THA/75/012/WP 17 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CLARIAS (FAMILY CLARIIDAE) IN THAILAND

by

Alex N. Fedoruk and Kamonporn Pawaputanon

Programme for the Development of Pond Management Techniques
and Disease Control (DoF - UNDP/FAO THA/75/012)
Thailand

National Inland Fisheries Institute
Bangkok, Thailand
1981

PREFACE

The “Programme for the Development of Pond Management Techniques and Disease Control (THA/75/012)” was implemented in Thailand during 1979–82 as a joint project by the Department of Fisheries (DoF) and UNDP/FAO. The purpose of the project was to improve DoF support services for Clarias farming through strengthening:

1. the skills of Fisheries staff in aquaculture disciplines such as disease diagnosis and treatment, pond management and extension,

2. the research on solutions for problematical aspects of Clairas culture,

3. the system of relaying problems from the farms to DoF and of transferring improved technologies, and

4. the equipment and facility base of DoF for working on aquaculture problems.

Although the UNDP/FAO participation was structured terminate in August 1981, DoF committed continuation of the project to at least August 1982.

This report is one of several Working Papers prepared on various aspects of the project. A list of titles of reports completed in the series is annexed.

Inquiries concerning the subject matter of any particular report should be directed to the author,

Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CLARIAS (FAMILY CLARIIDAE)
IN THAILAND¹

Alex N. Fedoruk² and Kamonporn Pawaputanon³

INTRODUCTION

Culture of the walking catfish (chiefly Clarias batrachus with some C. macrocephalus) started in Thailand during the late 1950's. Operations were initially concentrated in proximity to the city of Bangkok but they now occur throughout the country. The current production of farmed Clarias is about 11,000 metric tons/year.

A written record of information has accumulated on Clarias and its culture in Thailand over the past 20 years. It largely comprises reports by government agencies and universities which account the results of field and laboratory research and of observations on the artisanal practices of Clarias farmers. Most of the reports are recorded in Thai and are in mimeograph or manuscript form but some have been published in local journals, some are written in English and some have an English summary or abstract.

This bibliography presents a list of reports, regardless of status, on Clarias in Thailand that were available by June 1981. Although the search for titles was extensive some omissions still may occur. Routine “Annual Reports of the Thai Department of Fisheries” which largely present production statistics including some on Clarias from both capture and culture fisheries are not included in the list; they presently exist for the year 1952 to 1978.

¹ Completed as a component study under the DoF - UNDP/FAO “Programme for the Development of Pond Management Techniques and Disease Control (THA/75/012)”.

² Senior Fisheries Biologist, UNDP/FAO project THA/75/012, Bangkok, Thailand.

³ Senior Fish Parasitologist, National Inland Fisheries Institute, Kasetsart University Campus, Bangkhen, Bangkok 9, Thailand.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Anonymous. 1977.
Production costs and incomes from Clarias farms, Makham Lom Commune, Bang Pla Ma District, Suphanburi Province. Economics Production Section, Division of Agriculture Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand, No. 37(1), 19p. (in Thai).

(See Varikul and Fedoruk, 1981, this bibliography)

Key words: Pond culture (grow-out) - Case study - Economic analysis -Culture techniques - Clarias batrachus.

2. Anonymous. 1979.
Catfish - easy to culture. In: Community Fisheries Program, Occ. Paper, Fisheries Extension and Conservation, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 24–36. (in Thai).

Key words: Culture system - Clarias batrachus.

3. Anonymous. 1980a.
Freshwater fish resources in major waters in Thailand. Tech. Paper No. 1(1980), National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 137p. (in Thai).

Key words: Occurrence and distribution - Pisces (including Clarias spp.).

4. Anonymous. 1980b.
Fish composition, and abundance and the fisheries in Chamrang Swamp, Chainat Province. Tech. Report No. 1, Fish Population Unit, National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 11p. (in Thai).

Key words: Occurrence and distribution - Pisces (incl. Clarias spp.).

5. Areerat, S. 1970.
Fishes of the family Clariidae found in Thailand. Tech. Report No. 9 (1970), Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 18p. (in Thai).

Key words: Systematics - Taxonomic characteristics - Clariidae.

6. Areerat, S. 1974a.
Dropsy (septicemia) at the base of pectoral fin in pla duk. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 80–84. (in Thai).

Key words: Disease - Aeromonas spp. - Clarias batrachus.

7. Areerat, S. 1974b.
Prevention of catfish disease. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 85–87. (in Thai).

