APPENDIX 1

PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND SCHEDULE¹

TRAINING IN ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE POTENTIAL
IN BALIK PULAU, PINANG

1. TERMS OF REFERENCE

1.1 Identify parameters applicable to the evaluation of coastal aquaculture potential.

1.2 Application of parameters to proposed pilot site at Balik Pulau.

1.3 Conclusions about applicability to other coastal aquaculture sites.

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1 To demonstrate the methodology for evaluating coastal aquaculture sites.

2.2 To provide training for local staff in procedures.

2.3 To prepare aquaculture site development plans and maps for Balik Pulau.

2.4 To recommend findings applicable to country-wide study on coastal aquaculture potential.

3. ACTIVITIES

3.1 Socio-economics

3.1.1 Data collection

3.1.2 Economic/project analysis

3.2 Engineering

3.2.1 Straight line path

3.2.2 Tidal data

3.2.3 Topography

3.2.4 Soil investigation (physical)

3.2.5 Development plan

3.3 Biology

3.3.1 Water quality

3.3.2 Soil analysis (chemical)

3.3.3 Biological data

3.3.4 Aquaculture system and plan

3.4 Environment impact

3.5 Reporting

3.5.1 Report preparation

3.5.2 Final Report and conference

¹ As prepared by the Fisheries Department, Ministry of Agriculture, following conference on 10 November 1981.

WORK PLAN FOR ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE
POTENTIAL IN BALIK PULAU, PINANG

APPENDIX 2

TRAINING ACTIVITIES

1. LECTURES AND DISCUSSIONS

2. FIELD WORK

On 17 November, 19 November, 25 November and 1 December, Team members were in the field to collect data and measurement on water quality, tidal fluctuations and soil quality. The engineer obtained basic topographic data and soil samples for physical examination in the laboratory. Acid sulphate properties of soil were considered. Samples of water turbidity were obtained to determine settling characteristics.

3. FISHERY CULTURE PRACTICES

A detailed summary was made of aquaculture fishery management practices in Thailand, as applicable to Malaysia. This was primarily a staff exercise between the Thai representative and the Malaysian Team counterparts.

4. OTHERS

Climatological data were analyzed with respect to effects on water quality. Tidal data were analyzed to find characteristics applicable to side development and pumping requirements. A preliminary layout for a pilot development plan was prepared.

Socio-economic data were obtained by the staff to determine macro-economic factors in relation to site selection parameters for coastal aquaculture development.

APPENDIX 3

MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS AND PRODUCTION
OF PENAEUS MONODON (TIGER PRAWN)¹

1. POND PREPARATION

1.1 Rearing pond

The water level in the pond is first reduced to about 10 cm before applying pisicide (rotenone) at the rate of 10 kg per hectare (4 ppm). After about 24 hours, the pond is drained completely and left to dry for a minimum of one week. This is to reduce the soil moisture to at least 20 percent or about 10 cm deep of dry pond bottom.

Lime is then broadcast at the rate of 500–1 000 kg/ha depending on the initial pH of the soil. The pond is then filled gradually with water up to full depth, about 70 cm using screens to prevent entry of predators.

1.2 Nursery pen

For the nursery, a portion of the pond near the water inlet is partitioned into a pen by using 2-mm mesh net or mosquito net stretched from side to side along the pond width. The surface water area of the nursery should be not less than 1 000m². The bottom of the net should lie on the pond bottom and the top of net should be above the water level to prevent escape of fry into the other portion of the pond.

Provision of additional shelter such as coconut leaves may be helpful in reducing mortality in the nursery pen.

2. STOCKING IN NURSERY

Post-larvae (1 cm) stage 22–25 are used for stocking. The stocking rate is from 250–300 per m². The stocking is best done during the cooler part of the day (i.e., either early in the morning or late in the evening). It is best to acclimatize the fry to the pond conditions before releasing them.

3. REARING IN NURSERY PEN

Rearing in the nursery pen is carried out for a period of one month (to achieve 2–3 cm in length). The prawns are sampled at weekly intervals to determine the amount of feed required.

