It is interesting to note that there has been a previous experimental trawl survey conducted in Pulau Tujuh waters during December 1972. During this survey two units of Taiwanese pair trawlers (with a combined power of 1100 hp) took a total of 92 hauls in waters in the southern portion of Pulau Tujuh. Refer to Fig 1 for their locations. Catch rates for both units operating south of Midai had remarkably similar catch rates averaging 311.5 kg/hr. Further details by vessel are seen in Tables 13 and 14.
The catch was comprised of high quality fish in both locations. Red snapper, Lutjanus sp. average 25% of the total catch throughout the area sampled followed by Nemipterids (Threadfin Breams) which comprised about 12% of the catch. Other high quality species including Priacanthus sp (Bigeyes), Upeneus (Goatfish), Carangids (Jacks) and Saurida sp (Lizardfish) totalled 32% of the catch, while trash fish accounted for only 6% of the total during the survey. Table 14 shows the species composition obtained by one of the trawl units, the MS Dah Choan expressed in boxes (each box 28– 30 kg). Further details of the trawl survey can be found in Report PL 029/ 72 of the Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Jakarta.
The bilateral Indonesia-German Demersal Fisheries Project did a short 3 day survey in the South of the Tambelan Islands, the southermost of the Pulau Tujuh group, in September 1975. They were fishing with a 316 hp twenty-four meter stern trawler Mutiara IV based at Semarang harbor Central Java. During this survey 19 hauls were taken, the mean catch was 102 kg/hr. The deep water stations, 61 meters average depth, had a lower catch rate 83 kg/hr, while the stations averaging between 34 and 41 meters depth had catches of 114 kg/hr according to data from the report prepared by Martosubroto and Pauly (1976). Although the catch rates were not found to be too high, a large percentage 27–46% of the catch in the deeper water 50–70 meters were Lutjanid species with catch rates averaging 23–36 kg/hr at these depths. Grunters, Family Pomadasydae, including Plectorhynchus sp. sweetlips, comprised almost 10% of the catch of these depths. Threadfin bream Nemipteridae, Goatfish Mullidae, Bigeyes Priacanthids and Sharks and Rays were also important components in this area.
This vessel visited the Serasan area on one occasion in 1975 but from echo sounding decided it could not fish the bottom although traces of fish were evident (SCS/76/WP/41).
Also of interest to possible future development of a deep water trawl fisheries based in the Pulau Tujuh Islands are the results obtained during two Malaysian demersal trawl surveys undertaken in 1973 and 1975. The results obtained in depths from 20 to 50 meters in the area from 110°N to 111°30'N lat. and from 2° to 3°20' E long., north of Kuching, could also be indicative of what can be expected in the waters in the Pulau Tujuh area. Catch rates by the 85 ton wooden stern trawlers of 325 and 365 Hp were as follows:
| Catch rate - kg/hr towing | ||||
| Saleable | trash and juvenile | Total | ||
| 1973 | - March | 132 | 88 | 220 |
| August | 152 | 58 | 210 | |
| 1975 | - July-August | 123 | 77 | 200 |
Trash fish were mostly commercial species that had not attained marketable size, such as Leiognathidae and some inedible fish such as Chimeras.
The composition of saleable fish caught between Kuching and Tanjung Sirik was well represented by Lutjanid (Snapper species) were the catch irrespective of depth was 19 kg/hr and over 50 kg/hr in the stations between 50–60 meters. Carangid species were over 10 kg/hr in the deeper hauls as well. Other readily marketable fish comprised the remainder of the composition in the deeper stations. Further details of these surveys can be found in the reports entitled “Demersal Fish Resources in Malaysian Waters - 9”, Fisheries Bulletin #11, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia; and “Demersal Fish Resources in Malaysian Waters - 12”, Fisheries Bulletin #14, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.
Foreign fishing activities have been active in the waters of Pulau Tujuh. Since 1975, seventeen foreign fishing vessels have been seized by the Indonesian Navy, for fishing illegally within the territorial waters of Indonesia. Most of these (10) were from Singapore and 9 employed dynamite on the reefs. Three Thailand stern trawlers, three Taiwanese and one Hong Kong longline boats were seized as well. The approximate locations where these vessels were fishing when caught has been plotted on Fig 1. It is interesting to note that during the inter-island travel by the Mission, fishing gear marker buoys (presumably foreign long lines), were observed in the area of 3° 45' N lat, and 107°30'E long. which suggests that fishing in this area is good enough to warrant taking considerable risk of property.
The Thailand research vessel Researcher II with Indonesian scientists aboard is scheduled to pass through the Natuna area from 28 June to 3 July 1977. The plan of operation while in the area is to experimental fish traps, handline jigs, squid hooks, and troll. It would be useful for the upcoming project planning to learn of the results obtained during this six- day period of experimental fishing activities.
The Identification Mission found that cultivable resources abound in the area. Seaweed resources should be assessed and their possibility for culture determined, particularly for the economic species that have demand in the world market. Turtles, another cultivable resource, is dealt with in a separate appendix of this report. Finfish species which can be suitable stock for pond - and cage-culture were investigated. Various species of marine shellfish (molluscs) were noted. These are utilized either for their shells (as ornaments) or for food. Some of the species such as the oysters and cockles are cultivable. The possible culture areas (mangroves, tidal flats, reefs, etc.) for the various cultivable resources were also examined.
Mariculture demonstration and training have been initiated at Bintan Island of the Riau Archipelago District. Although Bintan is somewhat outside the Pulau Tujuh pilot area, Tanjung Pinang, the capital of the regency of Riau Archipelago, is a centre for the administrative management and economic activities of the Seven Island group. It is also the transportation and communication centre from this island group to Jakarta and Singapore, by air and sea. Regular ferry trip at least two each day, ply to and from Singapore. There are six days of flights to and from Jakarta in a week and one water transportation call each week. Tanjung Pinang receives communication by government boat at least twice a month from the island subdistricts of Pulau Tujuh. The various subdistrict officers in Pulau Tujuh are linked by single side band communication with the District Office at Tanjung Pinang.
Initial culture trials by a foreign firm in cooperation with the Indonesian Marine Fisheries Research Institute were previously done at Pulau Telang in the Bintan area. Due to some logistic difficulties this work with the foreign firm was stopped in June 1976. However, the local branch of the Institute is continuing with the work and expanding its activities. It has at present one technical man in the area, an office and laboratory space within the harbour compound, and few general staff personnel. The work of the Institute branch can be enhanced if it could be adopted as counterpart agency of the Programme in its work in this pilot area. Commercial species with good marketing possibilities like Eucheuma spinosum will be tested. Of course other commercial species could also be tried. The idea is to put up small unit demonstration plots and develop this small-scale aquaculture activity as source of additional income and employment for the coastal population. At the same time, the results of these tests can later be used in the Pulau Tujuh area. The Bintan site is favoured by its proximity to Singapore, the main outlet for commercial seaweeds from this area.
Training is an important element of the demonstration unit. Suitable habitats and species of economic seaweeds are available in the Pulau Tujuh pilot area, but the fishery officers in the various subdistricts are not trained to identify and handle the collected seaweeds. These fishery officers as well as prospective seaweed farmers will be trained to recognize the seaweeds, collect and preprocess them so that they could be ready for the market. Training will also be given on how to culture the major species should the need for such activity arise. The budgetary requirements to start this activity is given (Table 12).
Cage culture of marine finfish has been successfully conducted in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Singapore and Hong Kong are good markets for cage-raised groupers, bass and snappers. Singapore is only 2-1/2 to 4 hours from Tanjung Pinang by regular ferry. Groupers, seabass and snappers are found along the coasts of Bintan and vicinities and the juveniles could be obtained from fishermen if a market demand for them is available. Fishing boats in the area catch large amount of trash fish which can be used as fish feed for the cage-raised fish (Table 3).
The Marine Fisheries Research Institute Branch at Tanjung Pinang has in its 1978 programme the initiation of fish cage culture. Already preliminary sites for the work have been pinpointed. Additional assistance for this activity can be given by the Programme. It could be started as a demonstration for small units to coastal fishermen and farmers. It could also be used to train the fishery officers in the Pulau Tujuh subdistrict. A cooperative or association can be formed by these coastal population in order to obtain maximum benefits in the marketing of their crop and avoid the interference of middlemen. The Singapore market which is very proximate to this area can be exploited for this type of product.
Groupers, seabass and snappers, all species amenable for cage culture, are found in the Pulau Tujuh pilot area. At the present time some of this fish can still be captured from the island reefs which abound in the area. However, with increasing exploitation and if the infrastructures for quick transport facilities can be established between the islands and Jakarta and Singapore through Tanjung Pinang, these high quality food fish can find ready and well-priced market. Besides the common practice of many villages in the area of extending along the shoreline or being built on stilts favours the development of this practice as a household or small-scale family size activity. In this case the cages can even be used not only as culture cages but also as conditioning or holding cages for catches from natural waters while awaiting transport to the market. Training to do cage culture will be required in anticipation of the advent of the needed infrastructure. In the meantime, if the demonstration and training unit is established at the Bintan area, as this is readily accessible to the Jakarta and Singapore markets, economic and technical feasibility studies of this activity can be started with this initial demonstration unit.
The budgetary requirements to establish this fish cage demonstration and training unit in Bantan Island are given (Table 14).
Extensive mangrove swamps aggregating over 14 000 ha exist in the Bintan area and surrounding islands. In the bigger islands of the Pulau Tujuh group coastal and estuarine patches of mangrove swamps are also found. Areas of consequential extent are found in Natuna, Subi, Serasan, Siantan, and Tambelan Islands, but there is no available data on their acreage (Table 8).