Key words: Disease - Aeromonas spp. - Prophylaxis - Clarias batrachus.

8. Areerat, S. 1978a.
Prevention and treatment of fish disease. Tech. Paper No. 3(1978), National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 8p. (in Thai).

Key words: Disease - Parasites - Cultured fish (incl. Clarias batrachus and C. macrocephalus).

9. Areerat, S. 1978b.
Prevention of catfish diseases. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 31(1): 41–45. (in Thai).

Key words: Disease - Aeromonas spp. - Trichodina spp. - Gyrodactylus spp.-Prophylaxis - Clarias spp.

10. Areerat, S. 1978c.
Disease of pla duk (Clarias batrachus) and how to control them. IDRC Workshop on Tropical Fish Diseases, Bogor, Indonesia, 28 Nov.-1 Dec., 1978, 3p.

Key words: Disease - Aeromonas spp. - Trichodina spp. - Gyrodactylus spp.-Prophylaxis - Clarias batrachus.

11. Areerat, S. 1979a.
Swelling of the lateral body wall in the area near the pectoral fins of pla duk (Clarias batrachus). Tech. Paper No. 1(1979), National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 9p. (in Thai with English summary).

Key words: Disease - Aeromonas spp. - Trichodina spp. - Gyrodactylus spp.-Prophylaxis - Clarias batrachus.

12. Areerat, S. 1979b.
Control of parasites of Clarias batrachus. In: Inaugural Report (1976–1978) of the National Inland Fisheries Institute. Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 84–85.

Key words: Ectoparasites - Prophylaxis - Clarias batrachus.

13. Areerat, S. 1979c.
Prevention of Aeromonas disease in Clarias batrachus. In: Inaugural Report (1976–1978) of the National Inland Fisheries Institute), Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 85.

Key words: Aeromonas disease - Prophylaxis - Clarias batrachus.

14. Bamrungsook, S. and Chalaem, T. 1970.
Study on the diseases and parasites of pla duk, Clarias sp., in ponds. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 191–200. (in Thai).

Key words: Disease - Ectoparasites - Clarias batrachus.

15. Bamrungsook, S. 1971.
Studies on the effect of formalin in the culture of pla duk dan. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 168–174. (in Thai).

Key words: Ectoparasite prophylaxis - Trichodina spp. Gyrodactylus spp. - Dactylogyrus spp. - Clarias batrachus.

16. Bamrungsook, S. and Ruaysap, P. 1971.
Studies on the effect of antibiotics in the culture of pla duk dan, Clarias batrachus. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 149–160. (in Thai).

Key words: Disease - Aeromonas spp. - Antibiotic prophylaxis -Clarias batrachus.

17. Bannasopit, T. 1959.
Experiment on the culture of Clarias batrachus fry. B.Sc., thesis, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 42p. (in Thai).

Key words: Fry rearing - Fry nutrition - Clarias batrachus.

18. Barica, J. 1976.
Catfish mortalities in farm ponds: In: Nutrient dynamics in eutrophic inland waters used for aquaculture, FAO Working Paper, Ref., SCS/76/ WP 24: 18–22.

Key words: Consultancy report - Pond culture (grow-out) - Water quality problems - Management recommendations -Clarias batrachus.

19. Boonnag, C. 1967.
Catfish breeding. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 30(2): 197–200. (in Thai).

Key words: Fry propogation - Breeding ponds - Disease -Clarias batrachus.

20. Boonpram, M., Tanchalanukit, W. and Suraneeranat, P. 1977.
Experiment on hybridization of freshwater catfish, Clarias macro-cephalus Gunther and C. batrachus Linn. Kasetsart Extension Journal, 23(7): 45–61. (in Thai).

Key words: Hybridization - Clarias batrachus - C. macrocephalus.

21. Chomdej, V. 1962.
On the feeding of pla duk (Clarias batrachus Linn.) with four kinds of feed. B.Sc., thesis, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand 46p. (in Thai).

Key words: Fry rearing - Cage culture - Fry nutrition -Clarias batrachus.

22. Chotiyanwongse, A. 1978.
Nutritional values of some fishes and shellfishes. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 31(2): 153–168. (in Thai).

Key words: Proximate analysis - Clarias batrachus.

23. Chuapoehuk, W. and Pothisoong, T. 1978a.
Comparison of growth and survival of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) larvae fed dry and wet pelleted feeds. Occasional Paper, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 7p. (in Thai).