Feeding is done once a day, preferably in the evening, at 50–100 percent body weight using chopped trash fish.

To maintain good water quality, the bottom water in the pond should be changed at least once every three days. For optimum exchange, at least 30 percent of the water volume should be renewed daily.

4. REARING IN POND

After one month rearing in the nursery pen, sampling is carried out to determine the prawn size before release into the rearing pond.

The fry of an average size of not less than 2 cm are released into the rearing pond by removing the net partition.

Feeding in the rearing pond, reduced to 10 percent of the body weight, is done once a day late in the evening by broadcasting the food along the perimeter of the pond. Chopped trash fish is used for feed.

Water exchange is done preferably everyday or at least once in three days to allow as much as 30 percent renewal of the water daily.

The culturing period in the rearing pond can last as long as six months to attain the marketable size of about 40 g each.

5. WATER MANAGEMENT

Water quality should be maintained at an optimal level by constantly monitoring the pH, DO and salinity. Optimum pH should be between 6.5–8.5, DO not less than 3 ppm, and salinity not less than 10 ppt and not more than 25 ppt. However, the prawn is able to survive at a wide range of salinities from 0–33 ppt.

Depth of water in the pond should be maintained at an average of 1 m.

The water supply must be adequate and free of pollutants.

¹ As prepared by the counterpart Team members working with the Thai representative.

6. HARVEST

After a period of six months in the rearing pond, the prawn are expected to reach the marketable size. For efficient harvesting, a bagnet is placed at the outlet gate before completely draining the pond. Most of the prawn before completely draining the pond. Most of the prawn are then trapped in the bagnet. The remaining prawn can be collected by hand. Harvesting should be done during the highest spring tide and when there is no moon.

7. PRODUCTION AND YIELD

With the estimated survival rate of 40 percent from nursery pond and 50 percent in the rearing pond, the total yield estimated at about 2 400 kg/ha/crop and at two crops per year, is 4 800 kg (size at 40 g/prawn).

Thailand practice

Production	= 4 800 kg (2 crops/yr)
Size	= 40 g/pc = 25 pcs/kg
	4 800 × 25 pcs = 120 000 pcs/yr
Seed	= 600 000 pcs/yr (2 crops)
Survival

APPENDIX 4

MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS AND PRODUCTION OF LATES CALCARIFER (SEABASS)¹

1. POND PREPARATION

1.1 Rearing pond

The water depth in the pond is first reduced to about 10 cm before applying pisicide (rotenone) at the rate of 10 kg per hectare (4 ppm). After about 24 hours, the pond is drained completely and left to dry for a minimum of one week. This is to reduce the soil moisture to at least 20 percent, or about 10 cm of pond bottom dry depth.

Lime is broadcast at 500–1 000 kg/ha depending on the initial ha, soil pH, after which water is gradually allowed to fill the pond to a depth of 1.5–2.0 m through screens to prevent entry of predators.

1.2 Nursery pen

For the nursery enclouser pen of fine nylon mesh (2 mm) is used. The pen is placed in the prepared rearing pond in proximity to the water inlet. Several pens are used to facilitate grading. Each pen is about 5–10 m² in size.

2. STOCKING IN NURSERY

The stocking rate recommended for the nursery is 500–1 000 pieces of about 1–2 cm in size per m². The stocking normally is done during the cooler part of the day (i.e., early in the morning or late in the evening) and only after necessary acclimatization to the pond water conditions have been carried out.

3. REARING IN NURSERY

Rearing in the nursery will normally last 1 to 1-1/2 months. However, regular grading at least once a week to uniform sizes is necessary to separate the fast and slow growers. This is to avoid unnecessary mortality or losses due to cannibalism. To avoid inflicting mechanical injuries to the fry during the grading process, the method used in Thailand is recommended. This involves the use of a grading tray.

Feeding is carried out twice a day, in the morning and in the evening, by giving chopped trash fish little by little until they are satiated. Another food alternative is small prawn such as Acetes.

