RS 9
PAW, J.N., BUNPAPONG, S., WHITE, A.T. and M.S.M. SADORRA
The coastal environmental profile of Ban Don Bay and Phangnga Bay,
Thailand.
1988 78 pp
ICLARM Technical Reports, 20
The coastal zone of Thailand with a 2,600 km coastline is very rich in natural resources which include fisheries, coral reefs, mangrove forests, beaches and mineral deposits. Over the past decade, rapid increases in population and human activities along the coastal areas have resulted in degradation of these valuable natural resources. Many areas have already experienced the effects of water pollution, depletion of mangroves, overgrowth of urban communities and other negative consequences. As indicated by the results of a recent Upper South Regional Planning Study by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the development potentials of the area are great and that many of the activities rely on the use of coastal resources. This gives rise to the need for a plan to guide the management of coastal resources utilization that will allow sustainable development. Thailand is a participant to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) -United States (US) Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP). The project which was initiated in June 1986, is being carried out in Ban Don and Phangnga Bays. A project team was formed, consisting of local experts who conducted preliminary field investigations in the pilot site in July 1986. The field findings and other data from secondary sources were collated and analyzed. The coastal environmental profile of Ban Don Bay and Phangnga Bay, Thailand is the synthesized result of the study. This publication is the first step towards rational management of the Upper South coastal zone. Recommendations for developing plans to sustain coastal resources use are presented. A Workshop on Project Environmental Profile and Proposal Refinement held in Pattaya, Thailand, in October 1986 and subsequent discussions with government agencies initially helped in finalizing the draft of this profile.
RS 10
CHIA, L.S., HABIBULLAH, K. and L.M. CHOU
The coastal environmental profile of Singapore.
1988 92 pp
ICLARM Technical Reports 21.
The Coastal Environmental Profile of Singapore is intended to serve the following purposes: to provide policymakers and researchers with a ready source of information, including a detailed listing of source materials; to describe the coastal changes that have taken place and to suggest factors that have brought about such changes; to highlight the interrelations among the many aspects of coastal zone, including possible conflicts; to raise issues relating to the management of the coastal zone with the intention that the zone be used more optimally; and to eventually help formulate a coastal area management plan for the country. This profile is but the first step towards the formulation of a coastal area management plan for Singapore. The plan will be aimed primarily at further development of the coastal areas in a multisectoral and integrated manner, taking cognizance of the existing pattern of resource use and the overall social and economic development framework of the country. To develop the plan, it is also essential to: 1) seek more information on coastal resources and how they are being utilized; 2) document the responsibilities, functions, legal provisions and activities of concerned government agencies; and 3) elucidate the role and use of coastal resources by the public and by private and commercial enterprises both at present and in the future. A multidisciplinary approach has been adopted. The profile covers physical and biological characteristics of the coastal resources; social and economic aspects of the coastal residents and users; past and present utilization of marine resources and their contributions to the economy; coastal land use problems; and the role of various institutions (government and private) in the management and development of coastal resources.
RS 11
SONGKLA UNIVERSITY
Feasibility study on the establishment of an information system
for natural and environmental resources management of Songkla lake
basin. Volume 1: Executive summary and main report.
1988 72 pp
Thailand Development Research Institute Foundation
The overall objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of developing a digital system for storage and analysis of natural resource and environmental information for the Songkhla Lake Basin, an area of about 1000 square kilometers in Southern Thailand. The study consisted of four elements: 1. User Survey 2. Data Survey 3. System Design 4. Digital GIS Case Studies.
RS 12
SONGKLA UNIVERSITY
Feasibility study on the establishment of an information system
for natural and environmental resources management of Songkla lake
basin. Volume 2: User survey.
