Member States to take the necessary measures to encourage the prevention, recycling and processing of waste, and the extraction of raw material and possibly energy therefrom. |
| (G) | CEC, 1990. * Industrial policy in an open and competitive environment: Guidelines for a Community approach. Communication of the Commission to the Council and to the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. COM(90) 556 final. 50pp. Commission proposals to the Council and Parliament to improve the functioning of the internal market and of the world market. |
| (D) | CEC, 1990a. * Council Resolution of 7 May 1990 on waste policy. In: Official Journal of the European Communities No. C/122. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. pp. 2–4. Statement of principles regarding waste management. |
| (E,F) | CEC, 1991. ** The development and future of the Common Agricultural Policy: Proposals of the Commission. In: Green Europe No. 2/91. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. 40pp. Sets out the CEC's proposals for reform of agricultural policies in the EC in each of the main market sectors (cereals, meat, milk, etc.); and for accompanying measures (agri-environmental action programmes, afforestation, structural improvement through early retirement). |
| (D) | CEC, 1991a. * Council Directive of 18 March 1991 amending Directive 75/442/EEC on waste. In: Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 78. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. pp. 32–37. Changes to the original directive relating to waste of July 1975. |
| (D) | CEC, 1992. * Council Regulation (EEC) No. 880/92 of 23 March 1992 on a Community eco-label award scheme. In: Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 99. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. pp 1–7. Title self-explanatory. |
| (G) | CEC, 1992a. * Encadrement communautaire des aides aux petites et moyennes entreprises. In: Journal officiel des Communautés européeenes No. C 213. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. pp2–12. Regulations for Community and national assistance to small and medium-sized enterprises. |
| (F,G) | CEC, 1992b. * Third survey of state aids in the European Community in the manufacturing and certain other sectors. Directorate-General for Competition, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. 47pp & annexes. Survey of national aid given to manufacturing, agriculture and other sectors. Aims to increase transparency in matters of State aid. |
| (D,H) | CEC, 1992c. * The European Community and the Protection of Tropical Forests. Directorate- General XI, Commission of the European Communities. 6pp. Leaflet on the Community's strategy towards the protection of tropical forests and actions and projectes which it is funding. |
| (F) | CEC, 1992d. * Council Regulation (EEC) No 2080/92 of 30 June 1992 instituting a Community aid scheme for forestry measures in agriculture. In: Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 215. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. pp 96–99. Specifies the purpose of the aid scheme, the amount of aid payable, programme appraisal procedure, etc. |
| (D) | CEC, 1993. * Commission information on eco-labelling. Directorate-General XI, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. 4pp. Leaflet on progress in introducing eco-labelling schemes and the competent national bodies for these schemes. |
| (D,G,H) | CEC, 1993a. * Amended proposal for a Council Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. COM(93) 416 final - SYN 436 (RESTRICTED). 34pp. The amended proposal takes into account a number of amendments adopted by the European Parliament. |
| (F) | CEC, 1993b. * The new regulation of the agricultural markets: Vademecum. In: Green Europe, No. 1/93. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. 118pp. Provides in a single volume information on the basic regulations governing all the agricultural products that come under the CAP. |
| (E,F) | CEC, 1993c. * Support for farms in mountain, hill and less-favoured areas: Effects on farm structures and impact on revenue. In: Green Europe No. 2/93. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. 81pp. Analysis of the policy pursued since 1975 in support of mountain and less-favoured areas of the EC, particularly with the level of support granted under Directive 75/268. |
| (D,H) | CEC, 1993d. * Proposal for an integrated programme for the promotion of sustainably produced timber for trade: Discussion paper. Directorate-General XI, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. 23pp. A discussion paper on the need for a Community initiative regarding the trade in tropical timber, in response to widespread concern about the destruction of tropical forests. Aims to promote sustainable forest management and arrest the trend towards unilateral measures to restrict trade. |
| (D,H) | CEC, 1993e. * Proposition de Réglement (CEE) du Conseil concernant des actions en faveur des forêts tropicales. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. COM(93) 53 final. 10pp. Proposal for action at the EC level, complementing national actions, that would allow the mobilisation of the necessary resources to implement the follow-up to UNCED concerning the conservation and sustainable management of tropical forests. |
| (F) | CEC, 1993f. * Reform of the CAP and its implementation. CAP Working Notes 1993. Directorate- General VI, Commission of the European Communities. VI/2024/93-EN. 21pp. Brief description of the main elements of the reform of CAP, product by product. |
| (E,F) | CEC, 1993g. * Afforestation of agricultural land. Proceedings of a Workshop on Afforestation of Agricultural Land, held in Brussels, December 1991. Directorate-General VI, Commission of the European Communities. EUR 14804. 292pp. Contains reports on national afforestation programmes; possibilities and limits of afforestation planning; economic and socio-economic aspects of afforestation; summary of workshop discussions. Examples are given of promising approaches to afforestation; the factors which facilitate successful afforestation are analysed. |
| (D,E,F) | CEC, 1993h. * The scientific basis for sustainable multiple-use forestry in the European Community. Proceedings of a Scientific Workshop, held in Brussels, June 1993. (in print). Directorate-General VI, Commission of the European Communities. Working document VI.F11.3- SJ/0007(prov.). 190pp. Objectives of the workshop were to: describe the state-of-the-art; identify gaps in knowledge; identify promising areas for forest research in the EC into sustainable and multiple-use management. Sessions covered: forest policy and economics; forest environment and silviculture; forest operations and techniques; social aspects of forestry; sustainable multiple-use forestry in different regions and under different conditions. |
| (E,F) | 1993i. * Rural development and agricultural structures: Measures under Objectives 1, 5a and 5b of the Structural Funds. Directorate-General VI, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. 29pp. Guidelines for the measures to be carried out in 1994–1999, arising from the reform of the CAP and the commitment in the Single European Act to strengthen economic and social cohesion. |
| (A,B,C,F,G H) | Central Planning Bureau, NL, 1992. *** Scanning the future: A long-term scenario study of the world economy 1990–2015. Sdu Publishers, The Hague. 246pp. Main chapters: Perspectives on economic development; A comparative-strength analysis of major regions of the world economy; Trends in the world economy; Four scenarios for the world economy until 2015. The scenarios are: global shift; European renaissance; global crisis; and balanced growth. |
| (C,D) | Cohen, B. C.(Ed.), 1992. ** Energy and sustainable development. Special issue of International Journal of Global Energy Issues. (M. A. Dorgham, Ed.), Vol 4, No.4. Inderscience Enterprises Ltd., Geneva. p. 217–308. A number of papers under the headings of: energy and sustainable development - the overall framework; CO2 and the question of sustainable energy use. |
| (C,D) | Cohen, B. C. and J-M. Collette, 1991. ** Fossil-fuel use and sustainable development. In: International Journal of Global Energy Issues, Vol. 3, No. 3. pp. 132–141. Present energy systems are inherently damaging because they are based on the use of fossil fuels. A continuation of present trends in fuel use implies a continuous rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. A long transition period is needed to facilitate a shift to the use of new energy systems. A period of a century would allow for short-term increases in fossil fuel consumption. But steps need to be taken now that will lead eventually to an absolute reduction in fossil fuel use. Intensified international co-operation, especially in the areas of R&D and technology transfer, can be regarded as a prerequisite of the successful transition to a new pattern of development. |
| (D,H) | Dietrich, W., 1993. * The final forest: The battle for the last great trees of the Pacific Northwest. Penguin Books, New York (first published by Simon & Schuster, 1992). 303pp. A graphic account by a respected environmental journalist of the developments surrounding the “spotted owl” controversy and the impact on the industries and local communities in the Olympia National Park area of Washington State. |
| (D,H) | Dudley, N., 1992. * Forests in trouble: A review of the status of temperate forests worldwide. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF International), Gland, Switzerland. 260pp. Chapters include: towards a definition of forest quality; the importance of temperate forests; the timber trade and temperate forests; pollution and forests; fuelwood and biomass energy in temperate forests; legislation and policy. |
| (B,G,H) | EBRD, quarterly. * Quarterly Economic Review. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, London. 100–150pp. Articles on specific topics generally related to countries of central and eastern Europe with economies in transition, and notes on those countries. |
| (B,G,H) | EBRD, 1993. * Annual Economic Review 1992. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, London. 131pp. Similar coverage as Quarterly Economic Review (see above). |
| (A,I) | Ermisch, J., 1990. * Aging, household formation and the housing market. For UN International Conference on Aging Populations in the Context of the Family, Kitakyushu, Japan, 15–19 October. United Nations, New York. IESA/P/AC.33/24. 19pp. The demographic element in housing demand is the number and composition of households. After the turn of the century, the aging population will encourage a shift back in favour of smaller households. |
| (D,H) | ESE, 1992. * Identification and analysis of measures concerning trade in tropical wood. Report submitted by Environmental Strategies Europe (ESE) to the CEC. Volume 1: Executive report. Environmental Strategies Europe, Brussels. 22pp. To overcome the difficulties facing ITTO and its member countries in meeting the agreed goal set in Target 2000 (all timber entering international trade to be from sustainably managed forests), the area of such forests will have to be greatly increased. The main instruments should be subsidies to sustainable management, preferential access to the EC market, voluntary adoption of environmental labelling. |
| (I) | EUROCONSTRUCT, 1991. *** European construction to 1996. EUROCONSTRUCT, St. Gallen, Switzerland. 338pp. Assessments by 13 European countries of the prospects for construction covering new residential construction, private and public non-residential construction, civil engineering and renovation and modernisation. Includes a common basic scenario regarding economic, social, demographic and political developments; individual country reports; and a comparative analysis. For the countries concerned, the aggregate outlook is for a decline in new residential construction up to 1996, stagnation in public non-residential, but growth in other sectors, notably renovation and modernisation. |
| (D) | Farmer, A., 1993. * SSSIs at risk from soil acidification in Britain. JNCC Report No. 156. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, United Kingdom. 21pp. A significant proportion of the nature conservation resource of Britain will remain at risk from acidification even after full implementation of existing UK Government policy commitments for reducing pollutant emissions. |
| (E,F) | FAO, annual. * FAO Production Yearbook. FAO, Rome. Ca. 280pp. Basic source of statistics on land use, population and agricultural production. |
| (E,F) | FAO, 1976. * A framework for land evaluation. FAO Training Bulletin No. 32. FAO, Rome. 64pp. Chapters include: nature and principles of land evaluation; basic concepts; classification of land suitability; evaluation procedures; examples. The problem as seen mainly from the point of view of agriculture. |
| (A,F) | FAO, 1977. * Population and agricultural development. Development Research and Training Service, Policy Analysis Division, FAO, Rome. 130pp. Analysis of the population-development relationships that need to be considered in agricultural development planning. |
