Table 3--Estimated short-run demand elasticites for coniferous sawn wood 1
Country | Domestic demand | Import demand | ||||
Domestic price | Import price | End-use index | Domestic price | Import Price | End-use index | |
Austria | *-.12 | na | ***.45 | -.16 | ***-2.22 | ***2.59 |
Finland | **(a)-.45 | na | ***.742 | ne | ne | ne |
France | ***-.52 | *.34 | ***1.04 | ***.92 | -.35 | *.64 |
Germany | **-.44 | .20 | **.49 | ***1.26 | ***-1.32 | ***.70 |
Italy | -.04 | ***.97 | .43 | .02 | ***-.49 | *.57 |
Norway | na | -.061 | .202 | -.45 | *-.65 | ***1.71 |
Spain | -.09 | na | ***.37 | **.64 | **-.73 | **.36 |
Sweden | (a)-.16 | na | ***.743 | ne | ne | ne |
United Kingdom | -.20 | ***-.506 | ***.667 | *-.34 | -.01 | ***.49 |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
(a) Export price is used as a proxy for domestic price.
na = not available (not included)
ne = equation not estimated
Table 4--Estimated short-run demand elasticities for non-coniferous sawn wood1
Country | Domestic demand | Import demand | ||||
Domestic price | Import Price | End-use index | Domestic price | Import Price | End-use index | |
Austria | .06 | na | .83 | -.15 | .33 | ***2.73 |
Finland | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
France | *-.15 | .01 | *.45 | **.57 | -.33 | ***3.09 |
Germany | -.07 | *.22 | ***1.65 | na | **-.82 | ***2.87 |
Italy | na | **-.56 | .29 | .02 | -.46 | ***2.07 |
Norway | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Spain | na | -.09 | ***.83 | na | *-.47 | ***1.83 |
Sweden | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
United Kingdom | **1.61 | na | .60 | |||
United Kingdom | (c)-.22 | (d) .08 | 1.18 | |||
Tropical (a) | ||||||
United Kingdom | (c)-.23 | **(d)-.20 | 1.91 | |||
Temperate (b) |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
(a) Imports of tropical sawn wood.
(b) Imports of temperate sawn wood.
(c) Tropical sawn wood import price.
(d) Temperate sawn wood import price.
na = not available (not included)
ne = equation not estimated
Table 5--Estimated short-run demand elasticities for plywood1
Country | Domestic demand | Import demand | ||||
Domestic price | Import Price | End-use index | Domestic price | Import Price | End-use index | |
Austria | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Finland | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
France | -.53 | .05 | .02 | ***1.16 | **-.54 | ***2.35 |
Germany | -.67 | .14 | ***1.82 | -1.03 | **-.84 | *2.41 |
Italy | -.09 | **1.01 | **.66 | .75 | ***-1.53 | ***3.29 |
Norway | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Spain | na | .11 | 1.09 | na | ***-1.53 | .88 |
Sweden | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
United Kingdom | -.13 | na | ***.67 | ne | ne | ne |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
na = not available (not included)
ne = equation not estimated
Table 6--Estimated short-run demand elasticities for particleboard1
Country | Domestic demand | Import demand | ||||
Domestic price | Import Price | End-use index | Domestic price | Import Price | End-use index | |
Austria | .32 | na | **.36 | na | ***-2.00 | **.45 |
Finland | *(a)-.09 | na | **1.09 | ne | ne | ne |
France | -.22 | 0 | **.69 | -.64 | -.43 | **1.59 |
Germany | *-.36 | .26 | ***1.10 | *.85 | ***-1.93 | ***1.55 |
Italy | -.11 | na | .20 | na | -1.15 | 1.22 |
Norway | (a)-.11 | na | .69 | (a) -.25 | -1.27 | .83 |
Spain | na | -.25 | 1.02 | na | ***-5.30 | 1.54 |
Sweden | (a) -.09 | na | ***.94 | (a) .27 | ***-.84 | ***2.20 |
United Kingdom | na | *1.17 | ***1.65 | -.62 | na | ***1.66 |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
(a) Export price is used as a proxy for domestic price.
na = not available (not included)
ne = equation not estimated
Table 7--Estimated short-run demand elasticities for fiberboard1
Country | Domestic demand | Import demand | ||||
Domestic price | Import Price | End-use index | Domestic price | Import Price | End-use index | |
Austria | .68 | na | .76 | na | ***-1.08 | ***1.71 |
Finland | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
France | ne | ne | ne | na | **-.71 | **2.18 |
Germany | ne | ne | ne | **.37 | ***-.63 | **1.61 |
Italy | na | -.69 | .40 | na | **-.81 | *1.13 |
Norway | ***.35 | ***-.17 | .28 | ne | ne | ne |
Spain | -.08 | na | **.50 | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | ***(a) -1.22 | na | .35 | *(a) 1.73 | ***-.79 | na |
United Kingdom | na | ***3.02 | ***2.16 | na | ***-1.04 | ***.53 |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
(a) Export price is used as a proxy for domestic price.