1988 81 pp
Thailand Development Research Institute Foundation
A primary and basic issue in any information system design is establishing its potential users and determining what products and services these users require. It is reasonable to assume that for the system to be useful there should exist a sufficient number of potential users to justify the expense of building and operating the system. Interviews were conducted with approximately 30 agencies. Details of results from each agency (listing the person or persons interviewed, telephone number, and an evaluation of the relevance of agency activities to an information center) are included in Volume 2. The interviews established that there was considerable interest and need for the kind of improved natural resource and environmental information that an integrated information system can provide.
RS 13
SONGKLA UNIVERSITY
Feasibility study on the establishment of an information system
for natural and environmental resources management of Songkla lake
basin. Volume 3: Case studies.
1988 44 pp
Thailand Development Research Institute Foundation
In order to demonstrate the applicability of modern digital GIS system to the analysis of natural resource and environment related problems in Thailand, and in the SLB in particular, a series of case studies were conducted as part of the project.
RS 14
TIENSONGRUSMEE, B., PONTJOPRAWIRO, S. and K. MINTARJO
Seafarming Resources map.
1989 109 pp
UNDP/FAO Indonesian Seafarming Project, INS/81/008/Manual/7
Indonesia has 580 million hectares (ha) of marine coastal waters. The area used to be good grounds of natural stocks of fish, cockle, mussel, oyster, and seaweeds that artisanal fishermen can enjoy exploiting it for their living. At present the resource is diminishing at a drastic rate as a result of heavy exploitation of fishing grounds. The declining resource affects on the livelihood of the small-scale fishing families and rural communities. The impact can cause serious socio-economic problems to the coastal communities which requires solutions. Potential areas shown in this report were obtained from provincial officers, fishermen and available literature. The sites were reconfirmed by actual site visits during 1985–1988. Hydrographic chart, topography map. Satellite images of the potential areas taken from MSS Landsat-5 were also used to facilitate the mapping.
RS 15
ABU KHAIR MOHD. M. and Mohd. IBRAHIM HJ. MOHAMED (Eds.)
A study on the offshore waters of the Malaysian EEZ.
1988 168 pp
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universiti Pertanian
Malaysia, Occasional Publication No. 8, 1988
Scientific information on the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Malaysia is scanty. Baseline data on oceanography, water quality, living resources, primary and secondary productivity in the offshore waters are not currently available. Yet information is required in efforts toward rational management of the resources. Recognizing this lack of information, the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia has embarked on a five-year project to correct this deficiency. Ekspedisi Matahari 87 marks the midpoint of a five-year integrated study on oceanography, pollution and living resources of Malaysia's EEZ. This study, conducted in an area 7,200 sq.n. miles off the coast of Sarawak follows two previous successful expeditions of 1985 and 1986 conducted off the coast of Terengganu and Pahang/East Johore respectively.
RS 16
CHUA, T.E., CHOU, L.M. and M.S.M. SADORRA (Eds.)
The coastal environmental profile of Brunei Darussalam: Resource
assessment and management issues.
1987 193 pp
ICLARM, Technical Reports 18
The coastal waters of Southeast Asian countries have some of the world's richest ecosystems characterized by extensive coral reefs and dense mangrove forests. Blessed with warm tropical climate and high rainfall, these waters are further enriched with nutrients from land which enable them to support a wide diversity of marine life. Because economic benefits could be derived from them, the coastal zones in these countries teem with human settlements. Over 70% of the population in the region live in coastal areas which have been recently characterized by high-level resource exploitation. The coastal zones of most nations in ASEAN are subjected to increasing population and economic pressures manifested by a variety of coastal activities, notably, fishing, coastal aquaculture, waste disposal, salt-making, tin mining, oil drilling, tanker traffic, rural construction and industrialization. This situation is aggravated by the expanding economic activities attempting to uplift the standard of living of coastal people, the majority of which live below the official poverty line. Brunei Darussalam has taken a major step in the conservation and protection of its valuable coastal resources by participating in the development of its Coastal Resources Management plan.
RS 17
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SINGAPORE
Pollution Control Department, annual report 87.
