5. RECOMMENDATIONS

The recommendations which follow are under 3 main categories: in-country; regional; and both in-country and regional. Where in-country is indicated, this matter is one left to the dictates of each country. If desired a country may request FAO/UNDP assistance through its ordinary channels. In the case of a regional recommendation, SCSP and/or SEAFDEC propose to make inquiry to each participating country to determine its interest in a particular regional study and if favourable, its views about the nature and scope of the study desired. When both in-country and regional are indicated, a combination procedure would be followed.

5.1 In-country

1. In environmental matters, increased attention should be given to the impacts of existing and proposed commercial, industrial and urban projects on existing aquaculture and more intensive efforts should be made to minimize resulting damages.

2. The adverse effects of new aquaculture projects on the environment should also be evaluated to determine that they do not aggravate flooding, cause sedimentation, coastal erosion or otherwise adversely affect the environment, unless adequate compensating measures are provided.

3. Increased research and attention should be given to developing methodologies for coping with acid-sulfate soils encountered in brackishwater developments.

4. The possibility of incorporating comprehensive Government infrastructure into large-scale coastal erosion prevention, for protection of brackishwater fishponds and coastline should be considered on a cost-sharing basis between Government and the private sector.

5. Efforts should be increased to determine more effective methodologies of converting animal wastes to production of nutrients and feeds for fresh and brackishwater fishponds, and to balance nutrients inputs to fish production needs. There should also be follow-up studies of possible pathogen introductions to fish produced for market.

6. The further development of more effective fishpens, in terms of design and construction, is needed. The feasibility of a floating net fishpen should be investigated.

7. The increased use of suitable type aerators is encouraged in fishpond production where low dissolved oxygen levels exist because of night-time reduced photosynthetic activity or other causes.

8. More attention should be given to pump installations in aquaculture projects involving sustained usage, to increase efficiency and reduce costs.

9. Added attention should be given to new techniques being developed by the private sector, governments and institutions with the ultimate goal directed toward improving the operation of small-scale aquaculture projects.

5.2 Regional

1. General manuals should be prepared covering engineering design and planning of hatcheries for various kinds of fresh-, brackish- and marine-water species, particularly as related to small-scale projects.

2. A general manual should be prepared on engineering aspects of fresh and brackishwater pond construction, covering siting, planning, design and construction. Particular attention would be given to matters such as surveys, soil stability, seepage, soil quality, water quality and water control. The manual should be couched in understandable terms and format for non-engineer users.

5.3 In-country and regional

1. In addition to in-country efforts on pesticide controls a periodic review should be made of pesticide controls, practices and pesticide ratings in participating countries, so that channels for exchange of information could be established on a regional basis.

2. The problem of coastal pollution and control as related to oil spills should be referred by member countries to ASEAN or other international body for coordinated regional action.

3. Increased in-country attention to the possibilities of converting animal wastes for fishpond nutrients and feeds is proposed together with studies on increasing efficiency of the conversion process. A periodic regional assessment should be made so that all concerned may be aware of current progress and problem areas.

4. In-country efforts to improve and encourage further fish cage culture should continue. A periodic regional review should be made to furnish information to interested countries on progress in fish cage culture in the region.

ANNEX A

DIRECTORY OF PARTICIPANTS

OBSERVERS/RESOURCE PERSONS, GUESTS AND STAFF

PARTICIPANTS

HONG KONG

DR. W. L. Y. CHAN
Senior Fisheries Research Officer
Fisheries Research Division
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
393 Canton Road, 12th Floor, Kowloon
Canton Road Government Offices

MR. PETER S. L. MA
Fish Culture Development Officer
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
393 Canton Road, 12th Floor, Kowloon
Canton Road Government Offices

MR. ALFRED L. SIN
Fishery Biologist
Au Tau Substation, Fisheries Research Division
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Canton Road Government Offices

INDONESIA

MR. K. SOESILO OETOMO
Officer, Directorate General of Fisheries
Department of Agriculture
35 Lombok, Surabaya, East Java

MR. NANAN RUDAYAT
Chief, Planning Division, Fisheries Service
Jln. Cijagra 1 No. 21, Bandung, West Java

MR. DIKDIK SODIKIN
Officer, Directorate General of Fisheries
Department of Agriculture
Complex Stayanegara E-27
Jambi, Sumatra

MALAYSIA

DR. LAI HOI CHAW
Lecturer, School of Biological Sciences
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang

MR. NG FONG OON
Fisheries Officer
Fisheries Research Institute
Glugor, Penang

MR. HASHIM OTHMAN
Fisheries Officer (Engineer)
Fisheries Department
Jalan Swettenham, Kuala Lumpur

MR. BALA RAJENTHAREN
Development Officer
Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia
7th Floor Wisma P.K.N.S.
Jalan Rajah Laut, Kuala Lumpur

PHILIPPINES

DR. CATALINO R. DE LA CRUZ
Director, Freshwater Aquaculture Center
Central Luzon State University
Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

MR. ARCADIO R. GATUS
Supervising Fishery Biologist
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Arcadia Bldg., Quezon Blvd. Extension
Quezon City, Metro Manila

MR. ELADIO S. MARTINEZ
Supervising Fishery Technologist
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Arcadia Bldg., Quezon Blvd. Extension
Quezon City, Metro Manila

THAILAND

MR. SOMSUK SINGHOLKA
Chief, Giant Freshwater Prawn Development &
Training Project, Department of Fisheries
Bangpakong, Chachoengsao Province

MR. SUTHICHAI TAMIYAVANICH
Assistant Professor, Marine Science Department
Faculty of Science
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 5