Some of the mangrove areas in Pulau Tujuh were visited to determine their potential for the development of brackishwater fishponds (tambaks). There are no sizeable rivers in the area but there are few relatively small streams and creeks. The mangroves are limited in breadth to coastal or estuarine strips. The soil in the sites is mainly sandy with coralline rock substratum and heavily loaded with peat. The soil can be very acidic and only in few areas may clayey soil be encountered.
There is some interest in tambak development in Pulau Tujuh as shown by one private party who started development of an area in Sedanau, West Bunguran subdistrict. Undoubtedly few patches of the mangrove area may be suitable sites for ponds, but these are limited and widely dispersed. However, as previously mentioned, the mangrove sites in the Pulau Tujuh group can serve a very useful purpose if left as they are. On the other hand, part of the extensive mangrove swamps in the Bintan group of islands can be developed into tambaks. This is especially true for the relatively more extensive mangroves in Bintan, Rempang, Galang, Batam, Bulan, Karimun, Kundur and Combol Islands. It is expected that of the 14 400 ha of mangrove in this area at least 10 percent or over 1 000 ha may be suitable for this purpose.
Tidal conditions in this area based on Kijang, Bintan Island reference station appear suitable. Maximum fluctuation is about 2 m with normal daily fluctuation of about 1 m.
The District Fishery Service at Tanjung Pinang has already started to put up a small unit brackishwater demonstration pond near this town consisting of about 1 ha. This District Office should be encouraged and supported by the Directorate General of Fisheries to improve and expand this present project into a 1 to 5-ha demonstration unit or locate and establish a new one in this general area. This project may start off patterned after the shrimp trapping ponds of Singapore and Malaysia and as local experience is gained, the management can be intensified to increase production. Penaeid shrimp and finfish (mullet and/or milkfish, if available) can be used as stocking material. Shrimp production through this method has good local market or it can also be exported to nearby Singapore.
The government demonstration pond is at present in a state of disrepair and needs to be rehabilitated. Therefore, provisions for its proper management and maintenance need to be provided.
Indonesia has an ongoing FAO/UNDP technical assistance project, the Brackishwater Fish and Shrimp Culture Applied Research and Training Project at Jepara, Central Java. Staff of the Riau Archipelago District Office and prospective tambak farmers from this district can be trained under the training scheme of this project. Also, the technical personnel of this assisted national project will be able to render the required technical assistance. With even very limited additional personnel and support staff plus funds for facilities and rehabilitation of the ponds, this activity at Tanjung Pinang can be reactivated. The budget required for this activity is given (Table 15).
The shellfish (mollusc) resources in Pulau Tujuh are very varied and are collectively of consequential economic importance. Data on this resources is very limited although it is a common knowledge that sea shells of commerce mainly as ornamental shells are gathered seasonally in the various islands of the Pulau Tujuh area. The gathering is confined during the south and west monsoons in April to October and by gatherers from outside the region such as from Madura. A few species are used locally as food.
A partial list of the species mentioned are the following:
Species gathered for ornamental shells
Placuna placenta (Placunidae)
Edible species
In the Pulau Tujuh pilot area, all the above species are gathered from natural grounds. As they are still available from the wild there appears to be no necessity for their culture. However, the resource is interesting for its varied and unique nature. Detailed resource survey will be required by an expert knowledgeable of this resource so that the magnitude can be assessed, economic forms identified and conservation for those that are most heavily exploited can be initiated.
Of the above species the Crassostrea spp. (oysters) and Anadara sp. (cockle) are amenable for culture. As a long-range programme initiation of their culture may be started, should a market demand for this commodities arise. The budget required for shellfish resource survey is given (Table 16).
In the following paragraphs the findings in the different subdistricts visited are summarized.
Jemaja is part of the Anambas group of islands of the Riau Archipelago District (Regency), Riau Province, Indonesia. It consists of ten named islands and islets with Letung as its capital town and has seven villages. It has a population of 6 400 with land area of 220 km2 or a population density of about 29 per km2 (Table 1).
The main source of livelihood is agriculture consisting mainly of coconut growing and also cloves, rubber, besides rice and corn. Fishing in this area is of secondary importance with 20 percent of the total population engaged as part-time subsistence fishermen. The main species of fish caught are small tunas, seabass, grouper, snapper, Spanish mackerel, etc.
The subdistrict has strips of mangrove swamps along the southern coast where a small tidal stream opens into the sea. The bottom in this area is reported to be muddy and abounds with various species of shellfish. The area, however, may be very limited for tambak development.
No seaweed resources exploitation is reported in the area. However, collection of edible bird's nests which sells well for the making of the very popular Chinese soup is also a consequential industry in this sub-district. The concession for this resource is valued at Rp 465 000 per year.
No commercial seaweed resources were noted in Jemaja but there are reports of exploitation in Siantan subdistrict through the extension work of the local unit of the Fisheries Service of which there is a staff of three. Two Kampongs, Tabang and Ladan, reported collection from wild of Eucheuma sp. The village chief of Tabang reported one barrel (200-liter) collected in coral reef passage near this Kampong in early 1977 (April) and sold to buyers from Tanjung Pinang for shipment to Singapore.
There are mangrove areas reported in one area of the coves along Matak Island. An ocular survey showed that these are narrow coastal strips with sandy rocky bottoms. The extent is very limited.
No seaweed collection has yet been initiated in this subdistrict but grounds around the island appears to be good habitat for seaweed. A more thorough survey is required and marketing of the product should be looked into.
There is some interest in salt water pond culture. An enterprising private person is trying to build ponds right near the centre of Sedanau village, started but unfinished. The ponds are small and coral rocks are used for diking. The soil is sandy with heavy load of peaty organic matter which makes the place unsuitable. The tidal amplitude is also listed as small (less than 1 m) in this area, so that the elevation of prospective pond sites should be closely investigated.
There are many small creeks along the southeast coast of the main Natuna Island. Here fairly extensive mangrove areas are found along the mouths of these creeks. These are, however, narrow coastal or estuarine strips of tidal streams and the soil is either sandy or peaty and unsuitable for good fishpond development.
It is of interest that Natuna Island, both west and east coast, have mangrove areas. The extent has not been assessed and neither the local or central government has estimates of the hectarage of these mangroves. The presence of inland streams that open to the sea provide coastal estuaries for development of mangroves. Sample survey through visit to two of these areas show poor sandy, rocky and peaty soil and in some instances elevated topography. But the mangroves are presently not exploited and are serving good purpose by providing a balancing effect on the ecology of these local habitats.
In East Bunguran, Sungai Ulo is supposed to have Macrobrachium, but we were unable to take samples. It is reported that there is no actual catching of the species as it is not relished by the people for food. It is also reported that freshwater catfish is present in this river but is also not exploited for food.
Seaweeds is of less significance. Formerly what the local people call agar-agar was being collected growing on coral rocks and used as food. But coral rocks are now being extensively collected for paving of roads and airport runway and this source of seaweed growth has been practically eliminated and no seaweed gathering is now being done. The seaweed species has been identified as probably a species of Chondrus.
Serasan consists of two big villages, Serasan and Subi which are also the two major islands of this subdistrict. The land area is about 200 km2 and population of 6 000. Cloves is a major crop. There are also coconuts, rubber and fishing.
Fishing is a secondary industry supplying household food needs. Processed (salt/fermented) anchovies is exported. Turtle egg is a major resource (discussed in Note 3).
Seaweed of the genus Hypnea is collected in small amounts for local food. No commercial species have been identified for trade but it is possible that there are commercial farms in the extensive reef areas around the island of this subdistrict. More thorough survey will be required.
Sea shells are collected for export and collectors from outside the subdistrict, reported as mainly from Madura, come seasonally to collect trochus shells. Edible birds nest and trepang are also objects of commerce.
The two bigger islands, Subi and Serasan, have mangrove areas distributed along the mouths of small tidal creeks found in these islands. There is no estimate of the area available; the mangrove areas are presently conserved and it would be of advantage if these are kept so. There appears to be no necessity of converting these into fishponds since there are still sufficient fish from the sea for the community needs. In the upper reaches of Subi streams, Macrobrachium is reported to be present. This is not relished and therefore there is no exploitation reported at the present time.
According to a recent synopsis of data on the ‘conservation status’ of sea turtles in the Indo-West Pacific Region (Polunin, 1975), very large population remain in Indonesia, but there are many indications of important recent declines in these population resulting from human activities. These human activities are notably heavy fishing for adult turtles and overharvesting of eggs on nesting beaches with only a few compensatory measures taken to insure replenishment of the resource on a sustained yield basis. Although there is no nationwide legislation in existence at the moment, plans are being made to formulate effective and enforceable turtle management laws. Dr. Ismu Sutanto Suwelo, IUCN Marine Turtle Group Representative from Indonesia reported that legislation to protect the leatherback turtle Dermochelys will be enacted into law later in 1977 or early 1978.