1988 34 pp
Ministry of the Environment, Pollution Control Department,
Singapore
The Pollution Control Department (PCD) is responsible for the prevention and control of environmental pollution in Singapore. The Department carries out the following pollution control programmes: a) air pollution control; b) water pollution control; c) hazardous substances control; d) toxic wastes disposal control; e) monitoring of air and water qualities. Implementation of these programmes is carried out in the following manner: i) Controls at the Project Planning and Development Stage; ii) Controls at the Construction Stage; iii) Enforcement; and iv) Monitoring.
RS 18
WILSON, C.
Singapore notices to mariners.
1989 36 pp
Hydrographic Dept., Port of Singapore Authority, Monthly edition
No. 1, Notices No. 1 to 24, January 1989
The monthly Notices to Mariners contain corrective information affecting charts published by the Hydrographic Department, Port of Singapore Authority. The substance contained in this Notice should be inserted on the charts affected. Mariners are requested to notify the Hydrographer, Port of Singapore Authority, immediately on the discovery of new dangers or suspected dangers to navigation and of changes or defects in aids to navigation.
RS 19
ICLARM
The coastal resources profile of Singapore.
1987 16 pp
Tropical coastal area management, ICLARM, Vol. 2, No. 1
Singapore is shelf-locked and, therefore, a geographically disadvantaged state (GDS) as a result of the establishment of the territorial waters and the Exclusive Economic Zones by Malaysia and Indonesia. Singapore has a small population of 2.6 million. Population growth rate has been declining since the 1950s. In 1980, coastal population comprised 61.5% of the total. Very few of the 60 offshore islands are inhabited; some are used for industrial purposes. The two largest islands, Pulau Tekong and Pulau Ubin, contained the bulk of the island population in 1980. By the end of 1986, however, the entire population of P. Tekong has been displaced because the island is being used for military purposes. P. Ubin and P. Sakeng are still inhabited and retain their agricultural characteristic, but future plans for these are yet to be known.
RS 20
ICLARM
The coastal environmental profile of South Johore, Malaysia.
1988 20 pp
Tropical coastal area management, ICLARM, Vol. 3, No. 3
South Johore, Malaysia, has three districts: Pontian, Johore Bahru and Kota Tinggi. Covering an area of about 6,220 km2 it has a human population of approximately 650,000. Economic growth is comparable to the national growth. For the period 1981–1985, the annual increase in GNP was 5.7%; per capita income grew at 3.3% per annum. The income was R$ 2,198.60 in 1985. South Johore is located on the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula and is bounded by the Strait of Malacca on the west, Johore Strait on the south and South China Sea on the east. Tha warm and humid climate is affected by monsoon rains from the ocean environments. The west coast has largely been developed for agriculture; the southern region for urban and industrial activities; and the eastern coast relatively slowly and mainly developed for tourism. South Johore is undergoing heavy economic development pressures in the sectors of the three areas mentioned above. These pressures have resulted in conflicts in the use and development of the coastal resources.
RS 21
LIM, L.C.
Coastal fisheries oceanographic studies in Johore Strait,
Singapore. III. Hydrological condition in the West Johore Strait
1984 18 pp
Singapore J. Pri. Ind. 12 (2): 128–146
Monthly hydrological surveys were conducted in the West Johore Strait from February 1976 to February 1977. The Strait could be hydrologically divided into the inner and the outer areas, with the division boundary at the north of West Reach. The inner area is characterized by high temperature, low salinity, strong stratification of surface layer and nearly anoxic bottom layer. The outer area, on the other hand, presents opposite conditions to those inside the Strait. These differences could be attributed to the river effect and the stagnant condition as a result of more sheltered location in the inner area and the effect of offshore water in the outer area. The temperature and salinity in the Strait are closely associated with wind force and rainfall respectively. While strong wind force lowers the water temperature and disrupts the stratifications of temperature and dissolved oxygen, high rainfall reduces the surface salinity and intensify the salinity stratification. The monsoon currents which bring in water-masses with different temperatures and salinities from the adjacent waters also cause temperature and salinity changes. On the other hand, high dissolved oxygen is caused by high phytoplankton population which releases oxygen during photosyntheses. The West Johore Strait is characterized by highly variable surface salinity, the monthly means fluctuate in wide ranges of 10.75‰ in the inner area and 6.5‰ in the outer area. Due to the greater fluctuation in salinity and the oxygen-deficient condition in the inner area, the outer area of the Strait is considered a better area than the inner area for aquaculture development.