| (A,B,F) | FAO, 1983. * Agriculture from the perspective of population growth: some results from “Agriculture towards 2000.” FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 30. FAO, Rome. 97pp. Identifies and measures the significance of population growth for the food and agriculture prospects of the developing countries. |
| (F,H) | FAO, 1983a. * Cereals: selected aspects of production, trade and price policies. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 36. FAO, Rome. 133pp. Title self-explanatory. |
| (E,F) | FAO, 1984. * Socio-economic indicators relating to the agricultural sector and rural development. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 40. FAO, Rome. 104pp. A compendium of internationally comparable series of statistical indicators relating to agriculture. |
| (F,G) | FAO, 1984a. * Agricultural raw materials: competition with synthetic substitutes. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 48. FAO, Rome. 62pp. Analyses the factors, including prices, affecting the competition between agricultural raw materials and synthetics derived from oil and natural gas. |
| (F) | FAO, 1985. * Legislation of productivity in agriculture: A comparative outline. Land and Water Legislation Section, Legal Office, Legislative Study No. 33. FAO, Rome. 74pp. Coherent and effective policies are needed in order to ensure that land, an increasingly scarce commodity, is used both productively and with due regard for its conservation. The publication presents the various legislative approaches to attain this objective. |
| (A,E,F) | FAO, 1987. * Population, society and agricultural planning. Prepared by Alain Marcoux, consultant. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 51, FAO, Rome. 163pp. Discusses the conditions under which decentralisation of a planning system is justified. The local population should be directly involved in all aspects of planning. |
| (E,J) | FAO, 1987a. * Land tenure systems and forest policy. By Christian de Saussay for the Legislation Branch Legal Office. FAO Legislative Study 41. FAO, Rome. 76pp. Countries' legal systems must be adapted to the widest possible choice of measures whereby the law may be adapted to all local potentialities. There is no form of forest ownership that does not imply some disadvantage or other for the forest. |
| (D,E,F) | FAO, 1988. ** Integration of environmental aspects in agricultural, forestry and fishery policies in Europe. For 16th Regional Conference for Europe, 23–26 August 1988, Cracow, Poland. ERC/88/3. FAO, Rome. 24pp and 2 annexes. Chapters on: environmental consequences of agricultural, forestry and fishery development; consequences of urban and industrial development for agriculture, forestry and fisheries; agricultural, forestry and fishery policies: integration of environmental concerns. Reorientation of past policies which aimed at maximising production and productivity is needed to reflect the environmental considerations essential to achieving sustainable development. The four major environmental problems to be addressed are: pollution of water and soil resources; pollution of air; loss of genetic resources and traditional scenic landscapes; land degradation. |
| (F,H) | FAO, 1988a. * Agricultural policies, protectionism and trade: selected working papers, 1985– 1987. FAO Commodities and Trade Division. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 75. FAO, Rome. 59pp. Three papers analyse, inter alia, the impact of increased costs of domestic agricultural policies, especially in industrialised countries, on the conditions of international trade in agriculture. They consider the implications of the possible effects of liberalisation of the industrialised countries' agricultural policies on world market prices and trade and benefits and costs to developing countries. |
| (D,E,G,H J) | FAO, 1988b. ** Forestry policies in Europe. FAO Forestry Department. Forestry Paper 86. FAO, Rome. 283pp. Reports prepared by 28 European countries covering the following main areas: administration; monetary and fiscal policies; forest management and protection; forest utilisation; timber trade and marketing; employment; forestry education and training; forestry research, extension and information; and international cooperation. |
| (F,H) | FAO, 1989. * FAO agricultural commodity projections to 1990. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 62. FAO, Rome. 212pp. Title self-explanatory. |
| (F,H) | FAO, 1989a. * Measures of protection: methodology, economic interpretation and policy relevance. Prepared by P. L. Scandizzo, consultant. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 84. FAO, Rome. 90pp. Even under the auspices of international organisations, a variety of measures of protection and price distortions has been used. |
| (D,E,F,J) | FAO, 1990. ** Socio-economic aspects of environmental policies in European agriculture. For 17th Regional Conference for Europe, Venice, 3–7 April 1990. ERC/ 90/3. FAO, Rome. 34pp. Chapters include: environmental consequences of agricultural, forestry and fisheries development; policy measures to regulate environmental damage resulting from agricultural activities; socioeconomic aspects of environmental policies on agriculture. |
| (C,D,F) | FAO, 1990a. * Climate change and agriculture, forestry and fisheries: FAO Position Paper. For Second World Climate Conference, Geneva, 29 October to 7 November 1990, Miscellaneous document no. 4. FAO, Rome and the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries of the Netherlands, The Hague. 11pp. There is still too much conjecture about certain features of climate change and national level impacts on agriculture to warrant specific agricultural policy responses by developing countries. On the other hand there is scientific consensus that climate change is real, and that such change could affect crop, animal and forest growth. There are many measures that could be taken already and would be justified in terms of costs and benefits to slow down climate change and limit possible negative effects. |
| (D,F) | FAO, 1990b. * The environmental impact of economic incentives for agricultural production: a comparative law study. FAO Legislative Study 38 by Mohamed Ali Mekouar, FAO Legal Office Legislation Branch. FAO, Rome. 84pp. Economic incentives have generally acted positively on the promotion of agricultural production. But at what ecological cost? Incentive law should transcend immediate productive incentives and aim at a judicious management of natural resources to ensure the lasting maintenance of an essential ecological equilibrium. |
| (D,F) | FAO, 1990c. * Biological Diversity: Its conservation and use for sustainable agriculture, forestry and fisheries development. FAO Working Paper prepared under the direction of the IDWG Sub- Group on Biological Diversity. FAO, Rome. 41pp. Includes: methods for conservation and use of biological diversity; institutional and financial aspects; elements of a strategy on biological diversity. |
| (F,H) | FAO, 1990d. * The effects of trade and exchange rate policies on production incentives in agriculture. Prepared by D. Diakosavvas and C. Kirkpatrick, consultants. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 96. FAO, Rome. 90pp. Considers the influence of the foreign trade and exchange rate regimes on the agricultural sector's economic performance in the least developed countries. |
| (B,D,E,F,J) | FAO, 1990e. ** Major issues related to forestry in the 1990s. Working paper by Forestry Planning and Institutions Service, Forestry Department, FAO, Rome. 25pp. Chapters include: forestry and the economy; forestry and rural development; and important issues for sustainable forestry in the 90s. While aimed primarily at the developing countries, the papers also draws some conclusions relevant to Europe, for example the development of forest policies within the context of integrated policies for environmental protection, sustainable development and rural development. |
| (D,E,F) | FAO, 1991. * The den Bosch Declaration and agenda for action on sustainable development and rural development: Report of the Conference. FAO/Netherlands Conference on Agriculture and the Environment, ('s-Hertogenbosch, 15–19 April 1991). FAO, Rome and the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries of the Netherlands, The Hague. 60pp. The Conference aimed at improving understanding of the implications of sustainable development for agriculture and reaching a consensus on actions needed. Develops the concept of “SARD” - sustainable agriculture and rural development. |
| (F) | FAO, 1991a. * Cereal Policies Review 1990–91. FAO Commodities and Trade Division, FAO, Rome. 41pp. Chapters include policy developments in eastern Europe and the USSR; implications of the single market of the European Community. |
| (F,H) | FAO, 1992. ** Policy changes affecting European agriculture. For 18th Regional Conference for Europe, 24–28 August 1992, Prague, Czechoslovakia. ERC 92/INF/6. FAO, Rome. 37pp. Chapters include: recent developments at the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations; western European countries: recent policy changes; agricultural restructuring in eastern European countries; the food problem and other agricultural policy issues in the Commonwealth of Independent States; agricultural situation in the Baltic States. |
| (E,F) | FAO, 1992a. ** Alternative uses of marginal land and set-aside farmland in Europe. For 18th Regional Conference for Europe, 24–28 August 1992, Prague, Czechoslovakia. ERC/92/4. 18pp. Agricultural protection and subsidisation policies pursued in the region have led to inefficient land use and to serious environmental problems due to intensified practices. Discusses how existing regulations, programmes and institutional arrangements could be improved to raise efficiency of land use, make land use changes more attractive to farmers and ensure greater integration of the agricultural, forest and environment sectors. |
| (F) | FAO, 1992b. * Restructuring agriculture in eastern and central Europe: Report of the Workshop (held in Nitra, Czechoslovakia, 25–29 May 1992 under the sponsorship of FAO, UNDP and the University of Agriculture, Nitra). FAO, Rome. 38pp. Priority areas for further cooperative activities were identified as: statistics; restructuring of agricultural production cooperatives; land registration and valuation; and for FAO and UNDP assistance in facilitating the exchange of information on: agricultural statistics; price and commodity information; research results; relevant legislation. |
| (E,F) | FAO, 1992c. * Restructuring agriculture in eastern and central Europe: Background papers for a workshop. FAO, Rome. 95pp. Four invited papers for the Workshop on (abbreviated titles): institutional foundations of the market economy; agricultural development, production structures and rural employment; institutional foundations of land tenure; educational needs and dissemination techniques for effective rural sector reform. |
| (F) | FAO, 1992d. * Restructuring agriculture in eastern and central Europe: Country papers. FAO, Rome. 243pp. Papers from nine countries of central and eastern Europe. |
| (F) | FAO, 1992e. * Cereal Policies Review 1991–92. FAO Commodities and Trade Division, FAO, Rome. 55pp. Chapter on the reform of the EC's Common Agricultural Policy, including the implications of the reforms. |
| (D,F,H) | FAO, 1992f. * Agricultural sustainability: definition and implications for agricultural and trade policy. Prepared by T. Young and M.P. Burton, consultants. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 110. FAO, Rome. 108pp. The main obstacle to sustainable agricultural development is the failure of economic policy to address adequately the problems of natural resource management. If excessive environmental and natural resource degradation is to be avoided, there must be explicit integration of agricultural and natural resource management concerns in economic policy design and implementation. The interaction between international trade and resource degradation is particularly important. |
| (B,E,F,H) | FAO, 1992g. * Integration of food and agricultural policy with macroeconomic policy: methodological considerations in a Latin American perspective. Prepared by R.D. Norton, consultant. FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 111. FAO, Rome. 76pp. A number of issues are addressed: food security vs. food self-sufficiency; supply responsiveness of agriculture; and the role of private and public agents in rural development and rural poverty alleviation. There is a need for the conceptualisation of agriculture and agricultural policies within the broader economic development objectives. |
| (C,D,E,F; H,J) | FAO, 1992h. ** FAO Information Briefs for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3–14 June 1992. FAO, Rome. 2–4pp each. Titles include: global system for the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources; sustainable intensification of land use systems; pest control without pesticides; water and sustainable agricultural development; climate change: world agriculture and the rural environment; energy for sustainable development; human resources development and the environment; policy and sustainability of agriculture; environment and international agricultural trade. |