The only quantitative data found on turtle egg production was a paper prepared by Somadikarta (1972). In the English summary of this paper he lists the tender cost to rent the beach and the daily egg production for four main turtle egg collecting regions in the country. His figures are as follows:
| Rentable nesting beaches | Production (egg/day) | Rental fee/year | ||
| West Kalimantan | 1 000 | Rp | 65 000 | 1962 |
| East Kalimantan | 11 000 | Rp | 1 000 000 | 1961 |
| West Java-Sukabumi | 3 500 | Rp | 560 000 | 1961 |
| East Java | 600 | Rp | 35 120 | 1961 |
| Riau | 10 000 | M$ | 28 530 | 1961 |
Dr. Somadikarta in the summary of his paper also stated that five genera of marine turtle exist in Indonesian waters and proposed the following points in his 1962 paper: (i) prohibit the catching of sea turtles, (ii) regulate nesting beach exploitation on a countrywide basis using the good example set forth at Berau in East Kalimantan, (iii) for the benefit of nature preservation, government income and to increase the peoples' income in turtle regions, it is advisable to have a well-organized survey, research, and management programme. Dr. Somadikarta, who is a lecturer at University of Indonesia, is also a member of the IUCN Marine Turtle Group, other members include Dr. Ahdulrahis (University of Indonesia) and Dr. Njoman Sumertha who proposed a Green Ranching project at Pulau Serangan Bali and worked up the basis for legislation aimed at sea turtle conservation. He and Dr. Dedy Sudarmi, who both work for Fisheries Department (IPB) Bogor, are the other two members of the five-man team.
Engineer Kudrat Ikasaputra from the Regional Fisheries Office, Bandung, West Java, is said to be the one most currently involved in turtle research in Indonesia. His main activity is artificial rearing turtle eggs but depending on wild brood stock to supply the eggs. Reburying collected eggs in more protected sites has been successful since 1964 with as high as 73 percent hatching rates was reported in an Indonesian Forestry Magazine (1964).
The present status of the turtle resource in Indonesian waters and the Pulau Tujuh and Riau was discussed with Dr. Ismu Suwelo. He stated that not much was known about the present turtle situation in Riau but if he were to rank the top three turtle nesting areas in Indonesia today, he would rank them as following in order of importance; Berau in northeast Kalimantan, Riau, and West Java. Until recently, the areas around Bali were also very important. Rehabilitation of the turtle resource is seen by Dr. Suwelo as the most critical situation today.
In the following sections, observations of marine turtles in the Pulau Tujuh areas visited are discussed.
In Letung during interviews with the subdistrict officer it was learned that turtle nesting in the area is abundant and that a substantial number of eggs are collected yearly from the outlying turtle islands. Yearly concessions on the turtle beaches are granted to the highest bidder(s). During 1977 only one concession was granted for the sum of Rp 525 0001. This concessionaire thus has exclusive right to export eggs collected on his beaches, and there is no limit to the amount he can collect.
The concessionaire then hires out collectors and pays them a flat fee of Rp 1.5 per egg collected. Eggs are available at Letung which are considered a delicacy and retail at Rp 10 each for the small ones and Rp 15 for a large egg. When exported to Tanjung Pinang, the eggs (any size) bring a price of Rp 25 each. Turtle eggs are eaten in the area, but no evidence was given to indicate that turtle meat is eaten in this mainly Moslem community.
It was stated by the subdistrict official that it is difficult to obtain reliable statistics on the turtle production since the collectors in Keramut, a community located in the region of the highest turtle nesting, send their eggs directly to Tanjung Pinang without any inspection. It is roughly estimated that not less than 50 000 eggs are gathered yearly. A programme to collect statistics has been instituted this year and production figures for the first three months were available from tax figures which totalled 20 767 eggs (January 2 500; February 7 990; March 10 227).
1 Rp is the symbol for Indonesian rupiah Rp 415 = US$1 (July 1977)
The Subdistrict Officer and local fishermen stated two kinds of turtles nest in the area, they are probably green turtle Chelonia mydas and the hawksbill Eretmochylys and/or ridely turtles Lepidochelys possibly nesting as well. There are also two distinct laying seasons evidently the smaller species concentrate their laying activity between March–June, while the greens nest mainly from June to November with September-November the best turtle gathering months. There is some overlap between the two species as well. During the north monsoon December-February, turtle egg collecting is greatly limited because of the rough weather making access to the turtle islands difficult.
Turtle nesting is most common on Daroe island off the west coast of Jemaja, Pinanang and Ajam, two islands of the northeast coast, and some nesting occuring on the beaches of Impel and Anak Islands, the small Islands north of Anak and Moeboer. Anak, Moeboer and Kramoet also have turtle nestings, as does Mangkai. Mangkai, the most important turtle island of this subdistrict, was passed enroute to our visit to Tarempa in the early evening and it had a light house on it along with several permanent dwellings. People were walking around the beach with lights probably gathering eggs. Unfortunately, time did not permit an investigation of this island.
The tender for collecting turtles is similar to the same procedure as followed at Jemaja subdistrict discussed previously. The concession fee for 1977 was Rp 1 300 000 and granted to a Serasan turtle exporter. The turtle collectors receive a flat fee of Rp 1.5 per egg collected. The eggs are exported either to Tanjung Pinang or to Serasan from where they are shipped for marketing in West Kalimantan and Sarawak.
There has been some tagged turtles seen nesting from other areas according to the fisheries officers but they did not remember where they were tagged.
No valid estimate of turtle egg production was available nor were any past statistics to be found. But an estimate of at least 1 to 2 million eggs collected from this area can be made from the concession figures. The nesting season seems to be similar to Jemaja with the smaller species nesting in the first six months with the green turtle nesting mainly from July to December.
The main turtle islands in the subdistrict were reported to be Durai (uninhabited), Pahit, Pendjalin.
Although live turtles are said not to be collected since there is a law against it, we saw one fishing boat with a live adult turtle aboard during a field trip to visit some of the seaweed areas, showing evidence that this law is not always obeyed.
As in the area discussed previously, there is a dearth of information on the biology, migratory behaviour, ecology, and exploitation level of marine turtles in the Siantan subdistrict.
The islands located off the western shores of Natuna and north of Natuna are abundant in turtle resources. The concessionaires have permits to exploit turtles in the subdistrict. The 1977 tenders were Rp 195 000 to harvest in Kolarik area mainly Pulau Bugan and Pulau Panjang and a second tender of Rp 160 000 to collect in Pulau Laut. The egg production seems to be dropping according to the Subdistrict Officer and last year was thought to be better although no statistics are being collected. Unlike the other areas discussed thus far, the collector is not paid a flat rate, but gets 50 percent of the local retail value or Rp 7.5 per egg as compared to Rp 1.5 in other areas. The higher price obtained by the collector is thought to be due to lower production. The price paid locally for turtle eggs did not vary from the other sub-districts already discussed and was Rp 15 each compared to the Rp 25 each paid for a chicken egg. Although turtle eggs widely eaten in Pulau Tujuh, they still are not valued as high as chicken eggs, since they contain no albumen and consequently cannot be used in baking and the preparation of many dishes requiring the egg white to thicken. The main value lies in the export market where they are highly priced by the Chinese communities as a food delicacy.
The eggs are marketed to three regions, Tanjung Pinang, Semarang in Central Java and West Kalimantan.
Nesting is reported to occur every month except December and January with peak seasons between June and July. There may be nesting during the north monsoon as well but here again weather may limit the collecting. The Fisheries Officer said that the majority of the eggs collected were from the green turtles in this area.
The turtle concession here was reported to be Rp 75 000 for 1977, the lowest in the subdistricts visited. The production of turtle eggs is decreasing yearly according to the Subdistrict Officer. Here as in Sedanau the collector is also paid on a 50/50 share basis of the local market price by the concessionaire. Most of the eggs are consumed locally.
The main species collected are probably hawksbill eggs since they were said to be ‘little eggs’. Four main islands are harvested: Pulau Senoea, Pulau Kemudi, Pulau Djantai, and one unknown, along with some nesting along the isolated beaches on the northeast coast as well.
The island of Senoea was visited by the Mission to observe the nesting habitat and level of turtle nesting activity. This island was said to be the best turtle nesting area in the subdistrict according to the local fisheries officers. The nesting beaches viewed were well-suited to successful turtle nesting with high beaches to protect them from tidal inundation, workable sand for successful laying with adequate drainage and exposure to sunlight. It was estimated that approximately 100 nests per month were laid on this island over the past three months and during the evening before our observation three nests appeared to have been laid, and all harvested. The island is far from being isolated since it is well cultivated with palm trees and the nesting area had evidence of much human activity. Probably few turtle nests remain undiscovered to hatch with all the activity around.
Unfortunately, the situation we saw on this island may be more the norm than the exception from the information we have gathered. Disturbance of nesting beaches with land development or merely walking the beaches at night with lights frighten away potential nesting females from their ancestral beaches at night, while intense collecting limits the chances of any turtles hatching naturally to replenish the mortality of old turtles.
Serasan subdistrict is the most important turtle egg gathering area in the Pulau Tujuh group according to the information gathered. For 1977, nine persons paid a total of Rp 10.6 million in turtle concession fees. Over 50 Indonesians tendered for these concessions, indicating that turtle egg export is very profitable in this area.
Turtle eggs retail at a higher price of Rp 25 as do chicken eggs which sell for Rp 75 (3 times as high as in the other subdistricts). As in other areas visited, turtle meat is not eaten. The overall cost of living seemed higher in Serasan, as did the standard of living. It was reported that it is difficult to find turtle eggs for sale in Serasan since the bulk of them are exported to Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, where they are sold for Rp 35 each. Serasan is not an export port but it has become a local policy to permit the export of turtle eggs directly there, entailing two trips per month by small carrying approximately 20 000 eggs per trip. One concessionaire reported during the course of the inverview that he collects 200 000 eggs per year or 550 per day from his permit area located along the north coast of Serasan Island. His permit fee is Rp 2 million a year which indicates his yearly harvest figure may be low. Therefore if we use his statement as a basis for a production figure, we have 8 × 200 000 equal to 1.6 million eggs a year from this subdistrict. His estimated harvest during the peak season, August-September, is 40 000 eggs per month, while his harvest estimate over the remaining months was around 10 000 to 20 000 per month. He also reported having seen some turtles that had been tagged in Sarawak. Most of the turtles collected were belived to be greens according to the egg size obtained. The Fisheries Officer from the subdistrict stated that small size eggs comprised less than 10 percent of the production.