RS 22
LIM, L.C.
Coastal fisheries oceanographic studies in Johore Strait,
Singapore. II. Hydrological condition in the East Johore Strait.
1984 13 pp
Singapore J. Pri. Ind., 12 (1): 17–39
Hydrological conditions in the East Johore Strait were surveyed over a 2-year period from March 1976 to February 1977 and April 1977 to March 1978. Temperature and salinity in the Strait are mainly influenced by wind force and rainfall respectively. Currents caused by the monsoon and tides also cause temperature and salinity changes. The monthly variations of both temperature and salinity in the Strait were found to be quite similar to those of the Singapore Strait, both being of double oscillation patter. This indicates that the water-masses in the two areas may have common origin. The Strait could be hydrologically divided into an inner and an outer area, with the area around Ponggol as the division boundary. Water in the inner area is fairly stagnant. That in the outer area remains turbulent especially so at high water. Due to the effect of offshore water and river discharges, water temperature in the Strait drops at high water while salinity is lowered at low water. These differences are more pronounced in the other area of the Strait due to the higher rate of water exchanges there. Water temperature becomes higher (from 29.5 degree C to 30.0 degree C) while salinity gets lower (from 29.4 ‰ to 28.2 ‰) as the inner area of the Strait is approached. While dissolved oxygen level at the upper 2–3 m layer remains relatively high (> 4 ml/l) for the entire Strait throughout the year, the dissolved oxygen at the lower water layer (at least 4m below surface) decreases inwards and becomes almost anoxic in the inner-most area.
RS 23
LIM, L.C.
Coastal fisheries oceanographic studies in Johore Strait,
Singapore. I. Current movement in the East Johore Strait and its
adjacent waters.
1983 15 pp
Singapore J. Pri. Ind., II (2): 83–97
A knowledge of current movement is necessary for the development of fisheries in coastal waters. This paper reports the patterns of current movement in the East Johore Strait and Kuala Johore, based on the harmonic analyses on the current velocity data obtained from series of 24-hour surveys at 10 stations. In both the East Johore Strait and Kuala Johore, the patterns of tidal current at the surface and near bottom are very similar. During flood tide, the tidal current transports water from the Kuala Johore into the East Johore Strait; during ebb tide, the tidal current reverses its direction of flow. In southern Kuala Johore, the tidal current during flood water moves westwards; this direction being opposite to that at ebb tide. Both the surface and near bottom tidal currents in Kuala Johore are stronger than those in the East Johore Strait and in both areas, ebb flows are stronger than flood flows and surface current are stronger than near bottom currents. The residual current is also stronger in the Kuala Johore than in the East Johore Strait. In the East Johore Strait, this net current moves seawards at the upper layer and towards the Causeway at near bottom. In contrast, the surface and near bottom water in the Kuala Johore are continuously transported southwards into the Singapore Strait.
RS 24
ICLARM
The costal resources management profile of the Upper South,
Thailand.
1987 16 pp
Tropical coastal area management, ICLARM, Vol. 2; No. 2
The Upper South region, covering an area of about 52,600 km2, is situated at the upper part of the Malay Peninsula. The region, chosen as one of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations - United States Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP) sites, comprises the provinces of Surat Thani, Phuket, Phang-nga and a portion of Krabi. But the main foci of activities are the Ban Don Phang-nga Bay area in the Andaman Sea side. The Upper South lies in a rich tinbearing granite belt that extends from Indonesia to Thailand. Two major faults occuring in North-South and Northeast - Southwest directions strongly influence the topography of the region especially on the river basin within Phang-nga. The climate is tropical, and both coasts experience dry season in February and March. The southwest monsoon triggers rainfall in the west coast from April to September. Moderate rainfall occurs in the east coast but intensifies in November at the onset of the northeast monsoon.