Renewal of about 30 percent of the pond water should be done once a day, or complete at least once in three days. It is better to change the bottom water.

After 1 to 1-½ months in the nursery pond with good management practice, the fry should have attained a size of about 5 cm and are then ready to be transferred to the rearing pond.

4. REARING POND

The stocking rate in the rearing pond is normally at 3– 5/m² (30 000–50 000/ha).

Trash fish is used as the main feed for the rearing pond and is given once a day in the evening. Feed is given at the same time in the same place, noting the fish response; feeding is stopped as soon as the fish stops eating. The amount of feed to be used may be approximated at a 1:7 feed conversion rate.

5. WATER MANAGEMENT

The water quality should be maintained from time to time as the culture is in progress. The important parameters such as pH, DO and salinity should be monitored regularly. Acceptable range for pH is within 6.5–8.5, while DO should not be less than 3 ppm. Salinity should be maintained in the range of not less than 10 ppt and no greater than 20 ppt. However, this species can tolerate a wide salinity range from 0–32 ppt. Depth of water must be maintained between 1.5 and 2 m.

The water supply must be clean and free from pollutants.

6. HARVEST

After a rearing period of one year, the fish should reach an average marketable size of 1 kg each, and then be ready for harvest.

Harvesting is done using a seine net which is manually operated. After this the pond can be drained completely to catch the remaining fish.

¹ As prepared by counterpart Team members with Thai representative.

7. PRODUCTION AND YIELD

With good management and care, the expected yield will be about 18–25 tons per hectare per year. The overall survival rate from nursery to market size is about 50 percent with greater mortality occuring during the nursery rearing.

Number of seed	=	50 000 pcs/yr
Production	=	25 000 kg/yr
Size	=	1 kg/pc
Number of fish	=	25 000 pcs
Survival	=

APPENDIX 5¹

SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND INFORMATION
ON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

1. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE ROLE OF THE FISHING SECTOR IN THE ECONOMY OF MALAYSIA²

1.1 Source of food supply

The most important contribution of the fishing sector is the supply of protein food. The protein derived from fish constitutes about 10 percent to 16 percent of the total protein intake of the people of Malaysia. To obtain this amount, they need to spend about 13.6–14.1 percent of their expenditure. The per capita consumption of fish is some 35 kg which is higher than that of beef (2 kg) or poultry meat (10 kg). This could be largely due to the relatively lower price of fish vis-a-vis other sources of protein. For instance, the price of third grade fish is only $1.40 per kg as opposed to about $10.00 for beef, and even this is more expensive than the first grade fish which is priced at $6.00/kg.

1.2 Contribution to gross domestic product and employment

Some $1 billion worth of fish are sold in the retail market and this contributes about 4 percent of the gross domestic product of the nation. This amount of fish is landed by some 88 000 fishermen who form about 2.3 percent of the total labour force. The important characteristic of these fishermen is that they are primarily traditional (some 70 percent of them) and operate in the inshore areas. The remaining is the modern fishermen operating the trawl and the purse seine fisheries.

1.3 Foreign exchange earning (Export and import)

Malaysia exports some $310 million worth of fish products, of which 55 percent constitutes prawn export. The single most important market for prawn is Japan which imports some $62 million worth of prawn (or 36 percent of the total prawn export). In terms of contribution to the national export figure, about 1.3 percent of the export value is derived from fish. Over a period of four years (1976–1979), the value of fish export has shown an increase of 15 percent. In relation to the export of agricultural products, fish occupies fourth place after palm oil, timber products and rubber.

Nevertheless, in terms of quantity Malaysia is a net importer of fish. Some 158 000 tons (valued at $ 13.1 million) of fish is imported, as compared to some 125 000 tons of export. The value of fish imported is, however, lower than that of exported fish. The main source of fish is Thailand which exports some 106 000 tons of edible fish to Malaysia. The single most important item imported is classified as marine fish (other than tuna and sauries) in fresh or chilled form (some 71 000 tons or 50 percent), and 98 percent of this item is supplied by Thailand which exports some 70 000 tons of such items to the value of $ 35 million. There has been an increase of 10.7 percent in the import of fish since 1975.

