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Directorate General of Fisheries and Agriculture Research Development. 1985. 1987a. Potential resource for aquaculture. Directorate General of Fisheries and Dinas perikanan, Seafarming Resources in Bali. Letter no. 523.1/233/Unik, 16 peb. 1987
Dinas Perikanan, 1987b. Seafarming Resources in West Nusa Tenggara. Letter no. 68/525-183, 19 peb. 1987.
Dinas Perikanan, 1987c. Seafarming Resources in East Kalimantan Letter no.c.1/523.5/115/87k, 28 January 1987.
Dinas Perikanan, 1987d Seafarming Resources in South Sulawesi Letter no. Ik-240/D4.423.87k, 20 January 1987.
Dinas Perikanan, 1987e. Seafarming Resources, in Jambi Letter no. 523/1688/Diskan, 28 July 1987.
Dinas Perikanan, 1987f. Seafarming Resources, in West Sumatra. Letter no. Ik240/801–3772/87k, 20 July 1987.
Dinas Perikanan, 1987g. Seafarming Resources, in West Java. Letter no.523.4/01/384/87, 12 January 1987.
Dinas Perikanan, 1987h. Seafarming Resources, in Jogjakarta Letter no. 523/VII/1060, 12 July 1987.
Dinas Perikanan, 1988 Seafarming resources, in Aceh Letter No.
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Trono, 1980 G. C. H. R. Rabanal, and I. Santika. Seaweed farming FAO/UNDP South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, Manila, Philippines. SCS/80/wp-/91, 18 pp.
Unar, 1982 M., M. Fatuchri, and Retno Andamari. Bivalve culture in Indonesia. in Bivalve culture in Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings of workshop held in Singapore 16–19 February 1982. Ottawa Ont. IDRC, 1982, pp 44– 46.
Zeneveld, 1955. J. S. Economic marine algae of tropical South and East Asia and their utilization. Ind. Pac. Fish. Counc. Spec. Publ. 3:55 pp.
Table 1. Potential areas for seafarming development
| Commodity groups | Area (ha) |
| Finfish | 3 600 |
| Molluscs | |
Cockle | 22 950 |
mussel | 20 700 |
oyster | 7 850 |
pearl oyster | 5 600 |
| Seaweed | 23 000 |
| Sea cucumber | 2 500 |
| Total | 84 725 |
Table 2. Potential areas for finfish culture
| Location | Area (ha) 1 | Sources |
Aceh Weh island, Sabang; Lhok sudu bay; simeulu island | 200 | Dinas Perikanan, 1988 |
Riau
Batam island, Bintan island | 350 | Directorate Generalof Fisheries and agriculture Research Development (1985) |
West Sumatra Ma Siberut Sikaba, Siobar, Sipora island, Sikkap Burial island, Tarusan, Painan | 100 | Dinas Perikanan, 1987f. |
Jambi Nipah Panjang, Kg. Laut Kuala Tungkal | 50 | Dinas Perikanan, 1987e. |
South Sumatra Bangka | 200 | Directorate General of Fisheries and Agriculture Research Development (1985) |
Lampung Hurun bay, Lampung bay | 800 | " |
West Java Banten bay | 400 | " |
East Java Gili Gentengbay, Madura Grajagan, Banyuwangi | 300 | " |
Bali Pejarakan | 50 | " |
West Nusatenggara Waru Kelapa bay (75), Tanjung Sabodo (50), Ekas bay (100) Lomok; Teluk Saleh Sumbawa | 440 | Dinas Perikanan 1987b. |
South Sulawesi Pinrang, Baru Selyar island Ujung Pandang | 200 | Estimated (topography map) |
Maluku Ambon | 200 | " |
North Sulawesi Sangihe island | 200 | Estimated (actual site) |
East Kalimantan Tarakan, Berau, Bontang, Sengkulirang, Adang bay | 110 | Dinas perikanan 1987e. |
| Total | 3 600 |
Table 3. Volume and value of cockle production from 1979–1985