na = not available (not included)
ne = equation not estimated
Table 8--Estimated short-run demand elasticities for newsprint1
Country | Domestic demand | Import demand | ||||
Domestic price | Import Price | Income | Domestic price | Import Price | Income | |
Austria | -.12 | na | .48 | na | -.38 | .94 |
Finland | (a)-1.31 | na | ***1.08 | ne | ne | ne |
France | (c)-.12 | (b),(c)-.11 | ***(c).29 | -.08 | **(b)-.47 | ***2.03 |
Germany | na | *-.19 | ***.80 | **.37 | -.13 | ***1.46 |
Italy | -.36 | na | .86 | *-2.37 | ***3.21 | **3.39 |
Norway | (a)-.54 | na | ***.99 | ne | ne | ne |
Spain | na | (c)-.27 | (c).73 | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | (a)-.39 | na | .32 | ne | ne | ne |
United Kingdom | na | **-.30 | *1.33 | na | -.03 | **.60 |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
(a) Export price used as a proxy for domestic price.
(b) Lagged one period.
(c) Estimated as apparent consumption.
na = not available (not included)
ne = equation not estimated
Table 9--Estimated short-run demand elasticities for printing and writing paper1
Country | Domestic demand | Import demand | ||||
Domestic price | Import Price | Income | Domestic price | Import Price | Income | |
Austria | na | na | ***.80 | na | -.28 | **4.30 |
Finland | *(a)-1.37 | na | ***1.09 | ne | ne | ne |
France | **(b)-.49 | *-.20 | ***.84 | na | -.14 | .57 |
Germany | -.26 | *(b)-.26 | ***.97 | ***(b)1.21 | ***(b)-.62 | ***2.53 |
Italy | ***(b)-.28 | **.18 | ***1.07 | *.54 | -.43 | 2.27 |
Norway | **(a)(b)2.42 | **(b)-2.08 | 2.49 | na | ***-.76 | ***1.45 |
Spain | na | (c)-.26 | (c)1.52 | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | (a)-.40 | na | .49 | ne | ne | ne |
United Kingdom | na | ***-.35 | ***2.07 | na | ***(b)-.59 | ***1.92 |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
(a) Export price used as a proxy for domestic price.
(b) Lagged one period.
(c) Estimated as apparent consumption.
na = not available (not included)
ne = equation not estimated
Table 10--Estimated short-run demand elasticities for other paper and board1
Country | Domestic demand | Import demand | ||||
Domestic price | Import Price | Income | Domestic price | Import Price | Income | |
Austria | na | na | ***.77 | na | *-.38 | ***2.02 |
Finland | (a)-.06 | na | .04 | ne | ne | ne |
France | na | .04 | **.27 | na | -.09 | ***.95 |
Germany | -.46 | (b).25 | .16 | na | (b)-.26 | ***.80 |
Italy | **(b)-.22 | -.01 | ***.47 | .05 | ***(b)-.82 | ***2.43 |
Norway | (a),(b)-.03 | .21 | 1.45 | (a).96 | ***-1.04 | ***1.61 |
Spain | na | (c)0 | (c)1.61 | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | (a),(b)-.14 | na | .32 | ne | ne | ne |
United Kingdom | na | (b)-.12 | ***1.33 | na | -.13 | ***1.26 |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
(a) Export price used as a proxy for domestic price.
(b) Lagged one period.
(c) Estimated as apparent consumption.