It is interesting to note that the Subdistrict Officer from this area brought out the fact that there is a provincial management regulation written into the concession stating that for every Rp 150 000 of concession fee collected the concessionaire is obliged to leave one nest undisturbed in order to hatch naturally. This means leaving about 66 nests for the Rp 10 million concession fees paid, or the equivalent of 6 600 hatchings (at 100 per nest) per year assuming no egg infertility.
A list of the turtle islands in Serasan and the 1977 license fee levied follows below:
Turtle Concession Fees - Serasan Subdistrict
| Island | 1977 Concession Fee |
| P. Serasan (2) | Rp 2 299 000 |
| P. Bungin | 2 579 895 |
| P. Perhantu | 2 525 000 |
| P. Sempadi | 1 230 000 |
| P. Genting | 400 000 |
| P. Semuluk | 270 000 |
| P. Mambat | 830 000 |
| P. Tudan | 426 000 |
| Total | Rp 10 559 895 |
Polunin, N.V.C., 1975 Sea turtles, Reports on Thailand, West Malaysia and Indonesia, with synopsis on the “conservation status” of sea turtles in the Indo-West Pacific Region. 113p.
Somadikarta, S., 1962 Penju laut di Indonesia. In Kongress Ilmu Pengetahuan Nasional 2, 21–28 Oktober 1962; Jogjakarta, Seksi C (Biologi) literbitkam oleki: Madjelis, Ilmu Pengetahuan, Indonesia, Djakarta
Swallow nests (Gembili) are actively collected in the Pulau Tujuh area where they exist and this group while not quite marine is associated with the marine environment and is therefore considered. Harvesting this resource is subject to concession as well. We learned that 1977 concession for the swallow islands southwest of Djemaja was Rp 465 000. Siantan swallow nesting areas were leased for Rp 1 300 000 this year, while the swallow nests located mainly on the western islands of the Serasan group and around Semaluk on the northwest coast of Serasan were rented at Rp 305 000 this year. The price for birds nests are said to export at Rp 2 000 per kg. The product is destined mainly for Singapore and Kuching. No information on the population status of the resource is available or the ecology of the swallows exploited in this area.
Dungongs or “Sea Cows” (Class Mammalia, Family Sirenia) are still to be found in the waters of northwest (off Boeton Island and west of Sekeram River) and northeast Natuna and also said to be present in the Tambelan group as well. The population size of the groups living in these areas is thought to be very low, although the officers from Ranai say they are sometimes fairly abundant with groups of perhaps 20 seen during the north monsoon. This may be the only group. Everyone interviewed said they were not molested or killed for their meat. This interesting animal if it can be conserved which is urgently needed not only in Natuna but throughout its range and perhaps brought back to levels approaching its former abundance would perhaps be a useful food item for man in the future aside from its utility in the ecosystem where it is an efficient cropper of very coarse vegetation not normally eaten by many other herbivorous consumers.
Crocodiles once existed along the rivers of the larger islands according to an 85-year old guide we met. They were caught for their skins which sold at Rp 2 000 for a baby skin to be used for handbags. Some small populations may still exist on Subi Island which is still said to be undeveloped.
Some jig fishing with lures for squid and cuttlefish is done in the Siantan area. This fishing method is thought insignificant in the area, however cephalopods, cuttlefish Sepia sp., are also caught in beach traps. Squids are also caught at night with scoop nets during the anchovy season. The meat is used in local dishes, there does not seem to be any prohibition about eating them as in some Moslem countries.
Sea cucumbers are reportedly abundant in many of the reef areas over sandy bottom. The main catching method is by either hand collecting or diving. In the Pendjalin area of Siantan, there are four men diving for sea cucumbers with hard hats or using a weighted spear on a line much like the method used in the Pacific. The best season for collecting is reported to be in July. The dried black species sells for Rp 200 to Rp 800 while the white species sells at from anywhere between Rp 1 200 and Rp 3 000 per kg dried. Trepang as it is known locally is exported to Singapore via Tanjung Pinang, Jakarta and other parts of Java and to Kalimantan and Kuching.
Sharks, guitarfish and stingrays are caught incidentally while fishing for other species in the Pulau Tujuh area. Some people eat the meat but it is not universally liked. The fins of the sharks, and especially the guitarfish Rhynchobatis djiddensis are dried and sent to Singapore or Kuching. Some are consumed locally in Ranai and probably also elsewhere in the study area. Shark oil, shark teeth (as ornamental export items), or shark skin (for leather goods) is not being made use of yet in the area.
| 21 June 1977 Jakarta, Indonesia |
Admiral Iman Sardjono
Director General
Directorate General of Fisheries
Jakarta, Indonesia
Dear Admiral Sardjono:
Pursuant to the agreement reached during the meeting in your office 20 June 1977, please find attached a Draft Summary Report of our mission titled “A Marine Resource Survey Identification Mission to the Pulau Tujuh (Seven Islands) area of Riau Province, Indonesia”, for your information and comment.
All six mission members reviewed this draft on the day of the meeting and agreed to its contents.
Your early comment on this draft will be appreciated for our guidance in the preparation of the detailed proposal which will follow shortly.
Sincerely yours,
For the Team Leader:
| (Sgd) | H.R. Rabanal | |
| (Sgd) | P.S. Walczak (Mission Members) |
A Marine Resource Survey Identification Mission to the Pulau Tujuh (Seven Islands) Area of Riau Province, Indonesia
W.R. Murdoch, Team Leader – Senior Fishery Industrial Development Expert, SCSP Dr. H.R. Rabanal, Fishery Officer (Aquaculture Development), SCSP P. Walczak, Marine Biologist, SCSP Dr. Gatot Rahardjo, Faculty of Fisheries, Diponegoro University, Semarang Hasan Mubarak, Biologist, Seaweed Culture, Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Jakarta Ben B. Abdul Malik, District Fisheries Officer, Tanjung Pinang and Pulau Tujuh
| 7 June (Tue) | - | Briefing with Directorate of Fisheries staff, Jakarta |
| 8 June (Wed) | - | Briefing with Directorate of Fisheries staff, Jakarta, also FAO/UNDP Fisheries Project, Director, Marine Fisheries Research Institute and interview with master/owners of trawler, Jakarta |
| 9 June (Thu) | - | Travel to Tanjung Pinang and briefing with District adminis- tration and fisheries personnel, also finalize trawl arrange- ments with P.T. Karya Mina |
| 10 June (Fri) | - | Travel to Pulau Tujuh area aboard M.V. Karya Mina II, |
| 18 June (Sat) | as follows | |
| 11 June (Sat) | - | Interviews and assessment - Letung, Jemaja |
| 12 June (Sun) | - | Night travel and interview and assessment, Tarempa, Siantan |
| 13 June (Mon) | - | Night travel and interview and assessment, Sedanau, West Bunguran |
| 14 June (Tue) | - | Sedanau district in morning, travel to Ranai in afternoon |
| 15 June (Wed) | - | Interviews and assessment - Ranai, East Bunguran |
| 16 June (Thu) | - | Interviews and assessment - Serasan |
| 17 June (Fri) | - | Travel to Tanjung Pinang |
| 18 June (Sat) | - | Travel to Tanjung Pinang and debriefing |
| 19 June (Sun) | - | Travel to Jakarta |
| 20 June (Mon) | - | Jakarta - debriefing with Department of Fisheries staff |
The South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme (SCSP) is being extended to assist participating countries in the development of the resources improvement of the social and economic position of those engaged in the small-scale fisheries sector. The rationale is to determine the extent of the resource, and if under-exploited, to develop same by demonstration and training techniques using a “pilot project” or concentrated, integrated and related activities in a chosen community. If the results are positive, then other communities or areas can also benefit by using the same or similar techniques.
The Pulau Tujuh (Seven Islands) area of Riau Province, the Directorate of Fisheries of Indonesia requested the SCS Programme to formulate a fishery survey of the area of the seven sub-districts (numbers –) said to be comprised of over a thousand islands in the Anambas, Natuna, Serasan, Midai and Tambelan Island groups, located in the South China Sea bounded by 0°N lat. at the south, 5°N lat. in the north, 105° long. to the West and 110°E long. on the east.
The survey should be primarily oriented toward the ultimate development of the small scale fisheries, not only by capture, but also gathering or culture. The identification mission was therefore expanded from the original limited concept of marine capture fisheries to include a preliminary survey of mangrove areas, seaweed and turtle egg collection, and any other possibilities that could lead to improving the earning ability of the local people employed in the fishery sector. During the briefing in Jakarta on 7 June, it was also suggested that the survey be expanded to be area wide, and not limited to areas accessible only to small scale fishing units.
The mission was comprised of six members with diversified expertise, all having a practical and knowledgeable approach to the area, the project design, and the constraints that soon became apparent The time available to some members was limited, and considerably more time could have been spent in the field. As distances between ports was great, using up valuable time was of necessity spent travelling and could not be avoided due to scheduling most departures and arrivals during daylight hours. However, complete cooperation from the captain of the M.V. Karya Mina II gave us maximum usage of the limited time available.