| Year | Volume (mt) | Value (Rp million) |
| 1979 | 32 183 | 1 140 |
| 1980 | 32 383 | 1 245 |
| 1981 | 37 410 | 2 896 |
| 1982 | 29 335 | 3 059 |
| 1983 | 43 250 | 4 110 |
| 1984 | 48 926 | 6 147 |
| 1985 | 30 959 | 2 990 |
Source : Directorate General of Fisheries, 1987
Table 4. Potential areas for cockle culture
| Location | Area (ha) | Sources |
North Sumatra Tj. Balai | 3 000 | Directorate General of Fisheries and Agriculture Research Development (1985) |
Riau Bintan bay | 10 000 | Estimated (topography map) |
Jambi Kuala Tunggal | 50 | Dinas Perikanan 1987e |
Lampung Kuala, Penet, Maringgai | 500 | Estimated (actual site) |
West Java Mauk-Tangerang, Pancakencan, Gebang, Banten bay, Ketapang bay, Gagara, Menyan, Tarumajaya | 1 000 | Dinas Perikanan 1987g |
Central Java Demak Jepara Tayu, Pati, and Rembang | 2 000 | Pagcatipunan et al 1981 |
East Java Kenjeran, Surabaya Pasuruan and Probolinggo | 2 000 | " |
Bali Banyu Wedang bay (25) and Pegametan bay (100) | 125 | Dinas Perikanan 1987a |
West Nusatenggara Lombok/Labuan Treng (50) Sumbawa, Bima bay (750) and Wawaroda bay (3 100) | 3 900 | Dinas Perikanan 1987b |
South Sulawesi Sinjai, Ujung Pandang | 500 | Dinas Perikanan 1987d |
Total | 23 075 |
Table 5. Potential areas for mussel culture
| Location | Area (ha) | Source |
North Sumatra Tj. Balai | 1 000 | Estimated (actual site) |
Riau Teluk Bintan | 3 000 | Estimated (Topography map) |
Jambi Kuala Tungkal, Kg. Laut | 200 | Dinas Perikanan 1987e |
Lampung Kuala Penet, Maringgai | 5 000 | Estimated (satellite image) |
West Java Banten bay Ketapang, Tangerang Gagara Menyan, Tarumajaya | 4 000 | Dinas Perikanan 1987g |
Jakarta Seribu island | 2 000 | Estimated (actual site) |
Central Java Jepara | 500 | " |
East Java Madura Strait Pasuruan Probolinggo (Gili Ketapang) Kwanyar, Madura | 4 500 | Pagcatipunan et al 1981 |
West Nusatenggara Labuan Lombok | 500 | Estimated (topography map) |
| Total | 20 700 |
Table 6. Potential areas for oyster culture
| Location | Area (ha) | Sources |
West Java Ketapang, Tangerang Tarumajaya | 1 000 | Dinas Perikanan 1987g |
Central Java Demak Jepara | 1 000 | Estimated (topography map) |
East Java Kenjeran, Surabaya Pasuruan Probolinggo Kwanyar, Madura | 3 500 | Pagcatipunan et al 1982 |
West Nusatenggara Lombok Sepi bay/Blongas (50) Bumbang bay (100) Batunampar (Tl. Aurang 100) Sumbawa Sape bay (150) Labuan Pototono (250) Monto, Waha (300) Wera, Sanggar (530) Donggo, Bolo (350) | 1 830 | Dinas Perikanan 1987b |
East Nusatenggara Kupang bay, Timor | 20 | Estimated (actual site) |
South Sulawesi Maros | 500 | Dinas Perikanan 1987d |
| Total | 7 850 |
Table 7. Potential areas for pearl oyster culture
| Location | Area (ha) | Sources |
Lampung Tj. Putus, Teluk Lampung | 300 | Estimated (actual site) |
Jakarta Pari island | 300 | Interviewed (resource person) |
Bali Banyuwedang bay (25) Pegametan bay (100) | 300 | Dinas Perikanan 1987g |
West Nusatenggara Gili Poh, Lombok Tg. Bero, Sape bay, Sumbawa | 300 | |
Central Sulawesi Lokotai | 300 | |
Southeast Maluku Aru islands (Taberfane, Fatujuring) and Tanimbar islands. | 500 | |
Central Maluku Banda island | 300 | |
North Maluku Bacan (Pulau Wiring) Kayoa | 300 | |
North Sulawesi Likupang | 500 | |