| (D,E,F) | FAO, 1992i. ** Sustainable development and the environment: FAO Policies and Actions, Stockholm 1972 - Rio 1992. FAO, Rome. 88pp. Sections include: Towards the 21st century; FAO's involvement over the years; food production and resource management; socio-economic aspects of sustainable development; conclusion and future outlook. |
| (E) | FAO, 1992j. * Land evaluation for forest resource development planning at the national level. Forest Resources Division, FAO. FO: MISC/92/1. FAO, Rome. 70pp. Presents guidelines on use of land evaluation techniques for sustainable forest resources development planning, including conceptualisation of a land resource database and application of the database to forestry development planning. |
| (E,F) | FAO, 1992k. * Land reform and the problems of land legislation. Proceedings of the VASKhNIL/FAO Seminar on Land Reform and the Problems of Land Legislation, 10–14 June 1991, Moscow. FAO, Rome and All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Moscow. 279pp. Presents the staus of the former USSR's land reform debate as of June 1991. Contains recommendations on forms of land tenure; state regulations of land relations; socioeconomic consequences of land reform; the scientific support for land reform. |
| (D,E,J) | FAO, 1992l. * Forestry and sustainable development: UNCED outcome and implications for FAO's forestry programmes. For 11th session of the Committee on Forestry. FAO, Rome. COFO- 93/8. 9pp. In the light of the UNCED outcome, increased attention should be given, inter alia, to strengthening forest resource assessment and observation; sustainable forest resources management; capacity building in the forestry sector; heightening the role of afforestaion and reforestation. |
| (D,E) | FAO, 1993. * Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification: FAO Position Paper. FAO, Rome. 38pp. Analysis of the causes and process of desertification; strategies for combating it; Chapter 12 of UNCED's Agenda 21 (Managing fragile ecosystems: combating desertification and drought). |
| (C,D,E) | FAO, 1993a. ** Mediterranean Forest Action Programme (Provisional document). Committee on Mediterranean Forestry Questions “Silva Mediterranea”. FAO, Rome. 76pp. Sections include: problems, constraints and perspectives of the Mediterranean area; general presentation of the Mediterranean Forest Action Programme; a strategy and multidisciplinary programme of management and integrated rural development; forest management and planning; development of forest products and services; protecting natural ecosystems; strengthening and modernising institutions. |
| (D,F,H) | FAO, 1993b. * Commodity Review and Outlook 1992–93. FAO Economic and Social Development Series No. 51. FAO, Rome. 162pp. Declining real commodity prices have seriously eroded the value of agricultural export earnings of the developing countries. One of the main characteristics of world agricultural trade has been the rise in protectionism in developed countries. A new agenda is shaping up: response to the growing concerns for environmental protection, sustainable development and trade, as UNCED showed. |
| (F,H) | FAO, 1993c. * Development in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. For 59th session of the Committee on Commodity Problems, Rome, 7–11 June 1993. CCP:93/19. FAO, Rome. 7pp. Prepared before the completion of the Uruguay Round, an analysis of the possible impact of its outcome on trade in agricultural products. |
| (D,E,F,H) | FAO, 1993d. ** International trade, environment and sustainable agricultural development. For 59th session of the Committee on Commodity Problems, Rome, 7–11 June 1993. CCP:93/19. FAO, Rome. 17pp. Trade matters for sustainable agriculture and rural development (SARD) in three ways: it permits the location of production to be separated from the point of consumption; the opening up of markets or liberalisation of trade can have additional effects on SARD; the movement of large volumes of agricultural commodities uses energy and other resources with a consequent impact on the environment. |
| (F,H) | FAO, 1993e. * Medium-term prospects for agricultural commodities: agricultural commodity projections to 2000. For 59th session of the Committee on commodity Problems, Rome, 7–11 June 1993. CCP /93/18. FAO, Rome. 19pp and 2 annexes. Title self-explanatory. |
| (E) | FAO, 1993f. * Master list of available forestry and forestry-related laws and other legal materials of the states of eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Restricted draft: material being collected by Paul A Barresi, Visiting Scholar, FAO Legal Office. 25pp. Material from virtually all the countries with economies in transition, including members of the former USSR. |
| (D,E) | FAO, 1993g. * Forest Resources Assessment 1990: Summary of final results for the tropical world. For 11th session of the Committee on Forestry, 8–12 March 1993. FAO, Rome. 2pp. Average annual tropical deforestation amounted to 15.4 million ha between 1980 and 1990 (o.8 percent a year compound). All types of forest formation were affected. Reported forest plantations increased annually by 2.6 million ha (1.8 million ha net). |
| (A,B,D,E,F,H) | FAO, 1993h. ** Agriculture: Toward 2010. For 27th Conference, November 1993. C93/24. FAO, Rome. 356pp. Chapters include: Major themes in world food and agriculture at the beginning of the 1990s; world food and agriculture: a 20-year perspective; growth of agricultural production in developing countries; forestry; agricultural development in the economy-wide context: approaches to policies and strategies; international trade issues and policies; agriculture, rural poverty and rural development; pressures on the environment from agriculture; laying the technological foundation for sustained agricultural development; summarising the trade-offs between the environment and agricultural development. |
| (D) | FAO, 1993i. * The Challenge of Sustainable Forest Management: What future for the world's forests? FAO, Rome, Italy. 128pp. A contribution to increasing public awareness of the issues involved and to furthering the implementation of sustainable forest management and of sustainable land use. Chapters include: sustainability in a changing world; why forests are important; laws, institutions and people; the international dimension. |
| (D,G) | Finnish Forest Industries Federation, 1993. * Forest industry, environment, Nature. FFIF, Helsinki. 67pp. Detailed description of the efforts of forestry and the forest industries in a major forest country to deal with issues of environmental protection and sustainable development and objectives for the 1990s. |
| (H) | GATT, 1986. * The text of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Geneva. 96pp. The GATT came into force in 1948. This booklet contains the complete text of the Agreement together with all ammendments which have become effective since its entry into force. A guide to the legal provisions of the Agreement is provided in an appendix. The Agreement consists of 38 Articles. |
| (H) | GATT, 1992. * Minutes of Council Meeting of 4–5 November 1992. GATT, Geneva. c/M/260 (RESTRICTED)/ 66pp. Includes report on discussions concerning the Austrian Federal Act of 26 June 1992, motivated by environmental concerns, on the marking of tropical timber and timber products and on the creation of a quality mark of these products from sustainable forest management. |
| (D,H) | GATT, 1992 & 1993. * Reports of Meetings of the Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade. GATT, Geneva. All the following documents are RESTRICTED. |
| 2nd meeting, 21 January 1992. TRE/3. 12pp. 3rd meeting, 10–11 March 1992. TRE/4. 26pp. 4th meeting, 4–5 May 1992. TRE/5. 31pp. 5th meeting, 9–10 July 1992. TRE/6. 45pp. 6th meeting, 1–2 October 1992. TRE/7. 35pp. 7th meeting, 19 November 1992. TRE/8. 45pp. 8th meeting, 4–5 February 1993. TRE/9. 40pp. 9th meeting, 18–19 March 1993. TRE/10. 31pp. 10th meeting, 6–7 May 1993. TRE/11. 21pp. 11th meeting, 5–7 July 1993. TRE/12. 42pp. | |
| (D,H) | GATT, 1992 & 1993a. * Secretariat notes prepared for the Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade. GATT, Geneva. All the following documents are RESTRICTED. |
| 1)Trade restrictions contained in multilateral environmental agreements. TRE/W/1. 7pp. 2)Multilateral transparency of national environmental regulations. TRE/w/2. 5pp. 3)Packaging and labelling requirements. TRE/W/3. 39pp. & adds.; TRE/W/12. 7pp. 4)Multilateral transparency of national environmental regulations likely to have trade effects. TRE/W/4. 7pp.; TRE/W/7. 4pp.; TRE/W/10. 14.pp. 5)The GATT and the trade provisions of multilateral environmental agreements. TRE/W/5. 10pp. 6)Trade effects of new packaging and labelling requirements aimed at protecting the environment. TRE/W/9. 6pp. 7)The trade effects of environmental measures. TRE/W/13. 9pp. Analysis of the trade effects of new forms of packaging and labelling requirements. 8)UNCED follow-up: Results of the first session of the Commission on Sustainable Development and other related activities. TRE/W/14. 13pp. Provides background information on the outcome of the 1st session of the Commission on Sustainable Development, the body established by the UN General Assembly to follow up the results of UNCED. 9)Trade provisions contained in existing multilateral environmental agreements vis-à- vis GATT principles and provisions. TRE/W/16. 3pp. Presents historical perspective on the terms “least trade-restrictive” and “proportionality” as applied to international trade. TRE/W/17. 7pp. Provides background of Article XX(h) of the GATT on certain measures taken in pursuance of obligations under intergovernmental commodity agreements. 5pp. 3)Packaging and labelling requirements. TRE/W/3. 39pp. & adds.; TRE/W/12. 7pp. 4)Multilateral transparency of national environmental regulations likely to have trade effects. TRE/W/4. 7pp.; TRE/W/7. 4pp.; TRE/W/10. 14.pp. 5)The GATT and the trade provisions of multilateral environmental agreements. TRE/W/5. 10pp. | |
| (A,B,H,J) | Guéhenno, J-M., 1993. * La fin de la démocratie. Flammarion. 171pp. A vision of how the 21st century may look in terms of politics, power, religion, etc., in the era of huge trade, mass travel instant communications. |
| (E) | Huillet, C., 1991. * New management for rural services. in OECD Observer No. 172, Oct./ Nov. 1991. OECD, Paris. pp17–19. Rural depopulation goes hand in hand with the disappearance of services, whether public or private. Consequently, encouraging the development of rural services means the promotion of overall development of those areas, ensuring a balanced distribution of population and activities and maintaining the stability and cohesion of society. |
| (All) | Hummel, F.C., (Ed.), 1984. ** Forest policy: A contribution to resource development. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. 310pp. Chapters on: Forests and forestry in national life; the world perspective; the production functions; the service functions; some special topics (forest protection, the concept of biomass, wood and energy, tropical moist forest, farm forestry, agroforestry, rural community development); institutions and administration; international organisations and conferences; policy formation. |
| (D,E,G, H,J) | Hummel, F.C. & H.A. Hilmi, 1989. ** Forestry policies in Europe: An analysis. FAO Forestry Department. Forestry Paper 92. FAO, Rome. 120pp. A follow-up to Forestry policies in Europe (see FAO, 1988b). Chapters: forest - owner - objectives; administration; finance; forest management and protection; utilisation; trade and marketing; employment; education and training; research; and international cooperation. Intended to assist legislators, administrators and others concerned with forestry policies in Europe to keep abreast of the changing demands being made on the forest by society. There is a need to reconcile the growing emphasis on the environmental and recreational roles of forest with the continued cost-effective production of wood and other forest produce. |
| (D) | Iannazzi, F.D. & R. Strauss, 1993. * Emerging trends in the recovery and prices of wastepaper in the US. In: European Papermaker, Vol. 1, No. 3. Pulp and Paper Publishing AB, Stockholm, Sweden. pp. 36–39. Recovery of waste paper in the US has been at about double the rate of paper and paperboard consumption. Data on waste paper are not sufficiently detailed to allow accurate forecasts to be made of future trends and price developments. |
| (F) | IBRD/World Bank, 1992. * An agricultural strategy for Albania: A report prepared by a joint team from the World Bank and the European Community. World Bank, Washington. 159+pp. (Not reviewed). |
| (C,D) | IEA, 1992. ** Energy policies of IEA countries, 1991 Review. OECD/IEA, Paris. 562pp. Describes recent trends and developments in energy demand, conservation and efficiency, supply of primary fuels, technology and R&D; also interaction between energy and environmental policies, particularly those related to global climate change, and developments in countries outside the OECD/IEA and their role in world energy markets. |