RS 25
DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN DEVELOPMENT, INDIA
Department of Ocean Development, Government of India, New Delhi.
Annual Report 1986–87.
1988 76 pp
Dept. of Ocean Develp., Govern. of India, New Delhi, 1988
Contents of the annual report: surveys for living and non-living resources, desalination and marine chemicals, deep seabed exploration, manpower development, antarctic research programme, marine environment -control of pollution, scientific investigations on wave climate, wave regulation and power, ocean thermal energy conversion, development of underwater technology, all India coordinated projects, international collaboration, participation in international conferences, exhibitions and fairs, organization and finance.
RS 26
LISITZIN, A.P.
Principles of geological mapping of marine sediments, with special
reference to the African continental margin.
1986 101 pp
UNESCO reports in marine science, No. 37, 1986
The present study is devoted to theoretical and practical problems of geological mapping of the sea floor. The objective of the work is to give, in a relatively small volume, an introduction to geological mapping procedures at continental margins, as well as some practical recommendations taking as an example the African region which is among the least studied regions of the world. Geological mapping, including mapping of the ocean floor, is the first necessary step to a prognosis of the existence of different mineral deposits; it serves also as a basis to their prospecting. In the first place it is applied to so called sedimentary mineral deposits such as construction materials, heavy minerals, phosphates, etc. Marine geological mapping required knowledge of the main environmental processes which from bottom sediments and determine their composition. Hence the initial section of this work on the basic mechanisms of sedimentary processes provide the basis for the following chapters which are devoted to mapping techniques and sediment nomenclature. The reader will find here the principles for analytical mapping using quantitative methods for the measuring of those parameters which determine the concerned types of sediment. The paper also gives rules for sediment classification and nomenclature. The closing chapters are devoted to the distribution and composition of bottom sediments near the shores of Africa, the modern and ancient relationships between sediments and the environment, as well as other topics.
RS 27
BURBRIDGE, P.R., KOESOEBIONO, DIRSCHL, H. and B. PATTON
Coastal zone management in the Strait of Malacca.
1988 317 pp
Proc. Sym. on Env. Res. Coastal Zone Manag. Strait of Malacca,
11–13 Nov. 1985, Medan, Indonesia, Dalhousie Univ., Canada 1988
In Indonesia, the coastal zone plays a significant and vital role in the country's economic and social development. Nearly all the country's major cities are sited in the coastal areas. Indonesia also has some of the world's most extensive mangrove and coral reef areas. Aquaculture is widely practised and more than 8 million people in rural coastal communities make their livelihood from fisheries. Furthermore, in this nation of almost 14,000 islands, the development and management of ports and harbours, domestic and international ship traffic control, and other aspects of sea communication are very important concerns. Still other uses of the coastal zone include industry, tourism, agriculture, waste disposal, mining and petroleum development. The widespread use of this zone has not been without its costs. If there is to be sustainable development in the coastal areas, both the potentials and limitations of activities within it must be identified. With the realization that tropical coastal areas can be, and are, readily damaged by inappropriate uses comes a call for co-ordinated planning and regulations. The coastal zone of the Strait of Malacca is of special interest since a wide variety of resources and environmental conditions are present, and the rapid rate of development in this region has created a need for improved coastal resource management strategies. How such strategies will emerge is a matter which will be determined by dialogue between the central and local governments, and with technical inputs from many agencies. University environmental study centres have been established as a source of expertise which can be tapped by all levels of government. This publication has been prepared as output from one of the first joint efforts among environmental centres in Sumatra to examine coastal and marine problems. It is intended to provide a current perspective on available information for planning.