Southeast Sulawesi Palabusa | 1 000 | |
Irian Jaya Kabra island, Sorong | 500 | |
East Kalimantan Bontang, Berau | 1 000 | Dinas Perikanan 1987e |
| Total | 5 600 |
Table 8. Seaweed production by provinces from 1981–1985 (mt)
| Area | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | |
| 1. | South Sumatra | - | - | - | - | 20 |
| 2. | Bengkulu | 8 | 6 | 6 | 27 | 35 |
| 3. | Lampung | - | - | 55 | 86 | 99 |
| 4. | Riau | 572 | - | - | 151 | - |
| 5. | West Java | 183 | 381 | 743 | 331 | 222 |
| 6. | East Java | - | - | - | - | 99 |
| 7. | Jogjakarta | 25 | 26 | 29 | 31 | 38 |
| 8. | Bali | 567 | 279 | 803 | 1 707 | 57 026 |
| 9. | West Nusatenggara | 34 | 85 | 43 | 28 | 22 |
| 10. | East Nusatenggara | - | 7 | 1 279 | 571 | 524 |
| 11. | Central Sulawesi | 105 | 123 | 69 | 44 | 42 |
| 12. | South Sulawesi | - | - | - | - | 342 |
| 13. | Southeast Sulawesi | 138 | 193 | 169 | 325 | 2 042 |
| 14. | Maluku | 6 341 | 6 341 | 6 448 | 6 621 | 2 473 |
| Total | 7 451 | 7 441 | 9 644 | 9 922 | 62 974 |
(Source : Directorate General of Fisheries, 1987)
Table 9. Potential areas for seaweed culture
| Location | Area (ha) | Sources | |
North Sumatra Merah, Hajoran, Danao, P. Ungas Panean Barsar, and Pancan Kercil | 150 | Estimated (actual site) | |
Aceh Weh island, Sabang Simeulu West Aceh | 250 | Dinas Perikanan 1988 | |
West Sumatra Padang, Carocok, Bangus" | 500 | Estimated (topography map) | |
Bengkulu Bengkulu | 100 | ||
Riau Telang Besar, Pangkil, Karas, Matak, and Beliba islands | 1 500 | " | |
South Sumatra
Bangka, Belitung | 1 000 | " | |
Lampung Seram island,Ketapang Kalianda, Ketapang Padang cermin | 300 | Estimated (actual site) | |
West Java Banten bay Pelabuahan Ratu, Cimari, Cikelet, Cikalong, Cikangkung, Cidaun, Cipatujah, Pameungpeuk | 500 | Estimated (topography map) | |
Jakarta Seribu island | 100 | " | |
Central Java Jepara Cilacap Gunung Kidul | 500 | " | |
East Java Pacitan Banyuwangi Sumenep | 300 | " | |
Bali
Serang island, Nusa Dua, Tj. Benoa, Ungasan, Nusa Lembongan, Nusa Ceningan, Cekik, Gilimanuk, Banyuwedang, Sendang, Bondalem Ujung, Padang bay, Sengkidu, Amed | 1 500 | Dinas Perikanan 1987a | |
West Nusatenggara Maringgi, Kambing and Kera islands, Ekas bay Lombok, Saleh bay, Warowada bay, Sumbawa | 6 000 | Estimated (topography map) | |
East Nusatenggara Tj.Karoso, Sumba, Warambadi, East Sumba, Komodo island, Besar island Maumere, Tablolong, Timor | 6 000 | Trono et al. 1980 | |
Maluku North Maluku L imbo and Doi islands, Joronga island Central Maluku Geser, Seram Rei, Kefar, Kidang, Nukus, and Grogus East Seram; Tujuh island, North Seram, Ose island, West Seram Southeast Maluku Kg. Warilau, Krei Biru Aru Island; Meti Rotan, Witidal, Pulau-Pulau Nuslima, Kg.kurat of Maru island North Tanibar; Kg. Laut Daulun, Namtabung, Adaut, Nuyanat South Tanibar; Babar, Wetanin Babar island, Marsela, Sermata, Kisar, Wetar, Lirang, Romang and Damar Leti islands | 3 000 | " | |
South Kalimantan Laut island | 500 | Interviewed (resource person) | |
East Kalimantan Tarakan, Berau, Bentang, Balikpapan | 1 000 | Dinas Perikanan1987c | |
Southeast Sulawesi Buton, Muna island, Kendari, kaldupa | 1 000 | Dinas Perikanan1987d | |
South Sulawesi Pengkep Jeneponto, Polmas, Manuiju Sinjai | 500 | Dinas Perikanan 1987d | |