2. BASIC INFORMATION ON THE FISHING COMMUNITY AND LANDINGS

2.1 Income

The fishermen have been considered as one of the groups living below poverty line. Their average income from fishing is $ 220 per month. Some 45 percent of their households live below the poverty line. The monthly average, however, differs between the west coast fishermen and east coast fishermen. The latter obtain only $100/m whilst the former obtain $281/m. The low productivity and the low income of fishermen are largely due to:

2.1.1 Lack of market power

The fishermen have relatively low economic bargaining power vis-a-vis other intermediaries in the industry such as the capital financiers, traders and dealers. They have little or no control over marketing outlets or price of their catches as well as over the price of inputs (fuel, ice, etc.). There exists, therefore, a monopolistic-monopsonistic situation which is governed by the intermediaries and traders in the fishing villages.

2.1.2 Lack of alternative income

Some 60 percent of fishermen do not have supplementary income. This is due to lack of alternative income-generating activities in the rural areas, and also absence of agricultural holdings.

¹ Authored by Rabiah Mahwood.

² Unless otherwise stated, the data for 1979 and for Peninsular Malaysia only.

2.1.3 Lack of working capital assets

Some 60 percent of the fishermen do not own any kind of fishing equipment, thus rendering them to be workers on the intermediaries' or traders' boats. For those traditional fishermen who own vessels and fishing gears, these are normally small and under powered and traditional in nature which are characterized by inefficiency and low productivity. It is estimated that some 58 percent of the boats are non-powered or operated by outboard engines and are less than five tons in size. However, this pattern has been on a decrease.

2.1.4 Lack of organized group

Although there are attempts by the government to organize the fishermen into economically viable communities, there is still a strong resistance to such attempts. There are some 67 percent of the fishermen who do not involve themselves directly or indirectly in such organizations. They fail to appreciate the advantages of joining or participating in the associations sponsored by the government. The problem is related basically to the lack of:

1. understanding of the idealogy of cooperatives;
2. provision of extra facilities in comparison to the private sector; and
3. confidence in cooperatives.

2.1.5 Great risk involved in fishing

Capital for large-scale fishing enterprises is not readily forthcoming. This is due to the risk and uncertainties involved in fishing activities. This, too, to a large extent, has contributed to the poor response to offshore fishing which has a role to play in uplifting the economic well being of the fishermen.

2.2 Landings

2.2.1 Marine fish landings

The total fish production is in the region of 571 000 tons, of which some 76 percent (or 432 000 tons) are landed in the west coast. Most of the fish is landed by the modern gears (some 70 percent), the rest are by the traditional gears, the most important of which are the drift net and the hook and line. Out of the marine fish landed, some 409 000 tons are for human consumption.

2.2.2 Aquaculture production

The production from aquaculture is somewhat vague. There is a lack of data on such production. However, estimates have placed some 13 000 tons produced from freshwater ponds available in the country. There is no data on the freshwater fish catch collected from the wild (like padi field, rivers, etc.).

2.3 Number of fishermen

Out of the total 88 000 fishermen, some 65 percent (or 60 000 persons) are on the west coast who mainly operate traditional gears (about 59 percent of the fishermen). However, the traditional fishermen in the west coast contribute only some 31 percent of the total catch from that area.

2.4 Trash fish production

2.4.1 There are some 162 000 tons of trash fish landed in Malaysia. They are mostly landed by trawlers (some 142 000 tons or 88 percent). The largest amount of trash fish landed by the trawlers is in the west coast (115 000 tons).

2.4.2 The production of trash fish is not sufficient to meet the national demand for animal feed. Therefore, the shortage is overcome by importing some 32 413 tons of fish meal, valued at $ 16 million. The bulk of it (or 94 percent) comes from Thailand.