Key words: Larval nutrition - Fry culture - Clarias batrachus.

24. Chuapoehuk, W. and Pothisoong, T. 1978b.
A preliminary study on the production of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) fed on a hard pellet in ponds. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 31(4): 313–318. (in Thai).

Key words: Nutrition - Grow-out culture - Artificial feed -Production - Clarias batrachus.

25. Colman, J. and Chinabut, S. 1981.
Water Conditions as Limiting Factors in Clarias Culture. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 16, 10p.

Key words: Water chemistry - Growth - Survival - Histopathology -Clarias batrachus.

26. Dhamrongrat, S. and Kasesunchi, P. 1965.
Feeds for catfish (Clarias batrachus Linn.) fry. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 18(3): 291–313. (in Thai).

(See Dhamrongrat, S. and Kasesunchi, P. 1981, this bibliography)

Key words: Fry nutrition - Nursing technology - Fry production -Clarias batrachus.

27. Dhamrongrat, S. and Kasesunchi, P. 1981.
Feeds for catfish (Clarias batrachus Linn.) fry. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 11, 10p.

(See Dhamrongrat, S. and Kasesunchi, P. 1965, this bibliography)

Key words: Fry nutrition - Nursing technology - Fry production -Clarias batrachus.

28. Duangswasdi, M. and Raikuntod, W. 1973.
Creel survey and fishing operations in Ubol Ratana Reservoir. In: Annual Report of the Ubol Ratana Reservoir Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 82p. (in Thai).

Key words: Species composition - Commercial fishery - Pisces (incl. Clarias spp.)

29. Fedoruk, A.N. 1981.
A management perspective on stress and infectious diseases in Clarias farming. FAO Working Paper, Ref, THA/75/012/WP 10, 9p.

Key words: Stress and stressors - Management - Clarias spp.

30. Hepher, B. 1981.
Management and research appoaches in Clarias culture, Thailand. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 13, 5p.

Key words: Consultancy report - Pond culture - International perspective - Water quality problems - Research approaches -Clarias spp.

31. Huet, M. 1952.
Breeding and Cultivation of Clarias in the Far East: 213–214. In: Huet, Marcel (1952), Textbook of Fish Culture - Breeding and Cultivation of Fish. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 430p.

Key words: Reproduction - Fingerling and grow-out production -Clarias spp.

32. Inoue, K. and Swegan S. 1970.
Economic survey of catfish culture in Suphanburi Province, Thailand. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 23(2): 251–269.

Key words: Pond culture (grow-out) - Economic analysis - Demand and supply - Clarias spp.

33. Kaewka, N. 1977.
Economics of catfish production in Thailand 1976. Division of Agriculture Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand, No. 42, 72p. (in Thai).

Key words: Occurrence and distribution of Clarias farming. Economic analysis - Culture technology - Clarias spp.

34. Kate-Pasook, W. and Fedoruk, A. 1981.
Selected Clarias bibliography from countries other than Thailand. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 20, 12p.

Key words: Bibliography - Clarias spp.

35. Kloke, C.W. and Potaros, M. 1975.
The technology and economics of catfish (Clarias spp.) farming in Thailand. Indo-Pacific Council, Occasional Paper 1975/2, 18p.

Key words: Pond culture (grow-out) - Case studies - Culture methods -Economic analysis - Clarias batrachus - C. macrocephalus.

36. Leenanonth, Y. 1981.
Life history of pla duk dan (Clarias batrachus Linnaeus). Tech. Report No. 1/1981, National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 65p. (in Thai with English abstract).

Key words: Research overview - Systematics - Taxonomy - Biology -Culture technology - Disease - Marketing - Clarias batrachus.

37. Lerdprasert, N. 1960.
Culture of Clarias in cages. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 13(4): 303–360. (in Thai).

Key words: Cage culture - Clarias batrachus.

38. Ling, S.W. 1977.
Walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) culture. 56–59, In: Ling, Shao-Wen (1977), Aquaculture in Southeast Asia, A Historical Overview. A Washington Sea Grant Publication, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 108p.

Key words: Aquaculture - Southeast Asia - Thailand - Clarias batrachus.

39. Meenakarn, S. and Ayles, G.B. 1977.
Notes on the production of Clarias macrocephalus fry in Thailand. Unpublished Mss., National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 3p.

Key words: Fry propogation - Moina culture - Clarias macrocephalus.

40. Mongkolprasit, S. 1972.
Ichthylogy: A Practical Study. Occasional Paper, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 46p. (in Thai).