Conclusions or alternative suggestions have been based upon personnel interviews with people in the communities, visits to areas suggested or deemed suitable for culture or collection, and a scrutiny of published data and reports. Figure I shows the area of coverage proposed for the marine finfish survey. It is readily apparent that the area can never be fully exploited by a developed small scale fishery, unless the local fishermen can work as groups and eventually own and operate vessels capable of offshore fishing, and displacing the foreign fleet that apparently has had a viable fishery in this area.
There is no intensive fishing effort by the small scale fishermen at any of the ports visited, and the fishing activities can best be described as both highly seasonal, very intermittent and complementory to other agricultural activities, and therefore of very low productivity. For obvious reasons there is no commercial fishery by Indonesian vessels (local or otherwise), but foreign vessels are known to have fished this general area for many years, but the extent of their catch is not known. However, since 1975, a total of 17 foreign vessels have been apprehended and confiscated for illegal fishing within the territorial waters of Indonesia, and the attached Fig. 1 gives an indication of the wide area covered by foreign vessels in the area to be surveyed. Thus it appears that a viable commercial fishery is already being prosecuted here by longline, trawl and illegal dynamite fishing.
The logistics in surveying demersal and pelagic species by exploratory fishing (and demonstration at the same time if possible) becomes complicated by the huge area, lack of facilities and safe harbours and anchorages, and the wide range of gear and equipment required. In addition, most of the area is beyond the scope of prosecution by small scale fishing units, both as to distance from port, and technology in catching (for example, demersal species normally caught by otter trawl in depths over 30 fathoms deep).
Secondly, little emphasis is to be placed on an assessment of offshore pelagic species, which appear to be mostly little or frigate tuna (Euthynnus affinis or Auxis spp.), and some tonggol (Thynnus tonggol). These species make up the bulk of the present catch, and reasonable catch rates are had by trolling. Apart from gill netting, other catching methods for stock assessment of these species would not be feasible at this time. The only other pelagic species of consequence appears to be archovies (Stolephorus spp.), which are caught by various methods, close to the shore only, and with a seasonal peak during June – August. This fishery also appears to be reasonably prosecuted.
It is therefore proposed to put forward several alternatives for consideration, as the SCSP budget is limited to both man months and equipment funding.
A. Construct 3 inshore fishing units basing one each at Jemaja - Siantan, Bunguran East, West, and Serasan - Subi. Duration would be for 6 months each, from March to August 1978. Each unit would be manned by a crew of three hired locally, plus a biologist (Indonesian), and masterfisherman. All would be funded by SCSP, with the masterfisherman expert in 3 types of gear (gillnet, trap, longline) rotating 2 months at each location.
The constraints seen are finding enough suitable candidates for small boats working under isolated conditions.
B. Employ 3 small units as above, plus trawl survey lasting 3 months, broken down into 5 cruises of 10 to 12 days net, covering quarter sector areas of 60 miles radius as follows; (See Figure 1).
| Tarempa | - | North West sector |
| North East sector | ||
| Sedanau | - | South West sector |
| South East sector | ||
| Ranai | - | North East sector |
C. Outfit a larger vessel (ie. - the confiscated Hong Kong vessel “Function I”), spending 9 months for the inshore survey, and 3 months trawl survey as above. Besides the outfitting, SCSP would provide the crew (10), plus a biologist and masterfishermen for 12 months duration each.
D. Charter and outfit a Directorate of Fisheries (or other agency) research or exploratory fishing vessel, or a suitable commercial vessel and crew, SCSP providing the cost (or reasonable portion) of above plus a masterfishermen and biologist for a duration of 12 months each.
Financing - Very preliminary estimates indicate that for proposal A, B or C, the expendable, non-expendable and operating costs would come within the amount of 185,000 (U.S.$) budgeted for this survey.
Government inputs - there has been no attempt to estimate the man months and costing of counterpart components to be supplied by government. One of the main contributions will be the timely support of many agencies in expediting and following up the requirements of the survey to provide goods and services in a reasonable time.
The prospects of aquaculture for some economic marine sources looks bright in the Pulau Tujuh area. Extensive habitats which appear suitable for natural growth and culture of commercial varieties of seaweeds exist around the islands. Finfish species that can be raised in cages and marketed at good price in nearby Singapore are also found in the islands. There are mangrove areas for possible brackishwater pond culture, but the promotion of this type of aquaculture will be limited by the scattered nature of these sites and the apparent unsuitable soil and tidal conditions. The culture of molluscs (oysters, clams, cockles and mussels) and other shellfish appears to also have possibilities at selected sites in the islands but this will require more detailed survey.
Seaweeds. Very little is known about the seaweed species in the Pulau Tujuh group of islands. During the visit of this mission economic species of Eucheuma, Gelidium, Gracilaria, Hypnea, Chondrus and Caulerpa were found to be present. This identification is preliminary as there has been no systematic survey of the kinds of economic species available in the area. However, the extent of favourable seaweed grounds around these islands has been found to be very extensive. The first step for development of this resource is therefore the conduct of a resource survey to determine the species present, distribution, magnitude and seasonal occurence if any. In cooperation with the appropriate local agency, technical assistance will be rendered by this Programme in the conduct of this survey. If sufficient quantities of desirable species are located can gathering and marketing be done?
During the mission it was noted that the branch office of the Marine Fisheries Research Institute at Tanjung Pinang has a continuing programme on the culture of Eucheuma seaweed near the Bintan group of islands. The South China Sea Programme would be able to support the demonstration unit of the Institute in training their field officers as well as prospective seaweed farmers in the area since the ongoing fisheries work in Pulau Tujuh is administered and monitored through the districts Fisheries Service office at Tanjung Pinang. This will enable the fisheries field workers to undertake more effective extension work on seaweeds in the area. At a later stage demonstration units may also be established in the Pulau Tujuh area, if suitable sites can be selected.
Cage culture of finfish. The Marine Fisheries Research Institute Branch at Tanjung Pinang has a modest budget to start a fish cage culture demonstration unit in the Bintan area. This is another aquaculture activity that may prove suitable for practice in the Pulau Tujuh area at a later date. The species for this work (notably groupers, seabass, snappers) are available in the area and trash fish for feed can be obtained. Villages built on stilts which are very characteristic in the Pulau Tujuh “Kampongs” are very favourable for the development of this type of culture.
The Programme will support the activities of the Marine Fisheries Research Institute in the Bintan area so that it could be later used to train the filed fisheries officers of Pulau Tujuh as well as villagers who would be interested in getting involved in this type of aquaculture.
Mangrove and Brackish Water Pond Culture. The amount of mangrove habitat in the Pulau Tujuh region appears very scattered and too limited for any worthwhile development of brackish water pond culture. The mission also found that the soil and tidal conditions in the area are not very favourable for this development. While there appears to be some interest in this work, such as the attempt to develop a “tambak” in Sedanau, Siantan Sub-district, it is felt that the mangrove in the Pulau Tujuh area can serve a more useful purpose if left unexploited. They can serve as habitats, shelters, and nurseries for the many useful marine and brackish water resources that require this habitat to complete their life cycles. They also prevent coastal sedimentation and silting and serve as wind and wave breaks during the monsoons.
The Mission noted the activities of the district fishery service at Tanjung Pinang in their efforts to develop a “tambak” demonstration unit in the Bintan area. The Bintan group of islands are reported to have some 14,400 ha of mangrove and it is expected that at least 10 percent or about 1000 ha may be suitable for future development into brackish water fishponds. It will therefore be advantageous to expand and improve this activity of the district by providing adequate support from the Directorate General of Fisheries as required. The South China Sea Programme will render the necessary technical assistance through its available staff.
Other aquaculture activities in Pulau Tujuh should include investigation of the possibilities of culturing economic molluscs and other shellfish in some of the extensive tidal mudflats and reefs found around some of the islands. The sites should be located and the appropriate species identified.
It was also reported to the mission that Macrobrachium species occur in the creeks and streams in Greater Natuna and in Subi and Serasan islands but it is not being utilized at present. The species present should be verified and the quantity available determined since this is a valuable export crop in other areas of the country.
Marine turtle are abundant in the area according to all sources interviewed during the mission. Substancial fisheries exist for harvesting turtle eggs on the nesting beaches for domestic and export consumption to Singapore and Kuching, Malaysia in such of the five sub-districts visited and are believed to be very important in Tarempa as well. Annual harvest of turtle eggs are roughly estimated to be around 3 – 5 million. Government concessions are awarded annually to the highest bidder to collect an unlimited amount of turtle eggs in each of the sub-districts. Government revenue from these concessions is substancial, reported to be 10,492,000 Indonesian Rups. (U.S. $25,600) in Serasan alone for 1976. This further indicates that the turtle resource is substancial, and the level of exploitation on this resource is significant. However the reports of the size of the turtle population and nesting activity are very conflicting and no reliable estimate of the resource can be ascertained. Neither is there any factual estimation of population trends, although the general concensus obtained through interviews is that the number of nesting turtles in the Pulau Tujuh area has been decreasing during recent years.
No scientific management program has been instituted and from our observations of the turtle islands man induced disturbance seems to be on the increase. It is encouraging to note that the mission received a report from one of the subdistrict officers that there is in effect a program written into the concession awarded to the turtle collector that states that one turtle nest must be left undisturbed to hatch for every 150,000 Rups of concession fee collected. Although this is not based on any scientific finding, it is an attempt to manage and conserve the resource. Whether this program is adequate and enforceable needs investigation. A future turtle management scheme should be based on scientific findings which may only be determined upon the completion of a detailed resource survey.