| (C) | IEA, 1993. ** Taxing energy: why and how. IEA/OECD, Paris. 170pp. Reviews the energy tax regimes of selected industrialised countries and explores why energy is taxed, whether present tax regimes might be employed for new uses, and how effective energy taxes might be at achieving aims other than raising revenues. The report highlights the issues faced by governments considering new energy taxes as a way to affect energy consumption and energy-related pollution. |
| (C) | IEA, 1993a. ** IEA Bioenergy Annual Report 1992. NUTEK (Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development), Stockholm. B 1993:1. 36pp & 6 appendices. Describes activities in 1992 under the IEA Implementing Agreement. |
| (C,D) | IPCC, 1989. * Response Strategies: Temperate Forests. Report as adopted by the International Workshop 30/31 October & 1 November 1989. Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Forestry, Bonn. 72pp. Chapters include: causes and extent of worldwide climate changes; effects of climate changes on forests; strategies and measures concerning the forest sector; re-fixation and sequestration of excess CO2; evaluation, costs and constraints of measures concerning forestry. The ultimate contribution of forestry can only be to facilitate a transition from reliance on fossil fuels to non-CO2 releasing fuel sources over the next 50 to 75 years. Preventing carbon release is preferable to attempting to offset carbon once released. |
| (D,E) | IUCN/UNEP, .… ** World Conservation Strategy. International Union for the Conservation of Nature & United Nations Environment Programme. IUCN, Gland. .…pp. (Not reviewed). |
| (A,B,D,F, G,H) | Kennedy, N, 1993. ** Preparing for the twenty-first century. Harper Collins Publishers, London. 428pp. A well-presented discussion for the specialist and the layman on some of the major forces shaping global developments. Main issues that are treated include: the demographic explosion, the rise of the multinational corporation, the biotechnology revolution, the dangers to our natural environment, Europe and the future, the American dilemma. |
| (D) | Knoepfel, P., 1993. * Approaches to an effective framework for environmental management. For UN-ECE/UNEP Workshop on Legal and Regulatory Framework for Environmental Management, 30 June to 2 July, Sofia, Bulgaria. UN-ECE, Geneva. WS. 1/CRP.1. 27pp. Bilateral policy implementation (official administrations and organised lobbies) has been replaced by a trilateral arrangement, with organisations dedicated to the protection of the environment becoming increasingly involved. To cope with the levels of pollution encountered in eastern Europe may involve rethinking of the methods of environmental management, for example a regime based on the concept of dedicated resource-management. |
| (F) | Krueger, A., M. Schiff & A. Valdes, 1988. * Agricultural incentives in developing countries: measuring the effects of sectoral and economywide policies. In: World Bank Economic Review, September 1988. pp 255–272. The impact of sector-specific (direct) and economy-wide (indirect) policies on agricultural incentives for 18 developing countries are estimated, in almost all cases the indirect effect dominates the direct effect, irrespective of whether the latter is positive or negative. |
| (F) | Krueger, A., M. Schiff & A. Valdes (Eds.), 1991. * The political economy of agricultural pricing policy. John Hopkins University Press (for World Bank), Baltimore. (Not reviewed). |
| (A) | Marcin, T.C., 1993. * Demographic change: Implications for forest management. In: Journal of Forestry, November 1993. pp39–45. Describes demographic changes taking place in the USA and relates them to likely developments in demand for forest products and recreation, and to forest policy. Also reviews trends in world population growth and discusses the implications worldwide and for the USA. |
| (D) | McGlone, A, 1993. * Responsibility and liability regimes for environmental damages. For UN- ECE/UNEP Workshop on Legal and Regulatory Framework for Environmental Management, 30 June to 2 July, Sofia, Bulgaria. UN-ECE, Geneva. WS. 1/ CRP.3. 29pp. There is an appreciable number of international instruments providing for responsibility and liability for environmental damage, but it is difficult to identify a consensus on the right approach. In developing any legal regime, it is necessary to have a clear idea of its objectives and to develop a pragmatic approach to each problem, bearing in mind what is feasible to achieve. |
| (C) | Michaelis, L.A., 1986. * A survey of wood-based energy technologies. Cambridge Energy Research Group, Cambridge, United Kingdom. EDP 36.68pp. The report is concerned with the assessment of options for converting wood to premium fuels, taking account of technical, economic and social characteristics. Cost-benefit analysis in multiple scenarios is used to examine these options. Provides a framework for an important aspect of policy analysis, especially in developing countries. |
| (E,F) | Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy, 1992. ** Ground for choices: Four perspectives for the rural areas of the European Community. CIP-Gegevens Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag. Report to the Government No. 42/1992. 144p. Contains four model scenarios for land-based agriculture and forestry in the European Community up to 2015: A - Free market and free trade; B - regional development; C - nature and landscape; and D - environmental protection. They point to a number of structural developments: continuing rise in productivity; increasing land surpluses, irrespective of policy; possibilities for more environmentally friendly agriculture. |
| (C,D,F) | Nazim, M. & N. Polunin (Eds.), 1993. ** Environmental challenges: From Stockholm to Rio and Beyond. Foundation for Environmental Conservation, Geneva, Switzerland. 284pp. Chapters include: Natural resources, conflict, and security, in a shrinking world; biotechnology in agriculture; global climate change: expectations and human reactions; environmentally sustainable development. |
| (A,D,J) | OECD, 1986. * The public management of forestry projects. OECD, Paris. 99pp. Proposes a set of guidelines based on economic, social and environmental factors for the better appraisal of forestry projects. It aims to improve the dialogue between foresters and decision-makers in public economic and planning agencies, as well as to assist training and research institutions. |
| (D,E,J) | OECD, 1989. * Resources naturelles renouvelables: incitations economiques pour une meilleure gestion. OECD, Paris. 178pp. This study shows how, by means of well-conceived formulae for economic stimuli, it is quite often possible to correct, in the fields of water, land and forest management, current distortions of the market. Based on the use of certain economic instruments in the United States, Europe and Australia, the study considers some new strategies (redefinition of property rights, use of shadow prices, realignment of taxation), which can lead to a socially optimum use of renewable natural resources by present and future generations. |
| (B,C,D,E, G,H,J) | OECD, 1991. *** The State of the Environment. OECD, Paris. 297pp. The third OECD report on the state of the environment. It reviews progress achieved in OECD countries in attaining environmental objectives over the past two decades - the lifetime of most environmental policies and institutions. The report also examines the agenda for the 1990s: global atmospheric issues, air, inland waters, the marine environment, land, forests, wildlife, solid waste and noise. While focusing on the relationships between the state of the environment, economic growth and structural change in OECD countries, the report places its analysis in the context of world economic and ecological interdependence and the need for sustainable development. |
| (B,G,H) | OECD, 1991a. * Competition policy in OECD countries, 1988–1989. OECD, Paris. 329pp. Summarises the main developments in competition policy and in the enforcement law in OECD countries and under the rules of competition of the European Communities in 1988 and early 1989. |
| (B,G,H) | OECD, 1991b. * Competition and economic development. OECD, Paris. 268pp. Properly functioning market mechanisms, based on genuine competition, are widely acknowledged today as a pre-condition for encouraging the processes that will ultimately lead to better balanced structures and relationships in the world economy. There are crucial links between competition policy and economic development. The report is timely in the context of historic changes in central and eastern Europe. In promoting competition policy, a variety of measures must be taken to encourage innovation and technological change, to conserve competitive market structures and to prevent market operators from colluding or abusing their power. Key elements include deregulation, balance between formal and informal sectors, regional and international co-operation, transfers of technology and know-how, prevention of collusion, and trade liberalisation. |
| (B,G,H) | OECD, 1991c. * Les industries stratégiques dans une économie globale: Questions pour les années 90. OECD, Paris. 122pp. Proceedings of a meeting of the OECD Forum for the Future. The papers conclude that there is need for common international approaches to such matters as public support for R&D, greater convergence of competition and foreign investment policies, deeper analysis of structural differences between national economies and the accessibility of technology to third parties. |
| (D) | OECD, 1992. * Environmental issues: Waste paper. OCDE/GD(92)19. OECD, Paris. 34pp. Reviews developments in the field of waste paper. Some Governments have already passed legislation to raise recovery levels. These regulations set new parameters to the waste paper market, the effects of which may take some years to assess fully. |
| (D,J) | OECD, 1992a. ** Market and government failures in environmental management: wetlands and forests. OECD, Paris. 82pp. Natural ecosystems, such as wetlands and forests, fulfil important environmental functions, while at the same time making significant contributions to the economy. Efficient management of these resources depends on the appropriate valuation of the benefits and costs associated with their use. Markets often fail to reflect either the full social value of using these resources, or the full social costs of their degradation. Inappropriate policy interventions by governments may reinforce these “market failures”, or may lead to other forms of policy distortion of their own. The report illustrates some of the problems encountered in determining the optimum mix of market forces and government policies in managing wetlands and forests, and suggests how governments could intervene more effectively to “get the prices right”. |
| (D,E,F) | OECD, 1992b. * Agricultural policy reform and public goods. Prepared by J. Marsh for the Working Party on Agricultural Policies and Markets of the Committee for Agriculture. OECD, Paris. OECD/GD(92)/56. 31pp. Discusses the relationship between agricultural policies, the incomes of farmers and the supply of public goods. Positive public goods include: the sustainability of the farming system; the maintenance of traditional landscapes; wildlife habitats; the contribution by farming to sharing the overhead cost of the rural infrastructure. Negative public goods include: the decline of communities as demand for labour in farming falls; the exhaustion of certain non- renewable resources used in agriculture, such as phosphate and potash; the loss of biodiversity; soil erosion or degradation as a result of unsustainable farming practices; the clearance of forest; road congestion caused by farm vehicles. |
| (D,F) | OECD, 1992c. * Agricultural policy reform: environmental externalities and public goods. For Joint Working Party on Agricultural Policies and Markets of the Committee for Agriculture and the Environment Committee. OECD, Paris. AGR/CA/APM(91) 5/REV1 (RESTRICTED). 71pp. The balance between positive and negative effects of agriculture on the environment has shifted towards the latter, but Governments and farmers are taking steps to correct the balance. Excessive levels of pollution originate from intensive farming practices, and the reform of agricultural policies may lead to reduced inputs of resources and lower intensity of farming. |
| (G,H) | OECD, 1992d. ** International direct investment: Policies and trends in the 1980s. OECD, Paris. 145pp. The rate of growth of international direct investment among industrialised countries has exceeded that of GDP, international trade and domestic capital formation. The regulatory framework at the national level to such investment has been extensively liberalised. |
| (A,B) | OECD, 1992e. ** Perspectives de l'emploi. OECD, Paris. 302pp. Reviews developments in conjunctural and structural unemployment in the industrialised countries and the policy options for addressing it. Also reviews employment trends in the transition countries. |