Central Sulawesi Samaringa | 500 | Interviewed (resource person) | |
Irian Jaya Sorong | 500 | " | |
| Total | 25 700 | ||
Table 10. Potential areas for Eucheuma culture
| Location | Area (ha) | Sources |
Riau Telang Besar, Pangkil, Karas, Matak, and Beliba islands | 1 000 | Interviewed (resource person) |
Lampung Semut island, Ketapang Kalianda Ketapang Padang Cermin | 300 | Estimated (actual site) |
Jakarta Seribu island | 100 | Interviewed (resource person) |
Bali
Serangan island, Tj. Benoa, Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, Nusa Dua, Nusa Ceningan, Banyuwedang, Cekik and Ungsan | 1 000 | Dinas Perikanan 1987a |
West Nusatenggara Maringgi, Kambing and Kera islands, Ekas bay, Lombok; Saleh bay, Sumbawa,Waworada bay, Bima | 6 000 | Dinas Perikanan 1987b |
East Nusatenggara
Tj. Karaso, West Sumba; Warambadi, East Sumba; Komodo island Tablolong, Timor | 6 000 | Trono et al, 1980 |
Maluku
North Maluku Limbo and Doi island, Joronga island Central Maluku Geser, Seram Rei, Kifar, Kidang, Nukus and Grougus in East Seram Tujuh island, North Seram Ose island, West Seram Southeast Maluku Kg. Warilau, Krei Baru in Aru islands Meti Rotan, Watidal, Pulau-Pulau Nusalima, Kg.Kurat of Maru island in North Tanibar, Kg. Laut Dalaun, Namtabung, Adaut, Nuyanat in South Tanibar, Babat, Wetan in Babar islands, Masela, Semata islands, Jusarm Wetar, Lirang, Romang and Damar in Leti islands | 3 000 | " |
South Kalimantan Pulau Laut | 500 | Interviewed (resource person) |
East Kalimantan Tarakan | 500 | Dinas Perikanan 1987b |
Southeast Sulawesi Buton, Muna island Kendari Kaledupa | 1 000 | Interviewed (resource person) |
South Sulawesi Pengkep Jeneponto Sinjai, Polmas, Mamuju | 1 000 | " |
Central Sulawesi Samaringa | 600 | " |
Irian Jaya Sorong | 500 | " |
| Total | 21 500 |
Table 11. Potential areas suitable for sea cucumber culture development
| Province | Area (ha) |
| Lampung | 200 |
| East Java | 200 |
| West Nusatenggera | 200 |
| North Sulawesi | 500 |
| Central Sulawesi | 300 |
| Southeast Sulawesi | 500 |
| Maluku | 500 |
| Irian jaya | 100 |
| Total | 2 500 |
Table 12. Types of industry and its potential wastes.
| Industry | Chemicals generate pollution |
| 1. Fertilizer industry | Ammonia |
| 2. Food & beverage industry | Caustic soda, amylum, organic substance/chemicals |
| 3. Chemical/drug industry | organic salts, inorganic salts calcium nitrate |
| 4. Sugar industry soda | Organic substance, CaO, H2S, Hypochlorite and caustic |
| 5. Textile industry | Organic and inorganic substance, coloring substances |
| 6. Wood industry | Phenol, Pb, cellulose, BMC |
| 7. Galvanizing industry | Heavy metal (Hg, Zn, and Cr) |
| 8. Paper industry | Phenol, Sulphite, heavy metal organic substance containing hemicellulose and lignite |
| 9. Tapioca industry | H2S, Phosphate, ammonia, metanol Co2, and HCN |
| 10. Petrochemical industry | Ammonium sulphate |
| 11. Detergent industry | Sulfuric acid |
| 12. Mining industry | Al, Pb, Bauxit |
| 13. Oil refinery industry | Phenol, Pb salt, acid |
| 14. Heavy metal industry | Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn |
Table 13. Level of some industrial wastes endanger fish kept in netcages.