There is therefore a need to undertake a marine turtle survey and management program to obtain a reliable estimate of the population size and status of this important resource in the Pulau Tujuh Island Group considering the importance of this resource in the economy of the islands as an important local food item and an export product from the area that is highly sought and regarded in adjacent countries. Finally the indications that this resource is declining and is being adversely effected by development in the area points out the necessity of undertaking this survey as soon as possible.
The survey will also benefit the South China Sea Countries as a whole since marine turtles are a regional resource that migrate long distances for feeding and breeding. Information on the life history, ecology, unit stocks, and population trends of this resource is urgently needed in this region and the proposed survey will be a valuable input in helping to prepare a management program for marine turtles within the region.
The survey plan will consist of in depth studies of the main nesting islands of Pulau Tujuh and other islands which have historically been important as neting areas with the view of the possibility of re-introduction of nesting populations as well as exploring other islands which may show promise of having suitable habitat as future turtle rookeries.
Direct observation will be aimed at documentating the characteristics of preferred beaches, their size and location. Locating mating aggregations, counts of nesting females, the frequency of successive laying (to be determined by tagging experiments), density of laying on the beaches, successful hatching rates. The addition the level of natural and man-induced disturbance and predation on the adults and developing eggs will also be determined.
Detailed information on the extent of the nesting seasons, species present, morphimetries of the population to determine if they are distinct from the turtles in other areas to the region, and tagging experiments to determine the migratory activity of the species present will also be undertaken. Location of the main feeding areas will also be attempted.
A literature review of existing information including past records of concessions, sales in Singapore and Kuching a search for scientific papers that have applicability will also be undertaken.
The survey team will be as self-contained as possible in order to make in depth observations of turtle behavior over 12 months commencing January 1978. Most of the transport will be arranged locally through the sub-district officials and time schedule between island groups will be organized to coincide with local government transport. It is recommended that counterpart staff visit other areas in the South China Sea region to obtain information on the results of neighboring countries research and management programs of this important marine resource.
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS
Directorate of Fisheries
The first meeting was taken up with briefing discussions on the pilot project for small scale fisheries for the CIDA proposal, generally on the status of the project and finally on proposals for the Indonesia IPF not only for the programme period 1979–82 but for the balance of 1977 and 1978. The Director General of Fisheries prepared comments which were used as a basis for discussion at the second meeting (Annex).
1. The pilot project for development of the Natuna islands. It was agreed that the project be viewed as a composite one but as stock assessment is such an integral part of the small scale development, it should be integrated and appropriately phased.
2. Concerning the definition of the project area it was agreed that while the provincial direction of the fishery activities of the area would stem from Tanjung Pinang, the project activities would concentrate on the Jemaja-Siantan area and the new fishing harbour base at Tarempa as the center. The total project area would include the Pulau Tujuh (seven islands) area. The Director General of Fisheries did not favor any direct project activities centering around the Tambak project at Tanjung Pinang.
3. A satisfactory assessment of the stocks of the area should in the DGF's view include the activities of trawling and purse seining and that this should be separate from the inshore activities requiring smaller vessel(s) as outlined in the project. It should as well be indicative as to the type of vessel and gear beyond that of the small inshore vessels. The conclusions reached were that the local hire/charter of a trawler as visualized should pose no difficult problem. A purse seine platform would be more difficult but it was concluded that the government could possibly obtain the intermittent use of one of the 60-ton purse seine vessels now under construction for the State Fishing Enterprise in connection with an ADB loan if the project could provide the operating costs. Some supplementary equipment may be required. It was agreed that the use of the government vessel “Bawal Putih I” which is now equipped with acoustic detection echosounder and transducers supplied by the programme could also be utilized to supplement the assessment. Equipment such as a midwater trawl would be required however. Some time of the German demersal vessel could be included as well.
The 4 principal activities of the project as outlined by the DGF in the attached comments were accepted as an integral part of the project.
4. The aquaculture component of the project was considered satisfactory. The DGF emphasized that activities should reveal the potential of the area and that mariculture development should be emphasized. This activity will start with resource survey. The main emphasis will be on seaweeds, but some attention will also be given to fish cage culture and shellfish. The reservations on the Tambak area mentioned earlier was noted.
5. After considerable discussion on the role of turtle exploitation and management it was the view of the DGF that the input into this activity should receive less emphasis than proposed. It was agreed that it was an important activity and one which had wide national and regional significance. It was agreed however that some modest inputs should be foreseen by external advice and that local activity be initiated to guide the DGF thru its present extension service on regulatory measures to control and develop the resource.
6. The institutional structure of the project was discussed in order to reveal the government participation. It was agreed that the project would function as an integral part of the provincial department and district structure. From the government side the project would require a separate officer to manage the project as the district officer at Tanjung Pinang and sub-district officers at Tarempa could only devote part of their time to the project activities. Technical counterparts to supplement those in the region would be necessary as well.
7. Taking into consideration the points raised during discussion and the written comments of the DGF the pilot project would now be finalized by the programme and reviewed by the Indonesian participants at the forthcoming Coordinating Committee Meeting.
ANNEX
Excerpts of letter of Director General Iman Sardjono to Mr. A.G. Woodland, 8 September 1977
This note will try to touch on the several issues you raised in your letter of 17 August 1977 and the draft report accompanying it as I promised you at our meeting yesterday.
1. The several alternatives for development of the Natuna Islands as elaborated in the report and reviewed in your letter has been thoroughly studied by me and my staff and has brought us to the following conclusions:
How extensive the scope of the project might be, I would rather suggest that all activities should be contained in one independent project although internally it may consist of several components. This will also apply if the project will get financial support.
I completely agree that the main components of the project will be (1) a small-scale fishery development and (2) an overall resource assessment.
As to the small-scale fishery development I would suggest that the project activities should be concentrated on the Jemaja-Siantan area with the new fishing base at Tarempa as the development centre. Although the main objective is the small-scale fishery I would also suggest that possibilities of developing offshore resources by trawling and purse seining should also be explored. For this reason I suggest that the survey vessels should consist of 1 small coastal fishing craft equipped with gillnets, traps, long lines and troll lines, 1 offshore trawler and 1 offshore purse seiner.
The activities of the survey should primarily consist of (1) indicative fishing operations, (2) exploring most suitable craft and gear to be developed, including their economic viabilities under local seasonal conditions, (3) the development of the new Tarempa fishing base and (4) piloting operations of selected production means.
The overall resource assessment should still cover the whole Natuna - Anambas area, as I understand a pelagic resource assessment will have no significance if carried out within a too limited area.
As to the aquaculture component I would suggest that emphasis should be given to further study the potentialities of the area, particularly those which would lead to mariculture development. In carrying out this project component I do agree with Dr. Rabanal's thoughts of phasing the activities.
Concerning the need and purpose of the turtle resource survey proposed in the report I would like to have some more clarification from your side at our next meeting.