| (G) | OECD, 1992f. * Competition policy in OECD, countries. OECD, Paris. 323pp. Summarises the main developments in competition policy and in the enforcement of competition law in OECD countries and under the rules of competition of the European Communities in 1989 and early 1990. |
| (C,D) | OECD, 1993. * Global warming: The benefits of emission abatement. OECD, 1992. 69pp. Much of the debate surrounding global warming has focused on the costs of potential abatement strategies, but relatively little emphasis has yet been given to the benefits of such policies. The report describes a framework for evaluating such benefits and suggests some preliminary values for the key elements of that framework. In doing so, it contributes to an understanding of the optimum trade-off between action and inaction in greenhouse gas abatement policy. |
| (G) | OECD, 1993a. * Industrial policy in OECD countries: Annual review 1992. OECD, Paris. 215pp. Examines recent Government initiatives in OECD countries to promote the development and restructuring of industry; also in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic as well as South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. |
| (D,F) | OECD, 1993b. * The integration of agriculture and the environment: policy issues and approaches. For Joint Working Party of the Committee for Agriculture and the Environment Committee. OECD, Paris. COM/AGR/CA/ENV/EPOC/(93)41 (RESTRICTED). 17pp. An essential step towards tackling environmental issues in the agricultural sector is the elimination or reduction of market failures. The paper discusses ways in which environmental issues could be addressed through policy approaches that allow market forces to work in product and factor markets, e.g. to account for the costs of environmental activities; and to price resources used in agriculture that reflect their scarcity and their environmental costs. |
| (D,F) | OECD, 1993c. * Concepts and issues in sustainable agriculture. For Joint Working Party of the Committee for Agriculture and the Environmental Committee. OECD, Paris. COM/AGR/CA/ENV/EPOC(93)42 (RESTRICTED). 30pp. Among the issues considered are: intergenerational equity; substitution between natural and human-made resources; conservation of natural resources and insurance against adverse events. |
| (D,F) | OECD, 1993d. * Economic instruments for achieving environmental goals in the agriculture sector. For Joint Working Party of the Committee for Agriculture and the Environment Committee. OECD, Paris. COM/AGR/CA/ENV/EPOC(93)43 (RESTRICTED). 14pp. Alteration and destruction of wildlife habitat and species extinction are increasingly viewed as sources of high environmental risk, leading to changes in environmental management priorities, with the focus being more directed to the preservation of natural ecosystems and wildlife. Preservation of wildlife habitat is a central element in the preservation of biological diversity. Guidance is offered for the introduction of incentive-based measures for conservation of biodiversity. |
| (D,E,F) | OECD, 1993e. * Public policies for the protection of soil resources. For Working Group on Soil and Land Management, Environment Policy Committee. OECD, Paris. ENV/ EPOC/GEEI/SR(93)1/REV1 (RESTRICTED). 155pp. (Not reviewed). |
| (B) | OECD, 1993f. * Romania: an economic assessment. Centre for Co-operation with the European Countries in Transition. OECD, Paris. 122pp. Analyses the economic situation, describes the reform effort so far, and identifies priority areas for policy action. An important feature of the study is its analysis of the implementation issues associated with the gradual approach to structural reform chosen by Romania. It argues that, while the choice of such a strategy was at first unavoidable, it has now become associated with high transition costs. A bolder approach in some areas of reform is now necessary. |
| (F,H) | OECD, 1993g. * Agricultural Policies, markets and trade: monitoring and outlook 1993. OECD, Paris. 360pp. Assesses developments in agricultural policies, markets and trade in OECD countries against the reform principles agreed by OECD Ministers in 1987 to improve the market orientation of agricultural production and consumption by progressive and concerted reductions in protection and assistance. Despite the commitment to reform, the rate of assistance remains unchanged and the limited reforms in some countries have been concentrated on the domestic market. Some progress has been made in moving towards direct income payments and to addressing environmental concerns. There has been lack of progress in reducing trade barriers. The report emphasises that failure to make comprehensive and substantial agricultural policy reforms will be a lost opportunity for improving the world economy. |
| (F,H) | OECD, 1993h. * Agricultural policies, markets and trade in the central and eastern European countries, the New Independent States and China: Monitoring and outlook 1993. OECD, Paris. 131pp. The transition process in central and eastern European countries, including the privatisation of agricultural production, is profoundly changing the conditions and pattern of agricultural production, food production and trade. Partial or full price liberalisation has resulted in steep rises in food prices and an even greater rise in agricultural input prices, leading to lower food demand, lower levels of inputs and a breakdown of trade between former members of the CMEA. |
| (E,F) | OECD, 1993i. ** What future for our countryside? A rural development policy. OECD, Paris. 80pp. Agricultural policy concerns only a small, shrinking proportion of rural dwellers and economies in OECD countries, but recognition is growing that the rural world in general plays an important role in the vital societal balance between town and country. The report provides a reference guide through the complex territorial and multisectoral dimensions of rural development. After analysing the problems and potentials of rural areas, it offers a policy framework with clearly defined rural development objectives. |
| (D,G) | OECD, 1993j. ** Recovery and recycling of packaging material: Trends and industry impact. For ad hoc Working Party on Pulp and Paper. OECD, Paris. DSTI/SI/IND/ PP(92)4/REV2 (RESTRICTED). 41pp. The purpose of the report is to draw attention to a number of issues involved in increased recovery and recycling of paper and paperboard packaging material, to identify and highlight particular problems that may arise or are difficult to evaluate in advance and, in this way, to provide a perspective, which comprises environmental, economic, social and industrial issues, to present and, especially, future regulations in the area of recovery and recycling of paper and paperboard packaging material. |
| (E) | OECD, 1993k. * Tourism policy and international tourism in OECD countries, 1990–1991. OECD, Paris. 200pp. The uncertainties affecting tourism have highlighted the attempts by governments to promote this economic activity which, in terms of foreign currency receipts, investment, employment and regional development, plays an important role in national economies. The role of the State in promoting tourism is discussed, as well as recent developments in international tourism. |
| (A,H) | OECD, 1993l. * Migrations internationales: le tournant. OECD, Paris. 298pp. Migration alone cannot solve the problems of development. Today the labour needs of immigrant countries cannot absorb the availability from those that are less developed. It is desirable that the latter orient their development policies more towards job creation and put in place social and institutional structures to reduce the incentive to emigrate. International co-operation can assist, based on direct investments, liberalisation of trade, and better targeted aid. |
| (G) | OECD, 1993m. ** Politiques industrielles dans les pays de l'OCDE: Tour d'horizon annual 1993. OECD, Paris. 226pp. Examines initiatives recently adopted by countries to promote the development and restructuring of industry; analyses industry trends with international comparisons. Besides OECD countries, it also covers the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, as well as Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Main chapter headings: problems and initiatives relating to industrial policies; trends, structural changes and performance in industry; trends and industrial policy measures in non-OECD countries. |
| (D,E) | OECD, .…, * Government failures in environmental management: Wetlands and forests. OECD, Paris. 79pp. The underlying premise is that the elimination of market and intervention failure would ultimately mean both better environmental management and better prospects for economic growth. |
| (D,G) | Palmer, K.L. & Simpson, R.D., 1993. * Environmental policy as industrial policy. In: Resources, Summer 1993, No. 112. Resources for the Future, Washington. pp. 17–21. (Not reviewed). |
| (D,H) | Peck, T.J., 1989. * Europe and the international trade in tropical hardwoods. In: Materie Prime, No. 4/89. Gruppo Ferruzzi Montedison, Milano. pp91–96. Title self-explanatory. |
| (D,H,I) | Peck, T.J., 1991. * Meeting the need for environmental protection while satisfying the global demand for wood and other raw materials: A European perspective. In: Wood Product Demand and the Environment (Proceedings of an International Conference sponsored by the F.P.R.S. Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Forest Products Research Society, Madison, U.S.A. pp150–162. Discusses the interface between environmental protection, globally and within Europe, and wood supply and demand. |
| (D,H) | Peck, T.J., 1993. * The situation of the world's forests. For Union des Sylviculteurs du Sud de l'Europe: 5th Biennial Conference - FORESTA '93, Alsasua, Spain. 17pp. Analysis of results of latest forest resource assessments by FAO for developing countries (tropical and temperate) and UN-ECE/FAO for industrialised temperate countries. |
| (B,H) | Research Institute of the Finnish Economy (Ed.P. Vartia), quarterly. * The Finnish Economy. In: Issue 1993/2: Medium-term prospects for 1993–1997. Research Institute of the Finnish Economy (ETLA), Helsinki, Finland. 89pp. Includes a chapter on the international outlook, including western Europe, the emerging economies of Asia and the Russia Federation. |
| (B,H) | Revue du Marché Commun et de l'Union Européenne, 1993. ** Les relations CEE Europe centrale: Problématique de l'adhésion. RMCUE, Paris, France. Numéro spécial No. 369. pp. 489–602. (Not reviewed). |
| (All) | Richards, E.G. (Ed), 1987. * Forestry and the forest industries: Past and future - Major developments in the forest and forest industry sector since 1947 in Europe, the USSR and North America. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (for the United Nations), Dordrecht. Forestry Science series. Prepared to mark the fortieth anniversary of the establishment of the Timber Committee of the UN Economic Commission for Europe and the European Forestry Commission of FAO. 428pp. Overview of the ECE region and national reports from 26 countries. |
| (C,D) | Schlaepfer, R.(Ed), 1993. * Long-term implications of climate change and air pollution on forest ecosystems: Progress report of the IUFRO Task Force “Forest, Climate Change and Air Pollution”. IUFRO, Vienna, Austria. IUFRO World Series Vol. 4. 132pp. The consequences of potential global climate change for forest ecosystems remain uncertain. The evidence for widespread, irreversible declines in forest health because of air pollution is very limited. However, the possibility is not excluded that air pollution is having an adverse effect on forest ecosystems as a whole, or on aspects of tree vigour that are not currently being monitored. |
| (C,D,H) | Narendra P. Sharma (Ed.), 1992. * Managing the world's forests. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, lowa, USA. 605pp. Based on a study of forest utilization around the world. Discusses the concerns that must be considered for conservation and sustainable development. Includes chapters on: global environmental concerns; policy and economic issues; social and institutional issues. |
| (B,H) | Slater, J., 1993. * Foreign investment in Russia and the other Soviet successor states. Unpublished. 16pp. While there are clear constraints on investment in these countries, they offer some important advantages for foreign investors. There is a huge potential market and source of supply to European producers. Foreign-run companies could not only contribute directly to improved economic performance and restructuring but could also offer a demonstration effect. |
| (G,H) | Stevens, B., 1991. ** Strategic industries: what policies for the 1990s? In: OECD Observer, No. 172 Oct./Nov. 1991. OECD, Paris. pp4–7. Government support for economically strategic industries could become a major source of international dispute in the 1990s. The move over the last decade towards subsidies and other forms of state assistance for technologically advanced sectors may accelerate. This could develop into a keenly competitive “subsidy race” with harmful implications for the international system of trade, investment and technology. |