| Chemicals which generate pollution | Source/cause of pollution | Details |
| 1. Chlorine, alkali lignin and sulphite | Wood industrial wastes | Doses of 0.2 ppm endanger fish |
| 2. Sulfuric (H2SO4) | Wastes from the detergent industry and from household | Doses of 1.0 ppm poison fish |
| 3. Ammonium sulphate | petrochemical industrial wastes | Doses of 1.5 ppm lethal to fish |
| 4. Alkaline | Textile industrial wastes | Increase pH and BOD of water, endanger fish |
| 5. H2S, Phosphate, ammonia, metanol Co2 and HcN | Tapioca industrial wastes | Harm and poison fish |
| 6. Heavy metals, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg | industrial wastes | Doses above 1.0mg/1 endanger fish |
Source : Panjaitan (1982)
Table 14. Sources of pollutant
| Province | Sources of pollutant |
| Aceh | |
Lhok nga Banda aceh Lhok Seumawe | Cement factory. Plywood. Urea, olefine, pulp paper, liquid national gas, machinery, food processing, textile, leather, fibre, chemicals, metal and building materials. |
| North Sumatra | |
Asahan | Plywood, textile machinery, aluminum, food processing, textile, leather, fibre chemicals, metal, building materials. |
| West Sumatra | |
Padang | Machinery, ship building, textile, plywood, cement, food processing, leather, fibre, chemicals, metal and building materials. |
| Riau | |
| Plywood, food processing, textile, leather, fibre, chemicals, metal and building materials. | |
| South Sumatra | |
Palembang | Plywood, textile Urea, tires, aromatic, pulp paper, rayon, machinery, ship |
| building. | |
Baturaja | Cement, food processing, textile, leather, fibre, chemicals, metal and building materials. |
Bangka | Mining (off shore dredging). |
| West Java | |
Cilegon Cilegon, Tangerang Tangerang Cibinong Tangerang, Bekasi Cikampek Bandung | Animal feed plant, metal, electronic industry, ship building. Tires, rubber. Fibre chemicals. Cement. pulp paper. Fertilizer. Electronic industry, plywood metal light machineries, textile, food processing, textile, leather, fibre chemicals, and building materials. |
| Jakarta | |
| Metal industry, ship, building materials. | |
| Di Yogyakarta | |
Yogyakarta | Textile food processing, leather, chemicals, metal, industry, and building materials. |
| East Java | |
Madiu Gresik Surabaya Banyuwangi Probolinggo Pasuruan Madura | Train building. Petro-chemicals, cement and chemical industry. Ship building, car assembly metal and machinery. Pulp paper, plywood, food Processing, textile, and leather, chemicals, metal and building materials. Machinery. Cement factory. |
| Bali | |
| Textile, food processing, and building materials. | |
| West Kalimantan | |
| plywood, textile, metal plants, ship building, food processing, leather, chemical metal and building materials. | |
| South Kalimantan | |
| Cement, pulp paper, plywood food processing, textile, leather, chemicals, metal, and building materials. | |
| East Kalimantan | |
Sesayap Bunyu Bontang | Integrated wood industry. Chemicals, wood processing, Ship building. Fertilizer, chemicals, liquid natural gas, food processing, textile, leather, metal and building materials. |
| North Sulawesi | |
| Plywood, metal, ship building, cement, food processing, textile, leather, metal and building materials. | |
| Central Sulawesi | |
| Plywood, food processing, textile, leather, chemicals, metal and building materials. | |
| South Sulawesi | |
Ujung Pandang Tonasa Gowa | Ship building, chemicals, and steel. Cement. Paper, textiles, food, processing, leather chemicals, metal and building materials. |
| Southeast Sulawesi | |
| Plywood, food processing, textiles, leather, chemicals, metal and building materials. | |
| West Nusatenggara | |
| Food processing, textile, leather, metal, and building materials. | |
| Kupang | |
| Cement, industrial salts. | |
| East Timor | |
| Food processing, textile, leather, chemicals, metal, and building materials. | |
| Maluku | |
| Plywood, cement, food processing, textile, leather, chemicals, metal, and building materials. | |
| Irian Jaya | |
| Plywood, pulp paper, cement, food processing, textiles, leather, chemicals, metal and building materials. | |