Key words: Intestine morphology - Clarias batrachus.

41. Muangboon, M. 1961.
Collecting Clarias fry from natural waters. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 14(2): 105–111. (in Thai).

(See Muangboon, 1981, this bibliography)

Key words: Spawning behaviour - Fry production - Collecting technology -Clarias spp.

42. Muangboon, M. 1981.
Collecting Clarias fry from natural waters. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 4, 3p.

(See Muangboon. 1961, this bibliography)

Key words: Spawning behaviour - Fry production - Collecting technology -Clarias spp.

43. Muir, J. 1981.
Management in Clarias culture, Thailand. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 3, 30p.

Key words: Consultancy report - Overview - Culture technology -Management - Environmental control - Economics - Research recommendations - Clarias spp.

44. National Inland Fisheries Institute, Thailand and Institute of Aquaculture, Stirling, Scotland. 1981. Preliminary list of diseases of cultured Clarias in Thailand. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 5, 6p.

Key words: Diseases (parasitic, bacterial, nutritional) - Clarias spp.

45. Nawaratana, A., M.L. 1974.
Sir: We are exhausting pla duk. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 27(1): 17–22. (in Thai).

Key words: Conservation - Pollution - Disease - Clarias batrachus -C. macrocephalus.

46. Nawaratana, A., M.L. 1976.
The great value of farm fish ponds in Suphanburi Province. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 26(2): 201–207. (in Thai).

Key words: Walking catfish culture - Management recommendations -Clarias batrachus.

47. Ngamvongehon, S. 1981.
Preliminary study on the use of urine from pregnant women to induce spawning in Clarias macrocephalus. M.S., thesis, Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand. (in preparation) (in Thai).

Key words: Controlled reproduction - Hormone implantation - Clarias macrocephalus.

48. Nguitragool, M. 1975.
Rancidity of frozen catfish. Research project No. F:3.2/18, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 8p. (in Thai).

Key words: Shelf life - Rancidity - Organoleptic scoring - Clarias batrachus.

49. Nilsri, A. 1973.
Catfish culture at Amphoe Bang Pla Ma, Suphanburi Province. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 26(4): 529–534. (in Thai).

Key words: Fry propogation - Pond culture (grow-out) - Disease -Clarias batrachus.

50. Panayotou, T., Wattanatchariya, S., Invilanonda, S. and R. Tokrisna. 1981.
The Economics of Catfish Farming in Thailand. ICLARM Technical Report Series (in press), KURDI and ICLARM, Bangkok and Manila.

Key words: Clarias culture - Economic analysis - Production efficiency -Clarias batrachus.

51. Parienyarat, S. 1966.
Preliminary studies on the biology of Pla Duk Dan, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). B.Sc., thesis, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 51p. (in Thai).

Key words: Natural occurrence and distribution - Taxonomic characteristics - Condition indices - Clarias batrachus.

52. Pawaputanon, K. and Chinabut, S. 1973.
Bacterial diseases of pla duk. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 65–76. (in Thai with English summary).

Key words: Disease - Aeromonas spp. - Antibiotics - Clarias batrachus.

53. Pawaputanon, O. 1965.
The cultivation of pla duk (Clarias batrachus Linn.) in the vicinity of Bangkok. B.Sc., thesis, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 34p. (in Thai).

Key words: Culture technology - Pond water characteristics -Clarias batrachus.

54. Pawaputanon, K. 1974.
General information on fish disease. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 27(3): 329–339. (in Thai).

Key words: Disease - Aeromonas spp. - Parasites - Pisces (incl.Clarias spp.

55. Pennapaporn, P. 1968.
Feeding rate of pla duk dan, Clarias batrachus Linn. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 203–218. (in Thai).

Key words: Feeding rates - Digestion rate - Nursing technology -Clarias batrachus.

56. Petcharoen, S. 1964.
The effect of oxytetracycline and vitamin B12 in diets of young pla duk (Clarias batrachus Linn.). M.S., thesis, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 47p. (in Thai).

Key words: Diseases - Antibiotics - Vitamin fortification of diets -Fingerling nursing - Clarias batrachus.

57. Phinyoying, S. and Udomwantaluk, S. 1973.
Experiments on spawning pla duk oui. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 13–18. (in Thai).

Key words: Controlled reproduction - Fry culture technology -Clarias macrocephalus.