3. PROJECTION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND¹

3.1 The supply projection

The main basis of projection of supply is the availability of fish for human consumption from different sources, viz:

1. local production;
2. aquaculture;
3. import; and
4. export.

¹ The details indicating the projections is not supplied here.

It has been established that the maximum sustainable yield has been reached, mainly from the west coast. It is, however, envisaged that the present rate of exploitation will persist. The projects is therefore, based on time series analysis which indicates that:

1. from local production, some 516 000 tons of edible fish will be produced by 1990;
2. from aquaculture, a contribution of 133 000 tons is projected for 1990;
3. a total of 243 000 tons of fish will be imported in 1990; and
4. a total of 187 000 tons of fish will be imported in 1990; resulting in a total supply projection of 705 000 tons.

3.2 Demand projection

The demand projection is based on the effective demand for fish whereby the main factors taken into consideration are:

1. real income growth;
2. income elasticity of demand for fish; and
3. population growth rate.

Thus, the demand projection for 1990 is 763 000 tons.

3.3 The relationship between projections of supply and demand

The shortage of fish persists throughout the 80's until the beginning of 90's. It, however, varies from year to year, from 2.5 percent to 8.1 percent. By 1990, the shortage is projected to be 7.6 percent.

3.4 Steps to remedy the situation

Several steps could be taken to overcome short supply of fish. They are:

1. accelerate the development of offshore fishing;
2. devise methods of replenish the depleted inshore fisheries;
3. greater dependence on imported fish; and
4. greater utilization of land suitable for aquaculture.

The constraints on some of the aforementioned solutions are:

1. There are several uncertainties involved in offshore fishing:

   1. the lack of adequate knowledge on resource potentials beyond 60 miles;
   2. the lack of technical knowhow;
   3. the lack of entrepreneurs to undertake offshore fishing ventures;

   4. high capital and operating costs.

2. The methods presently undertaken to replenish the inshore resources are confined to regulatory measures and setting up of artificial reefs. The results, however, could only be gauged after a long period;

3. The immediate impact of heavy reliance on imported fish is a strain on foreign exchange; this step should be the last resort; and

4. The utilization of land for aquaculture not only has to weigh between factors of ecological balance but also the supply of fry and source of market; Malaysia has made some headway in producing sufficient fry of certain kinds of fish, such as Lampam Jawa, Leekoh, Tilapia and Sepat Siam; however, there are other species for which no breakthrough as yet has been achieved; these are the grass carp, Lates and grouper; in determining the species to be locally produced the factors of increasing the income level of the rural farmers (and fishermen) and the availability of production to the masses of the populace have to be weighed carefully; such export-oriented species like Penaeus spp and Epinephelus tauvina defeat the purpose of meeting local demand.

Besides that, there is also the question of formulated feed. The quantity of trash fish available in the country to feed the carnivorous species like Siakap, Kerapu and marine prawn, are not enough and have to compete with other users. Commercial componded feed for these species has therefore, to be developed through research.

4. THE POTENTIAL FOR AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT

4.1 Despite the aforementioned constraints in developing aquaculture extensively, it is one of the viable means of increasing the supply of edible fish. With improved culture practices and new lands developed, steps need to be taken to promote aquaculture development in Malaysia. Estimates have placed some 55 000¹ ha of land as suitable for aquaculture to produce some 602 000² tons of cultured fish.

¹ and ² Source Report of the Sub-Committee on Living Aquatic Resources, Aquaculture, Aquatic, etc. (Ministry of Agriculture 1979).

4.2 The culture systems most suited to Malaysia are listed as:

1. brackishwater fish culture on 27 000 ha of land, capable of producing some 74 000 tons;
2. freshwater fish culture on 20 000 ha of land capable of producing 60 000 tons;
3. floating cages capable of producing 364 000 tons;
4. cage culture capable of producing some 12 000 tons; and
5. on-bottom culture capable of producing some 92 000 tons.