na = not available (not included)
ne = equation not estimated
Table 11--Estimated short-run export supply elasticities for coniferous sawn wood1
Country | Domestic price | Export Price | Cost | EurGDP | Exch. rate |
Austria | ***-1.30 | ***1.17 | na | ***.55 | na |
Finland | na | ***1.30 | **-.79 | na | na |
France | ***-3.42 | .36 | ***1.56 | .63 | na |
Germany | .62 | 2.06 | -1.26 | ***1.71 | na |
Italy | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Norway | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Spain | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | na | na | **-.26 | na | ***-1.64 |
United Kingdom | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
na = not available (not included)
ne = not estimated
Table 12--Estimated short-run export supply elasticities for non-coniferous sawn wood1
Country | Domestic price | Export Price | Cost | EurGDP | Exch. rate |
Austria | na | .21 | na | **.49 | na |
Finland | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
France | **-1.17 | .42 | na | 2.15 | na |
Germany | na | na | *-.69 | .56 | na |
Italy | .19 | ***-.62 | na | 2.26 | na |
Norway | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Spain | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
United Kingdom | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
na = not available (not included)
ne = not estimated
Table 13--Estimated short-run export supply elasticities for plywood1
Country | Domestic price | Export Price | Cost | EurGDP | Exch. rate |
Austria | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Finland | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
France | .21 | .15 | ***-.75 | 2.12 | na |
Germany | na | na | -.44 | **2.15 | na |
Italy | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Norway | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Spain | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
United Kingdom | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
na = not available (not included)
ne = not estimated
Table 14--Estimated short-run export supply elasticities for particleboard1
Country | Domestic price | Export Price | Cost | EurGDP | Exch. rate |
Austria | **-2.62 | *1.36 | na | 1.76 | na |
Finland | na | *.21 | ***-1.23 | na | ***-3.32 |
France | na | -.32 | **-.56 | ***2.08 | na |
Germany | *-.81 | na | -.02 | ***1.52 | na |
Italy | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Norway | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Spain | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
United Kingdom | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
na = not available (not included)
ne = not estimated
Table 15--Estimated short-run export supply elasticities for fiberboard1
Country | Domestic price | Export Price | Cost | EurGDP | Exch.rate |
Austria | -.17 | -.04 | na | -.27 | na |
Finland | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
France | ***-.55 | na | -.05 | **1.00 | na |
Germany | na | ***-1.19 | *-.06 | ***6.02 | na |
Italy | na | **-.70 | *-.85 | ***3.02 | na |
Norway | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Spain | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
United Kingdom | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
na = not available (not included)
ne = not estimated
Table 16--Estimated short-run export supply elasticities for newsprint1
Country | Domestic price | Export Price | Cost | EurGDP | Exch. rate |
Austria | -1.87 | 1.31 | na | **.80 | na |
Finland | na | .12 | **-.23 | .15 | .11 |
France | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Germany | ***1.49 | **-.88 | na | 1.42 | na |
Italy | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Norway | na | .12 | **-.23 | .15 | .11 |
Spain | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | na | .12 | **-.23 | .15 | .11 |
United Kingdom | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
na = not available (not included)
ne = not estimated
Table 17--Estimated short-run export supply elasticities for printing and writing paper1
Country | Domestic price | Export Price | Cost | EurGDP | Exch.rate |
Austria | -.54 | .17 | na | ***2.41 | na |
Finland | na | **.54 | ***-.40 | ***.77 | .13 |
France | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Germany | -.62 | ***-.49 | na | ***5.60 | na |
Italy | **.90 | *-.77 | na | **2.09 | na |
Norway | na | **.54 | ***-.40 | ***.77 | .13 |
Spain | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | na | **.54 | ***-.40 | ***.77 | .13 |
United Kingdom | na | -1.38 | na | 1.15 | na |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
na = not available (not included)
ne = not estimated
Table 18--Estimated short-run export supply elasticities for other paper and board1
Country | Domestic price | Export Price | Cost | EurGDP | Exch.rate |
Austria | na | na | na | ***2.91 | na |
Finland | na | **.25 | ***-.38 | ***.62 | .10 |
France | -.04 | -.07 | na | ***2.08 | na |
Germany | na | ***-.95 | na | *1.07 | na |
Italy | ***-.70 | -.06 | na | ***2.81 | na |
Norway | na | **.25 | ***-.38 | ***.62 | .10 |
Spain | ne | ne | ne | ne | ne |
Sweden | na | **.25 | ***-.38 | ***.62 | .10 |
United Kingdom | na | -.27 | na | 1.54 | na |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
na = not available (not included)
ne = not estimated
Table 19--Estimated price and income elasticities for consumption of forest products in smaller European markets1
Product | Income group2 | |||
Lower income | Higher income | |||
Price | Income | Price | Income | |
Coniferous sawn wood | 0.382* | 0.162 | -0.459 | 0.278 |
Non-coniferous sawn wood | -0.999 *** | 0.770 * | -0.073 | 0.810 *** |
Plywood | -0.087 | 0.095 | -0.248 | 1.471 |
Particleboard | 0.0 | 0.972 ** | -0.688 *** | 1.017 ** |
Fiberboard | -0.260 | 1.380 * | -0.681 ** | 1.547 ** |
Newsprint | -0.265 | 0.730 *** | -0.126 | 1.542*** |
Printing & writing paper | -0.258 ** | 1.515 *** | -0.093 | 1.470 *** |
Other paper & board | 0.0 | 1.608 ** | -0.688 ** | 1.018 ** |
1 Significance of estimated elasticities:
* = .10;
** = .05;
*** = .01
Table 20--Comparison of price elasticities for sawn softwood
ETTS Va | |||
---|---|---|---|
Country | ETTS IV | Domestic demandb | Import demandc |
Austria | na | -.120 | -2.220 |
Finland | na | -.453d | na |
France | -.363 | -.520 | -.350 |
Germany | -.795 | -.440 | -1.320 |
Italy | na | -.040 | -.490 |
Norway | na | na | -.652 |
Spain | na | -.090 | -.730 |
Sweden | na | -.156d | na |
United Kingdom | -.613 | -.199 | -.012 |
Netherlands | -.836 | -.120e | na |
Switzerland | na | -.120e | na |
a Own price elasticity; estimates from multiple equation models except for Netherlands and Switzerland.