58. Poonsuk, K. and Saitanu, K. 1980.
In vitro susceptibility of Aeromonas hydrophila strains isolated from catfish (Clarias batrachus) to fourteen antimicrobial agents. Journal of Aquatic Animal Diseases, 3(1): 9–14. (in Thai).

Key words: Disease - Aeromonas hydrophila - Antibiotics - Clarias batrachus.

59. Potaros, M. and Bualoy, P. 1971.
Cage culture of Clarias batrachus Linn. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 112–114. (in Thai).

Key words: Cage culture technology - Clarias batrachus.

60. Potaros, M. and Supachalut, M. 1973a.
Experiment on feeding Clarias batrachus with pellet feeds. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 77–81. (in Thai).

Key words: Nutrition - Artificial feed - Clarias batrachus.

61. Potaros, M. and Supachalut, M. 1973b.
Using carbohydrate feed stuffs mixed with ground trash fish as feed for Clarias. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 82–86. (in Thai).

Key words: Pond culture - Nutrition - Clarias spp.

62. Pothongkam, K. 1970.
Embryological and morphological development of pla duk dan, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus). In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 71–82. (in Thai).

Key words: Developmental biology - Clarias batrachus.

63. Punjamapirom, S. 1967.
Chemical composition of the flesh of eleven fish species. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 20(4): 659–665. (in Thai).

Key words: Proximate composition - Clarias batrachus.

64. Roberts, R.J. 1981.
Assessment of the program for the UNDP/FAO supported catfish project in Thailand. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 19, 5p.

Key words: Consultancy report - Project assessment - Clarias spp.

65. Sae-Eng, P. 1979.
Studies on water chemistry characteristics of catfish (Clarias batrachus) ponds. In: Annual Report of the Suphanburi Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 32–55. (in Thai).

Key words: Culture ponds - Water chemistry characteristics -Production - Mortality incidences - Clarias batrachus.

66. Sangchan, U. 1976.
Production of catfish fry at Amphoe Ban Pho, Chachoengsao Province. Kasetsart Extension Journal, 21(2): 37–43. (in Thai).

Key words: Controlled breeding technology - Fry production -Nursing technology - Clarias batrachus.

67. Sangkakul, S. and Srisuwantach, V. 1973.
Spawning season of fishes in Bang Pakong River. In: Annual Report of the Fisheries Research Unit, Inland Fisheries Division, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 7–25. (in Thai).

Key words: Gonad development - Sex ratio - Maturation coefficient -Clarias batrachus.

68. Sidthimunka, A. 1972a.
The culture of pla duk (Clarias spp.). Technical Paper No. 11(1972), Inland Fisheries Division, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 16p. (in Thai).

Key words: Culture system overview - Fry propogation - Grow-out technology - Research recommendations - Clarias spp.

69. Sidthimunka, A. 1972b.
The culture of pla duk (Clarias spp.). Technical Report No. 12(1972), Inland Fisheries Division, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 17p.

Key words: Overview Clarias culture - Fry production system -Grow-out technology - Problems and recommended research -Clarias spp.

70. Sidthimunka, A. 1972c.
Production of catfish (Clarias spp.) and its problems in Thailand. Tech. Report, Fisheries Survey Unit, Inland Fisheries Division, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 15p.

Key words: Pond culture - Biology - Seed propogation - Culture technology - Disease - Problems - Management - Clarias batrachus and C. macrocephalus.

71. Sidthimunka, A. 1973a.
Culture of catfish on Thailand farms. Fish Farming International, 1: 81–83.

Key words: Culture system review - Clarias spp.

72. Sidthimunka, A. 1973b.
Length-weight relationships of freshwater fishes of Thailand. International Center for Aquaculture Research and Development, Series No. 3, Auburn University, 25p.

Key words: Length-weight relationship - Condition index -Clarias batrachus.

73. Sidthimunka, A. 1976.
Length-weight relationships of relationships of freshwater fishes of Thailand. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 29(4): 432–444.

Key words: Length-weight relationship - Condition index -Pisces (incl. Clarias spp.)

74. Sidthimunka, A. and Aguru, P. 1959.
Propogation of Clarias fry in ponds. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 12(3): 253–259. (in Thai).

Key words: Breeding technology - Controlled reproduction -Fry production - Clarias batrachus.

75. Sidthimunka, A. and Bhukaswan, T. 1977.
Catfish culture in Thailand: Its management, prospects and problems. First Asean Meeting of Experts on Aquaculture - Technical Report, Semarang, Indonesia, 31 January - 6 February 1977 FAO Report, Ref., ASEAN 77/FA.Eg.A/Rpt. 2: 187–194.