More clarification from your side is also invited concerning the internal funding of the project activities, particularly on the type and extent of counterpart contribution required.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME
Working Papers
| SCS/74/WP/1 | Rabanal, H.R. The potentials of aquaculture development in the Indo-Pacific Region. Manila, 1974. 34p. |
| SCS/74/WP/2 | Crutchfield, J.A., D.A. Lawson and G. K. Moore. Malaysia- Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development. Manila, 1974. 27p. |
| SCS/74/WP/3 | Marr, J.C. Republic of Vietnam - Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development. Manila, 1974. 20p. |
| SCS/74/WP/4 | Larsson, S.O.R., G.C.A. Van Noort and E. O. Oswald. Malaysia- A report of artisanal fisheries of Peninsular Malaysia with particular reference to Kuala Besut. Manila, 1975. 58p. |
| SCS/75/WP/5 | Rabanal, H.R. Irian Jaya, Indonesia - Survey of possibilities and recommendations for development of brackishwater fish production. Manila, 1975. 27p. |
| SCS/75/WP/6 | Tussing, A.R. Fishery development perspectives. Sub-Region V: South China Sea. Manila, 1975. (IPFC/74/Sym/7). 23p. |
| SCS/75/WP/7 | Murdoch, W.R. and M.A. Myers. Republic of Singapore - An assessment of the Jurong Fishing Harbour complex and expansion site on the east bank of the Jurong river. Manila, 1975. 46p. |
| SCS/75/WP/8 | Peterson, C.L., K.J. Rosenberg and A.C. Simpson. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture and Southward Ho covering voyages I and II. Dec. 1 – 13, 1974 and Jan. 5 – Feb. 3, 1975. Manila, 1975. 37p. |
| SCS/75/WP/9 | Oswald, E.O. and R.E.K.D. Lee. Regional - A proposal for a live bait pole-and-line tuna fishing survey in the South China Sea and adjacent waters. Manila, 1975. 38p. |
| SCS/75/WP/10 | Rosenberg, K.J. and A.C. Simpson. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture and Southward Ho covering voyage 3. 9 February to 26 March 1975. Manila, 1975. 28p. |
| SCS/75/WP/11 | Peterson, C.L. Regional - Resource survey of larger pelagic fish. Manila, 1975. 32p. |
| SCS/75/WP/12 | Rosenberg, K.J., A.C. Simpson and C.M. Renwick. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture and Southward Ho covering voyage 4. 9 April to 24 May 1975. Manila, 1975. 36p. |
| SCS/75/WP/13 | Baum, G.A. Kuala Besut II - A supplementary report on selected socio-economic aspects and problems in a fisherman's community on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, 1975. 43p. |
| SCS/75/WP/14 | Cuerden, C. Library services for the South China Sea Fisheries Programme and its participating countries. Manila, 1975. 48p. |
| SCS/75/WP/15 | Lawson, R.M. Malaysia - An interim report on socio-economic aspects of the development of artisanal fisheries on the East Coast of Malaysia. Manila, 1975. 29p. |
| SCS/75/WP/16 | Jamandre, T.J. and H.R. Rabanal. Engineering aspects of brackishwater aquaculture in the South China Sea region Manila, 1975. 96p. |
| SCS/75/WP/17 | Murdoch, W.R. Malaysia - Assessment of the viability and potential of the joint venture, Majuikan Mideast Sdn Bhd, Kuching, Sarawak, as requested by Lembaga Majuikan, Malaysia. Manila, 1975. 16p. (Restricted) |
| SCS/75/WP/18 | Cleaver, W.D. Malaysia - A preliminary design and general arrangement for an offshore purse seine vessel for the East Coast of West Malaysia. Manila, 1975. 35p. |
| SCS/75/WP/19 | Pischedda, J.L. Republic of the Philippines - Legal and institutional aspects in the development of the fishing industry. Preliminary observations and identification of the main obstacles. Manila, 1975. 35p. |
| SCS/75/WP/20 | Simpson, A.C. Regional - Acoustic surveys of pelagic resources. Report No. 1. Gulf of Thailand, July 1975. Manila, 1975. 28p. |
| SCS/75/WP/21 | Cintas, D. and C.M. Renwick. Regional - Report of aerial survey for schooling pelagic fish. 1. Philippine waters, 12 – 29 June 1975. Manila, 1975. 28p. |
| SCS/76/WP/22 | Baum, G.A. and J.A. Mayanrd. Tobuan/Sual, Pangasinan Province Central Luzon - A socio-economic study on a rural fishing population in Central Luzon in connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme. Manila, 1976. 44p. |
| SCS/76/WP/23 | Baum, G.A. and J.A. Mayanrd. Panigayan, Lampinigan, Baluk- Baluk and Manangal, Basilan Province. A socio-economic study on four fishermen's communities affiliated to the Basilan Fishing Association (BFA/Isabala in connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme). Manila, 1976. 62p. |
| SCS/76/WP/24 | Barica, J. Nutrient-dynamics in eutrophic inland water used for aquaculture in some countries bordering the South China Sea, with particular reference to mass fish mortalities: Proposal for monitoring programmes, Philippines, Thailand and Hong Kong. Manila, 1976. 43p. |
| SCS/76/WP/25 | Rosenberg, K.J., A.C. Simpson and J.A. Maynard. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture and Southward Ho covering voyages 5 and 6. 13 June to 10 September 1975. Manila, 1976. 52p. |
| SCS/76/WP/26 | Moore, G.K. Malaysia - Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development. (2nd working paper) Manila, 1976. 38p. |
| SCS/76/WP/27 | Wheeland, H.A. Malaysia - Preliminary observations and recommendations concerning the fisheries statistics programme of Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, 1976. 22p. |
| SCS/76/WP/28 | Maynard, J.A. Regional - Report of aerial survey for Schooling pelagic fish. II. Thailand - 20 November to 1 December 1975. Manila, 1975. 20p. |
| SCS/76/WP/29 | Baum, G.A. and J.A. Mayanrd. Salay, Misamis Oriental Province - A socio-economic study on the fishing population of the seven coastal barrios of Salay Municipality in connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme. Manila, 1976. 47p. (country - Philippines) |
| SCS/76/WP/30 | Murdoch, W.R. Hong Kong - A preliminary feasibility study to prosecute offshore pelagic stocks from Hong Kong. Manila, 1976. 27p. |
| SCS/76/WP/31 | Johnson, R.F. Preliminary report on aquatic pollution in the South China Sea region. Manila, 1976. 34p. |
| SCS/76/WP/32 | Wheeland, H.A. Preliminary observations and recommendations concerning the fisheries statistics programme of Singapore. Manila, 1976. 21p. |
| SCS/76/WP/33 | Baum, G.A. and J.A. Maynard. Coron/Tagumpay - Busuanga Island/Calamianes Group (Palawan Province). A socio- economic study on two rural fishing populations in northern Palawan in connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme. Manila, 1976. 112p. |
| SCS/76/WP/34 | Jones, R. Mesh regulations in the demersla fisheries of the South China Sea area. Regional. Manila, 1976. 79p. |
| SCS/76/WP/35 | Simpspn, A.C. and S. Chikuni. Progress report on fishing for tuna in Philippine waters by FAO chartered purse seiners. Manila, 1976. 38p. |
| SCS/76/WP/36 | Bonga, O.B. Vessel specifications and drawings for two 10m multi-purpose fishing vessels for the small-scale fisheries project - Kuala Besut. Manila, 1976. 36p. |
| SCS/76/WP/37 | Shang, Y. C. Economics of various management techniques for pond culture of finfish. Manila, 1976. 36p. |
| SCS/76/WP/38 | Johnson, H. N. Malaysia - A preliminary study of investment opportunities for the development of small-scale fisheries on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, 1976. 21p. |
| SCS/76/WP/39 | Shang, Y.C. Follow-up programmes on economics of aquaculture in the South China Sea Region. Manila, 1976. 19p. |
| SCS/76/WP/40 | Cook, H.L. Problems in shrimp culture in the South China Sea region. Manila, 1976. 50p. |
| SCS/76/WP/41 | Johnson, H., J. Dibbs and R. Nasoetion. Indonesia - A preliminary assessment for small-scale fisheries development in Riau, North Sumatra and West Kalimantan Provinces. Manila, 1976. 51p. |
| SCS/76/WP/42 | Baum, G.A. and J.A. Maynard. Bayawan Municipality, Negros Oriental Province/Negros. A socio-economic study on the rural fishing population of Bayawan Municipality in connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme. Manila, 1976. 38p. (country - Philippines) |
| SCS/76/WP/43 | Maynard, J.A. Philippines - Report on aerial survey for schooling pelagic fish in waters of the South China Sea and Sulu Sea adjacent to Palawan Island, 9 – 12 March 1976. Manila, 1976. 17p. |
| SCS/76/WP/44 | Chakraborty, D. Fisheries statistics in the Philippines - A plan for a new and expanded data collection programmes. Manila, 1976. 70p. |
| SCS/76/WP/45 | Marr, J.C., G. Campleman and W.R. Murdoch. Thailand - An analysis of the present and recommendations for future fishery development and management policies, programmes and institutional arrangements. Manila, 1976. 185p. (Restricted) |
| SCS/76/WP/46 | Cleaver, W. and O.B. Bonga. Thailand - Preliminary design, general arrangement and lines plans for two pelagic purse-seine/midwater trawl research vessel, 27.5m and 24m lengths. Manila, 1976. |
| SCS/76/WP/47 | Cleaver, W. Hong Kong - A preliminary design, general arrangement and specifications for a combination pelagic/ demersal research vessel. Manila, 1976. |
| SCS/76/WP/48 | Simpson, A.C. and W.R. Murdoch. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel Royal Venture - Trips Nos 7 & 8. 1 October 1975 to February 1976. Area - Moro Gulf. Manila, 1976. 17p. |
| SCS/76/WP/49 | Simpson, A.C. and W.R. Murdoch. Regional - Trip reports of chartered vessel Southward Ho - Trips Nos. 7 & 8. 11 September 1975 to March 1976. Areas - Malaysia and Thailand. Manila, 1976. 33p. |
| SCS/76/WP/50 | Simpson, A.C. and W.R. Murdoch. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture and Southward Ho - Trip No. 9. Manila, 1976. |
| SCS/76/WP/51 | Simpson, A.C. and W.R. Murdoch. Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel Southward Ho - Trips Nos 10 and 11. 15 April to 8 August 1976. Area - East, North and West Coasts Luzon Island, Bohol Sea, Sulu Sea, Moro Gulf. Manila, 1976. 20p. |
| SCS/76/WP/52 | Wheeland, H.A. Statistics for fisheries development. Regional. Manila, 1976. 11p. |
| SCS/76/WP/53 | Christy, L.C. Republic of the Philippines - Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development. Manila, 1976. 65p. (Restricted) |
| SCS/76/WP/54 | Maynard, J.A. Philippines - Province of Tawi-Tawi. A project identification and semi-detailed feasibility study relative to improving the status of small-scale fishermen and creating an integrated fishing industry in the Province of Tawi-Tawi. Manila, 1976. 110p. |
| SCS/77/WP/55 | Thailand - Proposed small-scale fisheries pilot project for Ban Ao Makam Pom, Rayong Province. Manila, 1977. |
| SCS/77/WP/56 | Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel, Southward Ho covering voyage 12. Area - Waters of the Sulu Sea. Manila, 1977. 11p. |
| SCS/77/WP/57 | Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Southward Ho and Royal Venture covering voyage 13. Area - Mainly Moro Gulf, Philippines. Manila, 1977. 18p. |
| SCS/77/WP/58 | Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel Southward Ho covering voyages nos. 14 and 15. Area - Moro Gulf. Manila, 1977. 15p. |
| SCS/77/WP/59 | Regional - Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessel Southward Ho covering voyages Nos. 16 and 17. Area - Waters of the Moro Gulf. Manila, 1977. 23p. |
| SCS/77/WP/60 | Doty, S.M. Seaweed resources and their culture in the countries of the South China Sea region. Manila, 1977. 19p. |
| SCS/77/WP/61 | Rabanal, H.R., W. Pongsuwana, A. Saraya and W. Poochareon. The shellfishes of Thailand: Present status and prospects. Manila, 1977. |
| SCS/77/WP/62 | Chakraborty, D. Observations and recommendations concerning the fisheries statistics programme of Hong Kong. Manila, 1977. 14p. |
| SCS/77/WP/63 | Chakraborty, D. Observations and recommendations concerning the inland fisheries statistics programme of Thailand. Manila, 1977. |
| SCS/77/WP/64 | Hansen, K.A., P. Lovseth and A.C. Simpson. Acoustic surveys of pelagic resources. Report No. 2 - Hong Kong, Nov. 1976. Manila, 1977. |
| SCS/77/WP/65 | Christy, L.C. Republic of the Philippines - Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development. Manila, 1977. 55p. |
| SCS/77/WP/66 | Murdoch, W.R., H. R. Rabanal, P. Walczak, G. Rahardjo, H. Mubarak and B.b. Abdul Malik, A proposal for a fishery resource survey identification to the Pulau Tujuh (Seven Islands) area, Riau Archipelago district, Riau province, Indonesia. Manila, 1977. |
NOTE: Copies of these papers can be obtained by writing to the Programme in Manila, Philippines.