4.3 The exploitation of the potential areas, however, needs to be carried out in stages. Proper planning and careful study have to be conducted in order to produce a balanced composition of species so that the initial objectives of development viz., increasing the protein intake via the production of sufficient quantity of fish and uplifting of income level of the target groups could be realized. At the same time, steps to reduce some of the constraints faced by aquaculture development should be taken up by the authority.

APPENDIX 6

PHYSICAL DATA-BALIK PULAU SITE

Table 1. Climatological data (1979)¹

A. Pinang (George Town)

B. Pinang Hill

¹ Pinang (George Town) = 5°25'N: 100°19'E; 5.2 m above MSL
Pinang Hill = 5°25'N; 100°16'E; 732 above MSL

Table 2. Water quality data, 19 November 1981

1030 — Tide receding
1500 — Tide rising
1800 — Tide receding

Plankton mostly utilized by penaeids for food are Nitzschia sp, Pleurosigma sp, Biddulphidia sp, Chaetoceros sp, Skeletonema sp and Thalassiosira sp Coscinodiscus sp, is an indicator of water pollution.

Note: *** abundant   ** few   * rare

Some fish eggs were observed.

Note: *** abundant   ** few  * rare

Some fish eggs were observed.

Note: *** abundant   ** few   * rare

Some fish eggs were observed

Note: *** abundant   ** few   * rare

Fig. 1 (Appendix 6). Locations of stations for field measurements

Fig. 2. (Appendix 6). Water quality sampling in relation to tidal stages

PUBLICATIONS OF THE
SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME

WORKING PAPERS

NOTE: Copies of these papers can be obtained by writing to the Programme in Manila, Philippines.

WORKSHOP REPORTS

SCS MANUALS

PERIODIC PROGRESS REPORTS

COORDINATING COMMITTEE REPORTS

FISHERIES TECHNICAL PAPERS

FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (Fishing area 57) and Western Central Pacific (Fishing area 71). Rome, FAO, 1974. 4 vols.

TECHNICAL REPORTS CONTRIBUTED TO SYMPOSIA/MEETINGS, ETC.

Rabanal, H.R. 1975 FAO activities in inland fisheries and aquaculture with particular reference to Asia and the Far East. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 17p. (Contributed to the First Fisheries Research Congress, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research, 7–10 March 1975, Legaspi City, Philippines).

Rabanal, H.R. 1975 Preliminary report on the Macrobrachium fishery in the Indo-Pacific region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p. (Contributed to the International Conference on Prawn Farming, Vung Tau, Vietnam, 31 March - 4 April 1975).

Rabanal, H.R. 1975 Distribution and occurrence of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forskal). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 18p. (Contributed to the National Bangus Symposium. Manila, 25–26 July 1975).

Rabanal, H.R. 1976 Mangrove and their utilization for aquaculture. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p. (Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand, 10–16 January 1976).

Rabanal, H.R. 1976 Report of project identification mission to Bangladesh on inland fisheries and aquaculture. Manila, Asian Development Bank. 56p.

Rabanal, H.R. 1976 Aquaculture 1976: Focus Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Talk delivered at the National Convention of the Federation of Fish Producers of the Philippines, Iloilo City, 26 August 1976).

Simpson, A.C. 1976. Some proposals for research related to the understanding of mangrove ecology and the utilization of mangrove areas. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 10p. (Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand, 10–16 January 1976).

Cook, H.L. 1976 Some aspects of shrimp culture research with particular reference to Philippine species. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 7p. (Contributed to the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR) Fisheries Workshop, Subic, Zambales, Philippines, 15–17 January 1976).

Rabanal, H.R. 1976 The resources in inland waters: their utilization and management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 21p. (Talk delivered before the Phi Sigma Biological Society as a contribution to the Deogracias V. Villadolid Memorial lecture series. Manila, Philippines, 26 November 1976).

Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture in the Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 15p. (Talk delivered before the United States Peace Corps Volunteers, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. 11 January 1977).

Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture in Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 10p. (Paper contributed to the Fifth FAO/ SIDA Workshop on Aquatic Pollution in relation to Protection of Living Resources. Manila, Philippines, 17–27 February 1977)

Simpson, A.C. 1977 Fisheries research and development in the Philippines: Some recommendations with special reference to resource assessment. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 16p.

Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Aquaculture management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Contribution to the BFAR/FAO-UNDP Training of Regional Trainors in Aquaculture. Lucena, Quezon, Philippines, 19 September to 27 October 1977)

Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Recent trends in aquaculture. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 13p. (Paper contributed to the Seminar/ Workshop for Fishery Schools' Administrators, conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Manila, Philippines, 24–28 October 1977)

Rabanal, H.R. 1977 Forest conservation and aquaculture development of mangroves. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 15p. (Paper contributed to the International Workshop on Mangrove and Estuarine Area Development for the Indo-Pacific region. 14–19 November 1977, Manila, Philippines)

Thomson, D. B. 1978 Lecture notes on fishing methods, equipment and deck layout of fishing vessels. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 151p. (Paper presented at the FAO NORAD Course on Fishing Vessel Design, Bangkok, Thailand, October-November 1978)

Rabanal, H.R. 1978 International traffic of live and fish eggs and control of the spread of fish diseases. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1978. 21p. (Contributed to the Workshop on Tropical Fisheries - Their causes and control in Southeast Asia, Puncak, West Java, Indonesia, 28 November to 1 December 1978)

Rabanal, H.R. and R.O. Juliana. 1979 Aquaculture extension: How it could be a potent force in fisheries development in the ASEAN region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. (Paper contributed to the First ASEAN Seminar/Workshop on Fisheries Extension, Manila 18–25 February 1979.

Thomson, D. B. 1979 Marine fisheries extension. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 41p. (Paper contributed to the First ASEAN Seminar/Workshop on Fisheries Extension, Manila, 18–25 February 1979)

Thomson, D. B. 1979 Training requirements of the fisheries of Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 11p. (Paper presented at the SEAFDEC Consultative Meeting on Fisheries Training, Bangkok, 14–18 May 1979.

Kuhnhold, W.W. 1979 Aquatic pollution: Classes of pollutants, their occurrence, transport and dispersion. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 22p. (Lecture given at the Seventh FAO/SIDA Workshop on Aquatic Pollution in Relation to Protection of Living Resources - Analyses of Metals and Organochlorines in Biota. Manila, Philippines, 7 May to 9 June 1979)

Kuhnhold, W.W. 1979 Effects of aquatic pollution on fish and fisheries. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. (Lecture given at the Seventh FAO/SIDA Workshop on Aquatic Pollution in Relation to Protection of Living Resources - Analyses of Metals and Organochlorines in Biota. Manila, Philippines, 7 May – 9 June 1979)

Rabanal, H.R. 1979 The design of research in brackishwater aquaculture. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 7p. (Paper contributed to the Seminar/Workshop on Research Methodology and Technical Report Writing, conducted by the Fisheries Training Division, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Fisheries Training Center, Cavite City, Philippines, 10–29 June 1979)

Kuhnhold, W.W. 1979 Some aspects of the impact of aquatic oil pollution on fishery resources. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. (Seminar held at Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines, 31 July 1979)

Rabanal, H.R. 1979 Production and recent innovations in design and managment in aquaculture industry in Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 7p. (Paper contributed to the Asian Seminar and Tour sponsored by the Bank of America, Manila, 6–9 November 1979)

Thomson, D.B. 1979 The challenge of the 1980's for fisheries education, training and extension. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1979. 11p. (Paper presented at the First International Symposium on Fishery Education, Fish Processing and Marketing Systems. Mexico, December 1979)

Kuhnhold, W.W. 1980 Some aspects of the impact of aquatic oil pollution on fishery resources. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1980. 25p. (Paper contributed to the International Workshop on the Prevention, Abatement and Combating of Pollution from Ships in East Asian Waters. 3–8 November 1980, Manila, Philippines)