Key words: Seed production - Stocking rates - Feeding rates -Production - Problems - Prospects - Research and management recommendations - Clarias sp.

76. Sidthimunka, A., Sanglert, J. and Pawaputanon, O. 1966.
The culture of catfish (Clarias spp.) in Thailand, Proceedings of the World Symposium on Warmwater Fish Culture, Rome, May 1966. FAO Fisheries Report No. 44(5): 196–204.

Key words: Culture system overview - Clarias spp.

77. Sirikarn, P. 1968.
The structures and function of the air bladders in some catfishes. B.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 126p. (in Thai).

Key words: Air bladder morphology - Clarias spp.

78. Sitasit, P. 1968.
Water chemistry characteristics of pla duk ponds in Samutprakarn Province. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhan Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 107–139. (in Thai).

Key words: Pond chemistry - Culture operations (grow-out) -Feeding practices - Clarias batrachus.

79. Sitasit, P. 1970a.
Freshwater catfish farming in Samutprakarn Province. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 23(1): 61–71. (in Thai with English summary).

Key words: Pond culture (grow-out) technology - Problems -Clarias batrachus.

80. Sitasit, P. 1970b.
An experiment on culturing Clarias batrachus in cages. In: Annual Report of the Freshwater Pond Culture Section (Bangkhen Fisheries Station), Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 160–176. (in Thai).

Key words: Cage culture - Feed - Production - Clarias batrachus.

81. Sitasit, P. 1971a.
An experiment on hatching Clarias batrachus in ponds. In: Annual Report of the Freshwater Pond Culture Section (Bangkhen Fisheries Station), Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 98–106. (in Thai with English summary).

Key words: Fry propogation - Fecundity - Nursing technology -Clarias batrachus.

82. Sitasit, P. 1971b.
Comparison of the growth rate and production of Clarias batrachus with Clarias macrocephalus. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 133–148. (in Thai).

Key words: Tank culture - Growth - Production - Food costs -Clarias batrachus - Clarias macrocephalus.

83. Sitasit, P. 1979a.
Trials of feeding pla duk fry with a sinking pellet. Unpublished Mss., National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand. (in Thai).

Key words: Fry nutrition - Artificial feed - Clarias macrocephalus.

84. Sitasit, P. 1979b.
Preliminary trials comparing three kinds of feed for Clarias fry. Unpublished Mss., National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand. (in Thai).

Key words: Fry nutrition - Fortified diets - Artificial feed -Clarias batrachus.

85. Sitasit, P. 1980.
Feed formulations for catfish. Unpublished Mss., Nutrition and Diseases Unit, National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand. 11p. (in Thai).

Key words: Artificial feed - Clarias spp.

86. Sitasit, P. 1981a.
Nursing pla duk dan fry with artificial feed. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 34(2): 169–176. (in Thai with English abastract).

Key words: Fry rearing - Fry production - Nutrition -Clarias batrachus.

87. Sitasit, P. 1981b.
Comparison of NIFI diet No. 12 and trash fish fortified with a premix as feed for Clarias batrachus fry. Unpublished Mss., National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 8p. (in Thai).

Key words: Fry nutrition - Fry production - Clarias batrachus.

88. Sitasit, P. 1981c.
Preliminary study on rearing juvenile Clarias batrachus with pellet feed. Unpublished Mss., National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 4p. (in Thai).

Key words: Nutrition - Artificial feed - Clarias batrachus.

89. Sitasit, P. 1981d.
Breeding and nursing Clarias fry - the traditional practice. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 34(3): 327–336. (in Thai with English abstract).

Key words: Fry propogation - Clarias batrachus.

90. Sitasit, P. and Fedoruk, A. 1981.
Summary of the report (unpublished Mss.), “Raising Clarias Fry on an Artificial Diet”. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 9, 2p.

Key words: Fry nutrition - Fry production - Clarias batrachus.

91. Sidthiudomchai, S. 1977.
The catfish (Pla Duk) of Suphanburi. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 30(1): 103–105. (in Thai).

Key words: Pond culture - Management problems - Clarias spp.

92. Skulpone, P. 1972.
The cat-fish farm of a hundred rai. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 25(4): 535–543. (in Thai).

Key words: Pond culture - Case study - Clarias batrachus.

93. Smith, H.M. 1954.
Family Clariidae. pp. 346–353, In: Smith Hugh M. (1945), The Freshwater Fishes of Siam or Thailand. Bull. 188, Smithsonian Inst., U.S. National Museum, U.S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington, 622p.