| (G,H) | Stevens, C., 1991/92. ** Industrial internationalisation and trade friction. In: OECD Observer, No. 173 Dec. 1991/Jan. 1992. OECD, Paris. pp26–30. Trade and industrial policies designed to promote competitiveness or to facilitate structural adjustment in the traded-goods sectors may give rise to distortions in international competition and trade restrictions. The growing internationalisation of industrial activities requires countries to assess the indirect as well as the more obvious direct effects of their policies. A multilateral approach to industrial policy will create a more transparent international market place and help prevent competition between companies being replaced by competition between governments. |
| (D,E) | Stone, P.B. (Ed.), 1992. * The state of the world's mountains: A global report. On behalf of Mountain Agenda. Zed Books Ltd., London. 391pp. Among the issues highlighted are the problems and potential of mountain economies, the importance of mountains as vertical archipelago of refuge for biodiversity, the likely impact of global warming, the commercial forces threatening upland forests and water resources, the impact of mass tourism and the pressures on upland farmers. |
| (A,I) | UN, 1992. * Urban Agglomerations 1992. UN Department of Economic and Social Development, New York. Chart. Statistics and graphics. |
| (A) | UN, 1993. * Population policies and programmes. Proceedings of the UN Expert Group Meeting on Population Policies and Programmes, 12–16 April 1992, Cairo, Egypt. United Nations, New York. 267pp. Besides the report and recommendations of the Expert Group Meeting, contains papers covering a wide range of population policy issues. |
| (A,C,D,J) | UN, 1993a. ** The global partnership for environment and development: A guide to Agenda 21. United Nations, New York. 239pp. Aims to summarise the programmes and themes of the Earth Summit. Agenda 21 is the basis for a new global partnership for sustainable development and environmental protection in an increasingly interdependent world. Part I: The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development; Part II: Agenda 21: An Overview; Part III: Agenda 21: The Priority Actions; Part IV: The Essential Means; Part V: Non-legally binding authoritative statement of principles for a global consensus on the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forest. |
| (G,H,J) | UNCTAD, 1993 ** World investment report 1993: Transnational corporations and integrated international production. United Nations, New York. 290pp. Third in series of annual reports providing data and analysis on recent trends in foreign direct investment, activities of transnational corporations and relevant policy issues. It projects a doubling of foreign direct investment to developing countries by 2000 and traces the emergence of an integrated international production system, as well as the impact of corporate strategies on national economies. Includes chapters on: global trends in foreign direct investment; strategies of transnational corporations; organizational structures of transnational corporations; integrated international production and its implications; corporate nationality; tax policy; investment policies. |
| (B, H) | UN-ECE, annual. ** Economic Survey of Europe in… (year). United Nations, New York. 250–300pp. Review of recent economic developments in Europe and North America, including a summary of the main developments in the region as a whole and, since 1989, a discussion of selected policy issues concerning the transition process in central and eastern Europe. Issued in the spring of each year. |
| (B, H) | UN-ECE, annual(a). ** Economic Bulletin for Europe. United Nations, New York. 100–150pp. The Bulletin is issued in the autumn and submitted to the UN-ECE Committee on the Development of Trade. It reviews the current economic situation in Europe and North America with, in recent years, particular attention given to the countries of central and eastern Europe in transition. Trade questions are given special consideration. |
| (I) | UN-ECE, annual(b). * Annual Bulletin of Housing and Building Statistics. United Nations, New York. 100–150. Title self-explanatory. |
| (E,I) | UN-ECE, 1976. * Human settlements in Europe: Post-war trends and policies. United Nations, New York. ECE/HBP/18. 141pp. Contribution to the UN Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver, Habitat 1976. Highlights some of the post-war issues at the centre of governments' attention in the planning and construction of human settlements in Europe. These include regional settlement strategies, organisational frameworks, land-use control, urban transportation, urban renewal, rural settlements, economic questions, industrialisation of building, building materials and components and the internationalisation of building. |
| (E,I) | UN-ECE, 1986. * Research on long-term perspectives for human settlement development in the ECE region. Synthesis report prepared on the basis of a seminar, held in Budapest in October 1983, under the auspices of the Committee on Housing, Building and Planning. ECE/HBP/61. United Nations, New York. 107pp. Main themes: social issues of human settlements; development of the settlement system; development of cities and urban agglomerations; main conclusions: identification of social problems; spatial problems and implications; relevance of scenario-writing to policy-making. |
| (E,I) | Un-ECE, 1986a. * Long-term perspectives for human settlements development in the ECE region. Report prepared by S. Staynov (Bulgaria) and K. Baumgartner (Switzerland). United Nations, New York. ECE/HBP/65. 32pp. Discuss some of the main factors influencing the future development of human settlements; draws conclusions about such developments as urbanisation, settlement planning and structure, rural and leisure planning, requirements for non-residential buildings and technical infrastructure; and sets out general principles of policies. |
| (C,D) | UN-ECE, 1987. * Environment statistics in Europe and North America: an experimental compendium. Unlimited Nations Statistical Commission and UN Economic Commission for Europe, Conference of European Statisticians. United Nations, New York. Statistical Standards and Studies No. 39. 187pp. Part I: environmental resources; generation and treatment of waste residuals; concentration of pollutants in environmental media; tropical issues (forest damage), climate and selected background information. |
| (D, E) | UN-ECE, 1998. * Spatial planning for recreation and tourism in the countries of the ECE region. United Nations, New York. ECE/HBP/68. 22pp. Main themes: modern spatial development of recreation and tourism; future development of recreation and tourism; planning policies for recreation and tourism. |
| (I) | UN-ECE, 1988a. * Report of Seminar on the evaluation of housing quality. Seminar held in Copenhagen, Denmark, October 1988. UN-ECE, Geneva. HBP/SEM.41/2. 26pp. Themes covered: effective use of capital investments; up-grading or replacement; rent harmonisation; environmental quality of housing; consumer information; conclusions and recommendation. |
| (B,D,G,H) | UN-ECE, 1990. ** Economic reform in the east: a framework for western support. Reprinted from Economic Survey of Europe in 1989–1990. UN-ECE, Geneva. 26pp. Sections include: the long-term deterioration in the economic performance of the eastern countries; the problems of conversion and post-war adjustment in western Europe; is a “Marshall Plan” needed for eastern Europe?; eastern reform and the environment; eastern reforms and international trade; the pace of reform in the eastern countries. Argues that effective technical assistance will increase the eastern countries' capacity to absorb new capital funds and technology, although there is still need for short-term financial assistance, especially grant aid, with priority for improvement of transport and telecommunications systems and reduction of environmental pollution. |
| (E,I) | UN-ECE, 1990a. * Trends in research on human settlements in ECE countries. ECE/HBP/77 United Nations, New York. 37pp. In addition to the traditional fields of research (demographics, urban planning and architecture, housing and technical infrastructure), the new approach to priority subjects includes social development, protection of the natural environment and introduction of new technologies. |
| (D) | UN-ECE, 1990b. * Post-project analysis in environmental impact assessment. Report prepared by the Task Force on environmental impact assessment auditing. United Nations, New York. Environmental Series 3. ECE/ENVWA/11. 54pp. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) attempts to partly overcome the problem of decision-making in the absence of certainty regarding impacts. Post-project analyses (PPAs) are environmental studies undertaken during the implementation stage of projects but after the decision has been taken to undertake them. On the basis of 11 national case studies examined by the Task Force, it is concluded that PPAs can be a useful tool in the EIA process. |
| (E,I,J) | UN-ECE, 1990c. * Report on Seminar on distributional aspects of housing and taxation policies. Seminar held in Karlskrona, Sweden, October 1990. UN-ECE, Geneva. HBP/SEM.44/2. 17pp. Themes covered: policy objectives, policies, and policy measures with housing distribution implications; effectiveness of policy measures aimed at promoting more even distribution of housing; obstacles to a more distribution of housing; the “housing expenditure-to-income” ratio; methodological aspects of measuring and analysis the distribution of housing; conclusions and recommendations. |
| (D,F) | UN-ECE, 1991. * Textes de loi et measures pour maîtriser les problèmes écologiques résultant des pratiques agricoles (surtout en ce qui concerne le sol, l'air et l'eau), leurs conséquences économiques et leurs effets sur les structures agraires et la rationalisation des exploitations. Transmitted by the Government of the Netherlands. UN-ECE/FAO. Report No.7. FAO/ECE/AGRI/WP.3/31. United Nations, New York.56pp. Synthesis of reports from 16 countries and the European Community. Themes covered: fertilisers; manure and other organic fertilisers; pesticides; other ecological problems caused by modern agricultural practices. |
| (B) | UN-ECE, 1991a. * Economics Growth in the Market Economies 1950–2000. By A. Britten. UN-ECE Discussion Papers, Vol.1 (1991) No.1. United Nations, New York. 31pp. Sections cover: the causes of economic growth; phases of growth since the Second World War; the Conservative revolution; the outlook for the 1990s; the world economy forecast of the UK National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR). |
| (D) | UN-ECE, 1991b. * Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context. 25 February 1991, Espoo, Finland. United Nations, Geneva. E/ECE/1250. 22pp. Title self- explanatory. |
| (I) | UN-ECE, 1991c. * Draft policy statement on comprehensive policies for renewal and modernization of human settlements. For Seminar on Comprehensive Policies for Renewal and Modernization of Human Settlements, Leningrad, USSR, 13–18 May. UN-ECE, Geneva. HBP/SEM.45/R.1. 22pp. Sections include: objectives of renewal and modernization of human settlements; urban infrastructure and collective services; renovation of dwellings; aspects linked to construction; aspects linked to the execution of the work; management and urban research. |
| (E) | UN-ECE, 1991d. * Report of the Symposium on Planning for Sustainable Tourism Development. Luxembourg, 28–30 October. HBP/SEM.46/2. 9pp. Tourism will become a very important factor in Europe's economic activity, employment and way of life. Tourism can contribute to rural development. |
| (I, J) | UN-ECE, 1991e. * Report of Workshop on housing and rent policies in the context of socio- economic transition. UN-ECE, Geneva. Workshop held in Bucharest, Romania, December 1990. HBP/WP.1/R.91. 9pp. Themes covered: transition aspects of housing policies; rent policy in the context of socio-economic transition. |
| (E,I) | Un-ECE, 1991f. * Rapport du Séminaire sur les politiques globales de rénovation et de modernisation des établissements humains. Seminar held in Leningrad, USSR, May 1991. UN- ECE, Geneva. HBP/SEM.45/R.1. 28pp. Themes covered: aims of renovation and modernisation of human settlements; land use planning and land policy; urban infrastructure and collective services; housing renewal; building aspects; implementation aspects; urban management and research. |
| (D,E,I) | UN-ECE, 1991g. * Sustainable development of human settlements. For 52nd session of Committee on Human Settlements, September 1991. UN-ECE, Geneva. HBP/R.278.16pp. Themes covered: method of approach to sustainable development; planning and sustainable development; travel, traffic, and transport aspects of sustainable development; sustainable building; human settlement management. |
| (B) | UN-ECE, 1992. * Overview and policy issues. Reprinted from Economic Bulletin for Europe, Vol.44. UN-ECE, Geneva. 13pp. (Not reviewed). |