| SCSP: | 74/1 | REP | Report of the Ad Hoc Coordinating Committee Meeting of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 18–19 June 1974. 27p. |
| SCSP: | 74/2 | REP | Report of the first session of the Coordinating Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Jakarta, Indonesia, 6 November 1974. Rome, FAO, 1974. 22p. |
| SCSP: | 76/3 | REP | Report of the second session of the Coordinating Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 9 April 1976. 16p. |
| SCSP: | 77/4 | REP | Report of the third session of the Coordinating Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 24 – 25 February 1977. 19p. |
WORKSHOP REPORTS
| SCS/GEN/74/1 | Report of the workshop on planning and coordination of resources survey and evaluation in the South China Sea. 28 August to 4 September 1974. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1974. 197p. |
| SCS/GEN/76/2 | Report of the workshop on the fishery resources of the Malacca Strait. Part I. Jakarta, 29 March to 2 April 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 89p. |
| SCS/GEN/76/3 | Report of workshop on legal and institutional aspects of fishery resources management and development. 5–8 April 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 95p. |
| SCS/GEN/76/4 | Report on the training workshop for field enumerators of the Bureau of Fisheris and Aquatic Resources - Philippines. 22–31 March 1976 by D. Chakraborty and H. Wheeland. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 32p. |
| SCS/GEN/76/5 | UNDP/FAO Training course on the management of small-scale fishery enterprises. Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia. 25 August to 26 September 1975. Rome, FAO, 1976. 14p. |
| SCS/GEN/76/6 | Report of the workshop on the fishery resources of the Malacca Strait - Part II. Jakarta, 29 March to 2 April 1976. South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 85p. |
| SCS/GEN/76/7 | Report of the BFAR/SCSP workshop on the fishery resources of the Visayan and Sibuyan areas. Tigbawan, Iloilo, Philippines. 18 – 22 October 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 26p. |
| SCS/GEN/76/8 | Philippines - Report seminar on the fisheries statistics survey of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. 23 July 1976. DNR/BFAR/SCSP, Manila, 1976. 17p. |
| SCS/GEN/76/9 | Report of the consultative group meeting on small-scale fisheries development in the South China Sea region. 13 – 15 December 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. 140p. |
| SCS/GEN/77/10 | Report on the training workshop on fisheries statistics, Malaysia, 12 – 21 October 1976. Manila, 1977. 27p. |
| SCS/GEN/77/11 | Report on the BFAR/SCSP workshop on fishery resources of the Sulu Sea and Moro Gulf areas, 25 – 29 April 1977, Cagayan de Oro. Manila, 1977. 58p. |
PERIODIC PROGRESS REPORTS
| SCS/PR/74/1 | Woodland, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. 1 July to 31 December 1974. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1974. 19p. |
| SCS/PR/75/2 | Woodland, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. 1 January to 30 June 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 40p. |
| SCS/PR/75/3 | Woodland, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. 1 July to 31 December 1975. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 38p. |
| SCS/PR/76/4 | Woodland, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. 1 January 1976 to 31 December 1976. Manila, South China |
| SCS/PR/77/5 | Woodland, A.G. Project progress report of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. 1 January to 30 June 1977. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1977. |
SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME
Fisheries Technical Papers
| SCS/DEV/73/1 | Woodland, A.G. et al. The South China Sea Fisheries: A proposal for accelerated development. Rome, FAO, 1974. 162p. |
| SCS/DEV/73/2 | Yamamoto, T. Review of marine fishery statistical systems in countries bordering the South China Sea, and proposals for their improvement. Rome, FAO, 1973. 46p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Statistical Systems) |
| SCS/DEV/73/3 | Aoyama, T. The demersal fish stocks and fisheries of the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, 1973. 80p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries demersal resources) |
| SCS/DEV/73/4 | Kume, S. Tuna resources in the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, 1973. 18p. |
| SCS/DEV/73/5 | Ling, S. Status, potential and development of coastal aquaculture in the countries bordering the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, 1973. 51p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries aquaculture development) |
| SCS/DEV/73/6 | Menasveta, D. et al. Pelagic fishery resources of the South China Sea and prospects for their development. Rome, FAO, 1973. 68p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries pelagic resources) |
| SCS/DEV/73/7 | Mistakidis, M.N. The crustacean resources and related fisheries in the countries bordering the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, FAO, 1973. 39p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries crustacean resources) |
| SCS/DEV/73/8 | Ruckes, E. Fish utilization, marketing and trade in countries bordering the South China Sea - status and programme proposals. Rome, FAO, 1973. 33p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Marketing and Trade) |
| SCS/DEV/73/9 | Doucet, F.J. et al. Institutional and legal aspects affecting fishery development in selected countries bordering the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, 1973. 32p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries institutional legal aspects) |
FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (Fishing area 57) and Western Central Pacific (Fishing area 71). Rome, FAO, 1974. 4 vols.
(ADB/FAO Market Studies)
| SCS/DEV/76/11 | Development potential of selected fishery products in the regional member countries of the Asian Development Bank. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 107p. |
| SCS/DEV/76/11 (Appendix 1) | Fishery country profiles. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 173p. |
| SCS/DEV/76/12 | The international market for shrimp. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 105p. |
| SCS/DEV/76/13 | The international market for tuna. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 69p. |
| SCS/DEV/76/14 | The international market for crab. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 49p. |
| SCS/DEV/76/15 | The international market for lobster. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 46p. |
| SCS/DEV/76/16 | The international market for cephalopods. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 95p. |
| SCS/DEV/76/17 | The European canned fish market: Prospects for Rastrelliger Spp. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 56p. |
TECHNICAL REPORTS CONTRIBUTED TO SYMPOSIA/MEETINGS, ETC.
Rabanal, H.R. 1975 FAO activities in inland fisheries and aquaculture with particular reference to Asia and the Far East. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 17p. (Contributed to the First Fisheries Research Congress, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research, 7–10 March 1975, Legaspi City, Philippines)
Rabanal, H.R. 1975 Preliminary report on the Macrobrachium fishery in the Indo-Pacific region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p. (Contributed to the International Conference on Prawn Farming, Vung Tau, Vietnam, 31 March – 4 April 1975)
Rabanal, H.R. 1975 Distribution and occurrence of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forskal). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 18p. (Contributed to the National Bangos Symposium. Manila, 25–26 July 1975)
Rabanal, H.R. 1976 Mangrove and their utilization for aquaculture. Manila South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p. (Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand, 10–16 January 1976)
Rabanal, H.R. 1976 Report of project identification mission to Bangladesh on inland fisheries and aquaculture. Manila, Asian Development Bank. 56p.
Rabanal, H.R. 1976 Aquaculture 1976: Focus Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Talk delivered at the National Convention of the Federation of Fish Producers of the Philippines, Iloilo City, 26 August 1976)
Simpson, A.C. 1976 Some proposal for research related to the understanding of mangrove ecology and the utilization of mangrove areas. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 10p. (Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand 10–16 January 1976)
Cook, H.L. 1976 Some aspects of shrimp culture research with particular reference to Philippine species. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 7p. (Contributed to the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR) Fisheries Workshop, Subic, Zambales, Philippines 15–17 January 1976)
Rabanal, H.R. 1976 The resources in inland waters: their utilization and management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 21p. (Talk delivered before the Phi Sigma Biological Society as a contribution to the Deogracias V. Villadolid Memorial lecture series. Manila, Philippines, 26 November 1976
Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture in the Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Programme. 15p. (Talk delivered before the United States Peace Corps Volunteers. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, 11 January 1977)
Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture in Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 10p. (Paper contributed to the Fifth FAO/SIDA Workshop on Aquatic Pollution in relation to Protection of Living Resources. Manila, Philippines, 17 – 27 February 1977)
Simpson, A.C. 1977 Fisheries research and development in the Philippines: Some recommendations with special reference to resource management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 16p.
Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Contribution to the BFAR/FAO-UNDP Training of Regional Trainors in Aquaculture. Lucena, Quezon, Philippines, 19 September to 27 October 1977)
Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Recent trends in aquaculture. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 13p. (Paper contributed to the Seminar/ Workshop for Fishery Schools' Administrators, conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Manila, Philippines, 24–28 October 1977)