Key words: Systematics - Taxonomy - Distribution - Clariidae.

94. Songsri, S. 1972.
Seasonal variation in gonadotropin content of the pituitary of Clarias batrachus (Linn.). M.S., thesis, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 44p. (in Thai).

Key words: Endocrinology - Clarias batrachus.

95. Srisuwantach, V. 1981a.
Length-weight relationship of Clarias batrachus. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 21.

Key words: Length-weight relationship - Clarias batrachus.

96. Srisuwantach, V. 1981b.
Length-weight relationship and condition indices of cultured Clarias. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 22.

Key words: Length-weight relationship - Condition index - Clarias batrachus.

97. Srisuwantach, V. 1981c.
Growth rates of cultured Clarias. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/ WP 23.

Key words: Specific growth rate - Growth increments - Clarias batrachus.

98. Srisuwantach, V. Soungchomphan, R. and Sae-Eng, P. 1980.
Water quality conditions as disease related stressors in Clarias ponds. Tech. Report, Ecology Unit, National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 33p.

(See Srisuwantach, et. al., 1981, this bibliography)

Key words: Pond culture (grow-out) - Environmental conditions -Production - Clarias batrachus.

99. Srisuwantach, V. Soungchomphan, R. and Sae-Eng, P. 1981.
Water quality conditions as disease related stressors in Clarias pond culture. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 7, 24p.

(See Srisuwantach, et. al., 1980, this bibliography)

Key words: Pond culture (grow-out) - Environmental conditions -Production - Clarias batrachus.

100. Srisuwantach, V., Soungchomphan, R. and Sitasit, P. 1981.
Comparison of the effects of trash fish and pelleted diets in Clarias grow-out operations. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 15, 23p.

Key words: Water quality - Feeds - Production - Clarias batrachus.

101. Tacon, A.J. and Beveridge, M. 1981.
Analysis of NIFI Clarias diet No. 12. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 8, 2p.

Key words: Consultancy report - Feed analysis - Constituent deficiencies.

102. Taechajanta, K. and Sitasit, P. 1980.
A study on rearing Clarias macrocephalus fry with artificial feed. Unpublished Mss., Fish Feed and Disease Section, National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 16p. (in Thai).

(See Taechajanta, K. and Sitasit, P. 1981a, this bibliography)

Key words: Fry nutrition - Fry production - Feed costs - Clarias macrocephalus.

103. Taechajanta, K. and Sitasit, P. 1981a.
Assessment of a vitamin and mineral premix in an artificial feed for pla duk oui (Clarias macrocephalus) fry. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 12, 6p.

(See Taechajanta, K. and Sitasit, P. 1980, this bibliography)

Key words: Fry nutrition - Fry production - Feed costs -Clarias macrocephalus.

104. Taechajanta, K. and Sitasit, P. 1981b.
Comparison of production of pla duk (Clarias batrachus) fry fed trash fish with and without a vitamin and mineral supplement. Unpublished Mss., National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand. (in Thai).

Key words: Fry nutrition - Fry production - Clarias batrachus.

105. Tanchalanukit, W. 1969.
Biology of pla duk dan. pp. 393–396, In: Handbook on the Principles of Hatchery Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 488p. (in Thai).

Key words: Biology - Clarias batrachus.

106. Tanchalanukit, W. 1979.
Trash fish - protein diet of catfish. Kasetsart Extension Journal, 24(1): 1–31. (in Thai).

Key words: Trash fish composition - Nutrition - Clarias spp.

107. Tangtrongpairoj, M. 1968.
The culture of pla duk dan (Clarias batrachus Linn.) with mixed diets containing 10 percent protein. B.Sc., thesis, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 38p. (in Thai).

Key words: Nutrition - Clarias batrachus.

108. Thonguthai, K. 1965a.
The effects of oxytetracycline in diets enriched with vitamin B₁₂ and salt for reducing mortality in pla duk culture. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 101–108. (in Thai).

Key words: Pond culture - Mortalities - Management - Clarias batrachus.

109. Thonguthai, K. 1965b.
Study on the general information on fish parasites in some kinds of fishes. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 109–117. (in Thai).

Key words: Parasites - Pisces (incl. Clarias spp.)

110. Thonguthai, K. 1967.
Determination of suitable stocking rates of pla duk which give the maximum production. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 61–69. (in Thai).