| (D,E,I) | UN-ECE, 1992a. * Outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Implications for European policies on human settlements development). Informal paper ENV.PAP.ECE, Geneva. 7pp. (Not reviewed). |
| (D,H) | UN-ECE, 1992b. * Code of Practice for the Conservation of Threatened Animals and Plants and Other Species of International Significance. As adopted by the Senior Advisers to UN-ECE Governments on Environmental and Water Problems at their 5th session in March 1992. United Nations, New York. ECE/ENVWA/25. 61pp. Covers: definitions; basic principles; general conservation measures; specific conservation actions; international cooperation. Annexes contain indicative lists of birds and mammals with a significant proportion of their global range in Europe. |
| (D) | UN-ECE, 1992c. * Application of environmental impact assessment principles to policies, plans and programmes. Report prepared by the Task Force on the application of environmental impact assessment principles to policies, plans and programmes. United Nations, New York. Environmental Series 5. ECE/ENVWA/27. 48pp. Represents the state of knowledge and experience up to end-1991. Annexes contain case studies and a description of various legal and administrative systems for environmental impact assessment. |
| (D) | UN-ECE, 1992d. * Principes directeurs concernant l'approche ecosystemique de la gestion de l'eau (avant-project). For Groupe de travail des problèmes de l'eau, Conseillers des Gouvernements des pays de la CEE pour les problèmes de l'environnement et de l'eau, 6ème session, 23–26 novembre 1992, Geneva. UN-EVE, Geneva. ENVWA/WP.3/R.28. 18pp The ultimate aim of water management should be the protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems as nearly as possible to their natural state. Sections include: ecological classification of water masses; ecosystematic objectives; evaluation of ecosystems; legislative and institutional measures and planning; regulatory framework; anti-pollution strategies; public information and participation. |
| (D) | UN-ECE, 1992e. ** Environmental Conventions. United Nations, New York. 183pp. Sets out the Conventions established under UN-ECE auspices on long-range transboundary air pollution (with 4 protocols); environmental impact assessment in an international context; transboundary effects of industrial accidents; and the protection and use of transboundary watercourse and international lakes. |
| (D) | UN-ECE, 1992f. * An integrated approach to pollution prevention and control. By United Kingdom delegation. For Senior Advisers to ECE Governments on Environmental and Water Problems, 5th session, 3–6 March, Geneva. Un-EVE, Geneva. ENVWA/R.67. 5pp. A source-oriented approach covering all discharges to air, land and water is worth pursuing. It is also important to recognise that a global multi-media, multi-pollutant approach requires a highly sophisticated control mechanism. |
| (D,I) | UN-ECE, 1992g. * Report of the 7th Conference on Urban and Regional Research. Ankara, Turkey. UN-ECE, Geneva. HBP/SEM. 47/2. 7pp. Ecological consideration should be an integral part of urban planning, and there is a need for research on concepts, strategies and policy plans for ecologically sound urban planning. The local natural environment may contribute to the cultural richness of the city. |
| (D, I) | UN-ECE, 1992h. * The ecological challenge in urban planning: The research contribution. For 7th Conference on Urban and Regional Research, Ankara, Turkey, 29 June to 3 July. HBP/SEM.47/2/Add.1. 8pp. Themes include: urban ecology - the issue and scale of the challenge: strategies for ecologically sound and sustainable urban development: experiences and their development; policy implications. |
| (D,I) | UN-ECE, 1992i. * Report on the Workshop on human settlements and sustainable development. Prepared by the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources of Sweden in co-operation with the secretariat. Orebro, Sweden, 3–6 May. HBP/R.294. 16pp. Themes include: urban structure based on ecological principles; sustainable environmental development to achieve sound and safe housing; sustainable housing operations based on cooperation between consumers and management; women's participation in the planning and management of housing. |
| (D) | UNE-ECE, 1992j. * Recommendations to ECE Governments on the Five Rs Policies (Reduction, replacement, recovery, recycling and reutilization of industrial products, residues or wastes). As adopted by the 5th session of the Senior Advisers to ECE Governments on Environmental and Water Problems. UN-ECE, Geneva.lg/enhs/92/4(a).6pp. Title self-explanatory. |
| (D,E,F) | UN-ECE, 1992k. * The environment in Europe and North America: Annotated statistics 1992. United Nations Statistical Commission and Economic Commission for Europe, New York. Statistical Standards and Studies No.42. 366pp. Part I: environmental resources: condition and use; generation and treatment of waste; quality of environmental media; environmental protection expenditures and facilities. Part II: agriculture and the environment; agriculture, climate and natural resources; features of agricultural output; impact of agriculture on the environment; measure to reduce the environmental impact of farming. |
| (D,G) | UN-ECE, 1993. ** Contribution to the Ministerial conference “Environment for Europe”. As adopted by the Senior Advisers to ECE Governments on Environmental and Water Problems, 19 March. UN-ECE, Geneva. ECE/ENVWA/30. 17pp. Sub-titled “Elements for a long-term environmental programme for Europe”. Sections include: technology development for a better environment; integrated pollution prevention and control; economic instruments; environmental performance reviews; environmental information; public participation; international legal instruments. |
| (D,G) | UN-ECE, 1993a. * Report of the seminar on low-waste technology and environmentally sound products. Seminar held in Warsaw, Poland, May 1993. UN-ECE, Geneva. ENVWA/SEM.6/3. 18pp. There is need for long-term policies towards sustainable development, including development policies that incorporate environmental goals. This involves, inter alia, building a close-loop economy based on the 5R principles, true cost pricing, sustainable material cycles and saving and replacing non-sustainable resources. Tools nor environmental impact assessment include life-cycle analysis, technology assessment, full-cost accounting, cost-benefit analysis, environmental auditing, etc. |
| (D) | UN-ECE, 1993b. * Forest Condition in Europe: Results of the 1992 Survey. Under the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. UN-ECE, Geneva and Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. Executive Report 1993. The most important probable causes for the observed defoliation and discolouration were reported to be adverse weather conditions, insects, fungi, forest fire, action of man, game and air pollution. Little direct impact from known pollution sources has been reported, but this does not exclude the possibility of more widespread effects of air pollution. Nevertheless some countries regard air pollution as the essential factor causing forest damage. |
| (I) | UN-ECE, 1993c. * Housing policy guidelines: The experience of ECE with special reference to countries in transition. United Nations, New York. ECE/HBP/84. 48pp. Title self-explanatory. |
| (B) | UN-ECE, 1993d. ** Medium- and long-term perspectives for the world economy: Synopsis of available projections. UN-ECE, Geneva. EC.AD/R.69.29pp. Sections include: base-line scenarios to the year 2000; conditions for the realisation of the different scenarios. For the industrialised countries, all the scenarios suggest that the depressed climate of the years 1990–92 should give way, beginning in 1993, to a recovery which should gradually push the annual growth rates of these countries up to about 3% during the second half of the 1990s. For the transition countries, projections indicate that 1989 GDP levels will be regained in some by 1997–98, in others by 2000. |
| (A) | UN-ECE, 1993e. * Population Ageing in Europe and North America: Bibliography. Prepared by the Population Activities Unit, UN-ECE, Geneva. 261pp. Includes abstracts for many of the publications. |
| (D,E,F,G) | UN-ECE, 1993f. ** Implications at regional level of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. For the Senior Advisers to ECE Governments on Environmental and Water Problems, March 1993. UN-ECE, Geneva. ENVWA/R.69. 21pp. Among aspects considered: changing production and consumption patterns; integration of environment and development in decision-making; protection of the atmosphere; environmentally sound management of waste; promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development; protection of forests; international legal instruments and mechanisms. |
| (A) | UN-ECE/Council of Europe/UNPF, 1993. * Recommendations of the European Population Conference. Adopted by the Conference at its final session on 26 March 1993, Geneva, Switzerland. UN-ECE, Geneva. E/CONF.84 R.M. 24pp Adopted 74 recommendations to be transmitted to the Preparatory Committee of the International Conference on Population and Development. |
| (A) | UN-ECE/Council of Europe/UNPF, 1993a. * The World on the move? International Migration in 1992. By D A Coleman for European Population Conference, 23–26 March. UN-ECE, Geneva. E/CONF.84/RM.EUR/WP/1. 75pp. Western Europe and North America face increases in migration pressures of between 1 and 2 million entrants per year, mostly from the third world. Southern European countries are turning into immigration countries for the first time. Eastern Europe has novel immigration pressure from the CIS and third world countries. Western Europe generally aims to minimise it through work permit channels. Mass migration to Europe is not thought to help economic development in the sending countries. There is now more interest in exporting capital investment in labour-intensive enterprises and in importing the goods rather than the workers. |
| (A) | UN-ECE/Council of Europe/UNPF, 1993b. * Fertility and family. By L. Roussel. For European Population Conference, 23–26 March 1993. UN-ECE, Geneva. E/CONF. 84/RM. EUR/WP/2. 63pp. Between 1960 and 1980 the fertility rate in Europe fell from an average of 2.5 children per woman to under 2.0. |
| (A) | UN-ECE/Council of Europe/UNPF, 1993c. * Population growth and age structure: Implications and policy responses. By G.C. Myers for European Population Conference, 23–26 March. UN- ECE, Geneva. E/CONF. 84/RM. EUR/WP/4, 52pp. The two dominant demographic features that characterise the UN-ECE countries are low levels of population growth and ageing population structures. It is a time of unprecedented political, economic and social restructuring of the European subregions. Fragmentation of communities, ethnic conflicts and poor economic performance could undermine the capacity of individual nations to respond favourably to the demographic changes. |
| (All) | UN-ECE/FAO, 1976. *** European timber trends and prospects 1950 to 2000. United Nations, New York. Supp. 3 to vol. XXIX of the Timber Bulletin for Europe. 308pp. Third in the series of long- term outlook studies (ETTS III). Comprehensive review of trends in the forest and forest industries sector from 1950 to the early 1970s and forecasts and projections of wood supply and forest products consumption to 2000. |
| (All) | UN-ECE/FAO, 1986. *** European timber trends and prospects to the year 2000 and beyond (ETTS IV). United Nations, New York. ECE/TIM/30. 2 vols. 576pp. Similar in scope and objectives to the 1976 study, but going into greater detail in some parts and employing more refined projection models. |
| (C,D,E,F) | UN-ECE/FAO, 1987. ** Declaration on the Policy Implications of the Study “European Timber Trends and Prospects to the Year 2000 and Beyond”. By the Joint Session of the ECE Timber Committee and the FAO European Forestry Commission, October 1987. United Nations, Geneva. ECE/TIM/39; FO: EFC/87/7. 5pp. Identified the following key policy areas from the results of ETTS IV: the increasing relative importance of the non-wood benefits of the forest; protection of the forest; conversion of agricultural land to forestry; size of ownership and management units; development of products and markets; improvement of market information; energy; common interests in the FFI sector; public interest and participation in policy-making. |
| (All) | UN-ECE/FAO, 1992 & 1993. ** The forest resources of the temperate zones. The UN-ECE/FAO 1990 Forest Resource Assessment. United Nations, New York. ECE/TIM/62. 2 vols. 616pp. Vol. I (General forest resource information) contains national data on area, growing stock, increment, fellings, etc.) Vol. II (Benefits and functions of the forest) presents results of the enquiry on the environmental and other non-wood goods and services of the forest). |
| (All) | UN-ECE/FAO,1994. *** Report of the ad hoc meeting on the policy context of ETTS V. United Nations, Geneva. TIM/EFC/WP. 2/AC. 5/2. 7pp. The Advance Version of the present study was the main document for the meeting's discussions, the principal purpose of which was to identify the policy areas which would influence the forest and forest products sector, explore the consequences for the sector of the main policy options and formulate a base scenario for the “non-forest” policies for use in ETTS V. The meeting endorsed the scenarios chosen in the Advance Version for seven main policy areas. |