b Elasticity with respect to domestic price
c Elasticity with respect to import price
d Export price used as a proxy for domestic price
e Estimated using apparent consumption, and cross-section model.
na = not available (not estimated)
Table 21—Comparison of price elasticities for sawn hardwood
ETTS Va | |||
---|---|---|---|
Country | ETTS IV | Domestic demandb | Import demandc |
Austria | na | .060 | .330 |
Finland | na | na | na |
France | -.279 | -.150 | -.330 |
Germany | -.342 | -.070 | -.820 |
Italy | -1.876 | na | -.460 |
Norway | na | na | na |
Spain | na | na | -.470 |
Sweden | na | na | na |
United Kingdom | -.486 | 1.610 | |
UK Tropical | -.220 | ||
UK Temperate | -.200 | ||
Netherlands | na | -.027d | |
Switzerland | -1.070 | -.027d |
a Own price elasticity; estimates from multiple equation models except for Netherlands and Switzerland.
b Elasticity with respect to domestic price
c Elasticity with respect to import price
d Estimated using apparent consumption, and cross-section model.
na = not available (not estimated)
Table 22—Comparison of price elasticities for particleboard
ETTS V: multiple equation estimatesa | |||
---|---|---|---|
Country | ETTS IV | Domestic demandb | Import demandc |
Austria | na | .320 | -2.000 |
Finland | na | -.090d | na |
France | na | -.220 | -.430 |
Germany | na | -.360 | -1.930 |
Italy | na | -.110 | -1.150 |
Norway | na | -.110d | -1.270 |
Spain | na | na | -5.300 |
Sweden | na | -.090d | na |
United Kingdom | na | na | na |
Netherlands | na | -.169e | na |
Switzerland | na | -.169e | na |
a Own price elasticity; estimates from multiple equation models except for Netherlands and Switzerland.
b Elasticity with respect to domestic price
c Elasticity with respect to import price
d Export price used as a proxy for domestic price
e Estimated using apparent consumption and cross-section model.
na = not available (not estimated)
Table 23--Comparison of end use elasticities for sawn softwood
ETTS V | |||
---|---|---|---|
Country | ETTS IV | Domestic demand | Import demand |
Austria | .610 | .450 | 2.590 |
Finland | na | .742 | na |
France | .513 | 1.040 | .640 |
Germany | 1.036 | .490 | .700 |
Italy | .870 | .430 | .570 |
Norway | .321 | .202 | 1.713 |
Spain | .670 | .370 | .360 |
Sweden | na | .743 | na |
United Kingdom | 1.083 | .667 | .485 |
Netherlands | 1.056 | .724a | na |
Switzerland | 1.118 | .724a | na |
a GDP elasticity; estimated using apparent consumption and cross-section model.
na = not available (not estimated)
Table 24—Comparison of end use elasticities for sawn hardwood
ETTS V | |||
---|---|---|---|
Country | ETTS IV | Domestic demand | Import demand |
Austria | na | .830 | 2.730 |
Finland | na | na | na |
France | .753 | .450 | 3.090 |
Germany | .974 | 1.650 | 2.870 |
Italy | .797 | .290 | 2.070 |
Norway | na | na | na |
Spain | .797 | .830 | 1.830 |
Sweden | na | na | na |
United Kingdom | 1.211 | .600 | |
Tropical | 1.180 | ||
Temperate | 1.910 | ||
Netherlands | 1.508 | .285a | na |
Switzerland | 1.481 | .285a | na |
a GDP elasticity; estimated using apparent consumption and cross-section model.
na = not available (not estimated)
Table 25—Comparison of end use elasticities for particleboard
ETTS V | |||
---|---|---|---|
Country | ETTS IV | Domestic demand | Import demand |
Austria | 1.735 | 1.700 | 3.010 |
Finland | 2.041 | 1.090 | na |
France | 1.137 | .690 | 1.590 |
Germany | .951 | 1.100 | 1.550 |
Italy | na | .200 | 1.220 |
Norway | .889 | .690 | .830 |
Spain | 2.440 | 1.020 | 1.540 |
Sweden | 2.717 | .940 | .940 |
United Kingdom | 2.275 | 1.650 | 1.660 |
Netherlands | na | .250a | na |
Switzerland | 1.595 | .250a | na |
a GDP elasticity; estimated using apparent consumption and cross-section model.
na = not available (not estimated)