Key words: Pond culture - Stocking rates - Clarias spp.

111. Thonguthai, K. 1968a.
Parasites in some kinds of fish. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 156–158. (in Thai).

Key words: Fish parasites - Clarias spp.

112. Thonguthai, K. 1968b.
Some chemicals reagents used for fish parasites and diseases. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 159–176. (in Thai).

Key words: Disease - Prophylaxis - Pisces (incl. Clarias spp.)

113. Thonguthai, K. 1969.
Study on the growth rates of pla duk at different stocking densities. In: Annual Report of the Bangkhen Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 116–128. (in Thai).

Key words: Pond culture - Growth - Production - Densities -Feed - Clarias batrachus.

114. Tongsangha, S. 1960.
Induced spawning of pla duk oui (Clarias macrocephalus) by hormone injection. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 14(2): 145–162. (in Thai).

Key words: Controlled reproduction - Fry nursing - Clarias macrocephalus.

115. Tongsangha, S., Sidthimunka, A. and Menasveta, D. 1962.
Induced spawning of catfish (Clarias macrocephalus Gunther) by pituitary hormone injection. Proc. Indo-Pacific Fish. Council, 10(2): 205–213.

Key words: Controlled reproduction - Fry nursing - Clarias macrocephalus.

116. Toopbucha, W. and Benchakarn, M. 1973.
Study on the capture efficiency of gill nets in Ubol Ratana Reservoir. In: Annual Report of the Ubol Ratana Fisheries Station, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 59–72. (in Thai).

Key words: Habitat - Pisces (incl. Clarias spp.).

117. Tungsinavisuitti, S., Ponnoi, S. and Ochan, T. 1976.
Economics of catfish and gouramy production in Suphanburi and Samutprakarn provinces. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 29(3): 326–331. (in Thai with English summary).

Key words: Pond culture systems - Economic analysis - Production -Clarias batrachus - Helostoma teminchi.

118. Ukkatawewat, S. 1978.
Families of Thai freshwater fishes; identification key and description. Technical Paper No. 6(1978), National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 98p (in Thai).

Key words: Systematics - Occurrence - Pisces (incl. Clarias spp.).

119. Ukkatawewat, S. 1979.
The taxonomic characters and biology of some important freshwater fishes in Thailand. Technical Paper No. 3(1979), In: Annual Report of the National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 25–26. (in Thai).

Key words: Key characteristics - Biology - Utilization - Pisces (incl. Clarias spp.).

120. Ukkatawewat, S. 1980.
Families of economic fishes in Thailand. Technical Paper No. 5(1980), In: Annual Report of the National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand: 123–124. (in Thai).

Key words: Systematics - Identification - Occurrence and distribution -Pisces (incl. Clarias spp.).

121. Varikul, V. and Fedoruk, A. 1981.
Synopsis of the report “Production costs and incomes in Clarias ponds culture, Bang Pla Ma District, Suphanburi Province”. FAO Working Paper, Ref., THA/75/012/WP 14, 3p.

(See Anonymous. 1977, this bibliography)

Key words: Economic analysis - Grow-out production - Case studies -Grow-out technology - Clarias batrachus.

122. Vanichkorn, P. 1957.
How to culture the catfish (Clarias). Fisheries News, 10(1): 39–49. (in Thai).

Key words: Culture methods - Clarias batrachus.

123. Vanichkorn, P. 1962.
Culturing young pla duk (Clarias batrachus Linn.) in floating baskets. Thai Fisheries Gazette, 15(3): 271–276. (in Thai).

Key words: Fingerling culture - Cage culture - Clarias batrachus.

124. Vanichkorn, P. 1964.
Culturing catfish (Clarias spp.). Extension Booklet, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 6p. (in Thai).

Key words: Culture guide - Clarias spp.

125. Vanichkorn, P. 1980.
Guidelines for rearing pla duk. Extension Booklet, Department of Fisheries, Thailand, 12p. (in Thai).

Key words: Culture guide - Fry propogation - Feeds - Clarias spp.

126. Wattanutchariya, S. and Panayotou, T. 1981.
The economics of aquaculture; the case of catfish in Thailand. Paper presented to Economics of Aquaculture Research Workshop, IDRC/ICLARM, Singapore, 2–5 June 1981, 28p.

Key words: Clarias culture - Economic analysis - Production efficiency -Clarias batrachus.

The Programme for the Development of Pond Management
Techniques and Disease Control
(DoF-UNDP/FAO THA/75/012)

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