| (D) | UN-ECE/UNEP, 1993. * Joint project on strengthening environmental management capabilities in central and eastern European countries: Half-yearly progress report. UN-ECE, Geneva. 4pp. Title self-explanatory. |
| (D) | UNEP, 1991. ** Environmental data report. Third edition 1991/92 prepared for UNEP by GEMS Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre, London, UK. Basil Blackwell Ltd., Oxford, UK. …pp. (Not reviewed). |
| (D) | UNEP, 1992. ** The World Environment 1972-1992: Two decades of challenge. Edited by M. K. Tolba. Chapman and Hall, London. 840pp. A comprehensive review of current environmental issues, their causes and consequences, and the responses needed. |
| (D) | UNEP, 1993. * UNEP in Europe: Opportunities - Objectives - Priorities. UNEP, Geneva. 20pp. Title self-explanatory. |
| (D) | UNESCO, 1992. ** Environmentally sustainable economic development: Building on Brundtland. Edited by Goodland, R., et al. UNESCO, Paris. 100pp. Eight papers by leading experts on the topic of sustainable development, prepared for UNCED 1992. Takes the Brundtland Report as a starting point and examines possible strategies for the transition to sustainability. Economic growth can no longer be the unquestioned objective of economic development policy. Consumer preferences need steering in the direction of environmentally benign activities. Sink constraints (greenhouse gases, ozone depletion, air and water pollution) are more stringent than those feared earlier of source limits (depletion of oil, metals, etc.). Makes the distinction between “growth” and “development”. |
| (A,B,J) | UN-ECE/UNFPA, 1992. * Demographic causes and economic consequences of population aging: Europe and North America. Edited by George J. Stolnitz. United Nations, New York. Economic Studies No. 3. 483pp. Chapters include: Demographic aspects of changes in age structure; general economic aspects; labour force and employment; aging, the public sector and age-cost profiles. |
| (A,I,J) | UN-ECE/UNFPA, 1992a. * Changing population age structures, 1990–2015: Demographic and economic consequences and implications. United Nations, New York. 407pp. Chapters include: causes of changes in the age structure; consequences of future changes in the age structure for public revenues and expenditures; labour force implications of changing population age structures; the role of fertility and migration as adjustment mechanisms for changing population age structures; changing structures of families and households; national approaches to developing informed demographic policies. |
| (A,E) | UNFPA/UNPF, 1993. * The State of World Population 1993: The individual and the world - Population, migration and development in the 1990s. United Nations Population Fund, New York. 53pp. Chapters include: the demographic background; the country and the city; international migration: numbers and trends; senders and receivers: costs and benefits; rethinking the linkages: policy responses for the 1990s; recommendations. |
| (B,G,H) | Vickery, G., 1993. * Global industries and national policies. In: The OECD Observer No. 179, Dec. 1992/Jan. 1993. pp. 11–14. The development of global production and “sourcing”, which is far broader and more complex than traditional trade and investment, is transforming industry and changing the foundations of many national policies and their effects on “national” industries. Devising policies that can assimilate this two-way interaction between global industries and national economies promises to be a key challenge of the 1990s. |
| (D) | Wajda, S., 1993. * Improvement of compliance with environmental legislation: the case of Poland. For UN-ECE/UNEP Workshop on Legal and Regulatory Framework for Environmental Management, 30 June to 2 July, Sofia, Bulgaria. UN-ECE, Geneva. WS. 1/CRP. 2. 28pp. (Not) reviewed). |
| (C,D) | WMO/UNEP, 1988. ** Developing policies for responding to climate change. Report written by Jill Jaeger (Beijer Instutute). World Climate Programme Impact Studies, WCIP-1, WMO/TD-No. 225. WMO, Geneva. 53pp. A summary of discussions and recommendations of the workshops help in Villach (28 Sept.- 2 Oct. 1987) and Bellagio (9–13 November 1987) under the auspices of the Beijer Institute, Stockholm). |
| (C,D) | WMO/UNEP, 1990. ** Impacts assessment of climate change: The policy-makers' summary of the potential impacts of climate change. Report of Working Group II to the IPCC. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 32pp. Considers impacts on, inter alia, agriculture, land and forestry, natural terrestrial ecosystems; human settlements, energy and industry. |
| (C,D) | WMO/UNEP, 1990a. * IPCC First Assessment Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Vol.1, Overview, Policymakers' summaries of reports of WG I, II & III and of the Special Committee on the participation of developing countries. WMO, Geneva. …pp. Consists of: overview; the policymakers' summaries of the IPCC Working Groups and Special Committee on the participation of developing countries; reports of the IPCC Working Groups. |
| (C,D) | WMO/UNEP, 1990b. * Report of the 4th session of the WMO/UNEP Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Sundsvall, Sweden, 27–30 August 1990. World Climate Programme Publication Series IPCC-6. WMO, Geneva. 38pp. (Not reviewed). |
| (A,B,C,D F) | WCED, 1987. *** Our common future. World Commission on Environment and Development (The “Brundtland Report”). Oxford University Press, Oxford. 400pp. Response to the UN General Assmebly call for proposals for “a global agenda for change”, the report became a turning point in thinking about the relationship between economic development and the environment and coined the phrase “sustainable development”, which became the basis for the negotiations and decisions taken at UNCED in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. |
| (E,F) | World Bank, 1992. * Food and agricultural policy reforms in the former USSR: An agenda for the transition. Studies of economies in transformation, Paper Number 1, Country Department III - Europe and Central Asia Region, World Bank, Washington. 239pp. (Not reviewed). |
| (C,D) | World Energy Council, 1993. ** Energy for tomorrow's world. St. Martins' Press, London. 320pp. Predicts that the world will continue to depend on fossil fuels, especially coal (plentiful in China and India) and, because developing countries are more concerned with improving the standard of living of their (still strongly growing) populations, is pessimistic about the outlook for global warming, and the development of renewable forms of energy. The latter are, in any case, not yet economic. |
| (A,C,D,E F) | World Resources Institute, 1994. World Resources 1994–95: A guide to the global environment. Prepared in collaboration with UNEP & UNDP. World Resources Institute, New York. 400pp. An extensive coverage of information worldwide on the environment and development. Sixth in a series of annual publications. Includes: natural resource consumption; population and the environment; food and agriculture; forests and rangelands; biodiversity; energy; water; atmosphere and climate; industry; international institutions; national and local policies and institutions. |
| (C,D) | WWF, 1992. ** Can nature survive global warming? By C. Rose and P. Hurst. For WWF International. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland, Switzerland. 59pp. Considers the ecosystems that may be at highest risk from global warming. Biological diversity may be lost because ecosystems will be unable to adapt or migrate in time and because natural ecosystems are already physically isolated by human development or are under other stresses. National parks and protected areas dedicated to rare and specialised species are likely to be the main losers. |
| (D,H) | WWF, 1992a. ** South-North terms of trade, environmental protection and sustainable development. By C. Arden-Clarke. For WWF International. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 12pp. Argues that it is necessary to address cross-sectoral policy linkages beyond trade and environment, if South-North trade is to become more sustainable and equitable. |
| (D,H) | WWF, 1992b. * Conservation and sustainable management of tropical forests: The role of ITTO and GATT. Revision of paper prepared for ITTO Council, November 1990. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 12pp. Argues that there are contradictions between GATT regulations and the initiatives being developed by ITTO to promote sustainable management of tropical forests. Proposes a number of steps that could be taken by GATT and ITTO to remove the threat that is seen to be posed by GATT regulations to tropical forest conservation. |
| (D,H) | WWF, 1992c. * International trade, GATT and the environment. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 14pp. Identifies priority areas for both national and international action on trade policies, including: internalisation of environmental costs; allow countries to take unilateral measures to protect the environment or conserve natural resources; allow countries to use trade measures which discriminate between like products on the basis of their method of production. |
| (D,F,G) | WWF, 1992d. * Chemicals control policy in the European Community. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 31pp. Outlines the main legal controls on toxic chemicals and pesticides within the EC, highlights weaknesses in the EC programme, and makes recommendations for improvement for the benefit of the environment. |
| (D,H) | WWF, 1992e. * The multilateral trade organization: a legal and environmental assessment. By J. Cameron & H. Ward. For WWF International. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 18pp. Considers the problems and conflicts that would arise from adoption of the part of the Draft Final Act of the GATT Uruguay Round Negotiations dealing with the setting up of the Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO), in particular the absence of commitment to sustainable development. |
| (D,F) | WWF, 1992f. * Pesticide reduction programmes in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 48pp. Compares the reduction programmes in the three countries and attempts to define the key components of reduction as a model for other countries to introduce similar policies. |
| (D,H) | WWF, 1993. * The Uruguay Round's technical barriers to trade agreement. By J. Cameron & H. World. For WWF International. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 36pp. The 1991 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade in the draft Final Act of the GATT Uruguay Round is designed to regulate the use of non-tariff barriers to trade. The paper argues that, although it is theoretically possible for GATT Contracting Parties to take measures that do not accord with relevant international systems and standards, the procedure is so complex that many countries will be discouraged from doing so. |
| (C,D) | WWF, 1993a. * Atmospheric emissions from road freight in the EC. By D. Taylor & M. Furgusson for WWF International. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 31pp. Road freight makes a considerable contribution to air pollution and energy consumption. Paper argues that if lasting reductions of CO2 and NOx emissions are to be achieved, freight demand will have to be reduced or restructured. |
| (D,H) | WWF, 1993b. * WWF position statement on the multilateral trade organization. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 2pp. WWF considers that the replacement of the GATT by a multilateral trade organisation could contribute to the integration of trade, environment and development policies if the organisation is: equitable between nations; transparent and democratically accountable; a means to the end of sustainable development and recognizes the need to set limits on trade in order to adequately protect the environment. |
| (D,H) | WWF, 1993c. * Some like it hot. By A. Markham, N. Dudley & S. Stolton. For WWF International. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 144pp. Highlights the implications of global warming for biodiversity and the survival of species. Prepared for the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. |
| (D,E) | WWF, 1993d. ** Sustainable use of natural resources - concepts, issues and criteria. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 32pp. Sets out the criteria to be applied by WWF to sustainable resource use (SRU). To put these criteria into practice, the ecological, social, economic and technological parameters of SRU have to be identied, best done by assigning full value to natural resources. |
| (D,E) | WWF, 1993e. * Protected areas, species of special concern, and WWF. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland. 44pp. Prepared to facilitate the strategic planning exercise of WWF's group on protected areas and species of special concern. |