DR. BANCHONG TIENSONGRUSMEE
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Fisheries
Kasetsart University, Bangkhen
Bangkok 9

FAO/UNDP REGIONAL AND NATIONAL PROJECTS

MR. HARRY L. COOK
Fishery Biologist
FAO/UNDP Brackishwater Aquaculture Development and Training Project
c/o UNDP Office, P.O. Box 1864, Manila

MS. MEDINA N. DELMENDO
Regional Aquaculture Specialist
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Far East
Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road
Bangkok 2

MR. RICARDO G. HECHANOVA
Consultant (Engineering)
FAO/UNDP Brackishwater Aquaculture Development and Training Project, Arcadia Bldg.
Quezon Blvd. Ext., Quezon City, Metro Manila

MR. PAUL E. OSBORN
Project Manager
FAO/UNDP Brackishwater Aquaculture Development and Training Project
c/o UNDP Office, P. O. Box 1864, Manila

MS. SOFIA S. BASA
Senior Fishery Biologist
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources vice MR. JOSE C. GUANZON - Project Director
UNDP/DPWTC Pampanga Delta/Candaba Swamp Area Development
Project, P.O. Box 623, Manila

FAO/UNDP SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME

DR. HERMINIO R. RABANAL - SCSP Coordinator
Fishery Officer (Aquaculture Development), South China Sea
Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme
P.O. Box 1184 MCC, Makati, Metro Manila

MR. ROBERT H. GEDNEY - Workshop Director
Consultant, South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme
P.O. Box 1184 MCC, Makati, Metro Manila

ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DR. PETER EDWARDS
Assistant Professor
Asian Institute of Technology
P.O. Box 2752, Bangkok, Thailand

SEAFDEC AQUACULTURE DEPARTMENT

MR. VICENTE N. ALFEREZ
Physical Plant Supervisor
Freshwater Aquaculture Station
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Aquaculture Department
Binangonan, Rizal, Metro Manila

MR. RICARDO S. ESGUERRA
Researcher
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Aquaculture Department
Suite 401, Kalayaan Building
Makati, Metro Manila

MR. MELCHOR M. LIJAUCO
Station Head, Leganes Station
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Aquaculture Department
Leganes, Iloilo

PHILIPPINE FEDERATION OF FISHFARM PRODUCERS, INC.

MR. ALFREDO N. LOPEZ
President, Association of Negros Occidental
Fishpond Operators
22 Jasmin Road, Capitolville
Bacolod City

WESTERN VISAYAS FEDERATION OF FISH PRODUCERS, INC.

MR. TIRSO J. JAMANDRE, JR.
Vice President, Western Visayas Federation of
Fish Producers, Inc.
333 Huervana Street, La Paz
Iloilo City

OBSERVERS/RESOURCE PERSONS

DR. ARSENIO S. CAMACHO
Program Coordinator
University of the Philippines-Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center Graduate Program
P.O. Box 256, Iloilo City

MR. DAVID R. COLOMA
Secretary, Iloilo Fish Producers Association
Serviano Bldg., Huervana Street
La Paz, Iloilo City

MR. ANDRESITO DEGILLA
Supervising Mechanical Engineer
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Aquaculture Department
P.O. Box 256, Iloilo City

MR. ROSSELL DEL ROSARIO
Senior Fishery Biologist
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Regional Office No. VI
Iloilo City

MR. LEONARDO DENILA
President, Denila Brothers, Inc.
Arevalo, Iloilo City

MR. VIRGILIO DUREZA
Assistant Project Leader
Brackishwater Aquaculture Center
University of the Philippines
P.O. Box 256, Iloilo City

MR. GERARDO GATUS
Instructor, College of Fisheries
University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila

MR. ERNESTO V. JAMANDRE
Treasurer, Western Visayas Federation of Fish Producers, Inc.
17 Burgos Street, La Paz, Iloilo City

DR. JUICHI KATOH
Professor, Tokyo University of Fisheries
5–7 Konan 4 Minatoku
Tokyo, Japan

MR. JOSE R. LOPEZ
Branch Manager, Development Bank of the Philippines
Western Visayas Branch, Iloilo City

MR. ROLANDO R. PLATON
Researcher, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Aquaculture Department
P.O. Box 256, Iloilo City

DR. SALVADOR REYES
Professor, College of Engineering
University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila

MR. WILFREDO G. YAP
Program Leader, Prawn Program
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Aquaculture Department
P.O. Box 256, Iloilo City

GUESTS

HONOURABLE JOSE LEIDO, JR.
Secretary, Department of Natural Resources
Quezon City, Metro Manila

MR. JOHN MELFORD
Resident Representative a.i.
U N D P
NEDA Bldg., Makati, Metro Manila

MR. C. R. MACCULLOCH
Senior Agricultural Adviser/FAO Country Representative
c/o UNDP Office, Makati, Metro Manila

MR. ANTONIO J. AGUENZA
Assistant Secretary, Department of Natural Resources
Quezon City

MR. FELIX R. GONZALES
Director, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Arcadia Bldg., Quezon Blvd. Extension, Quezon City, Metro Manila

HONOURABLE CONRADO J. NORADA
Governor, Province of Iloilo, Iloilo City

DR. NARCISO D. MONFORT
President, Philippine Federation of Fishfarm Producers, Inc.
49 Libertad Street, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila

ATTY. CEFERINO DE LOS SANTOS, JR.
President, Western Visayas Federation of Fish Producers, Inc.
Iloilo City

DEAN DOMICIANO K. VILLALUZ
Chief, SEAFDEC Agriculture Department
Tigbauan, Iloilo

MR. ARTHUR G. WOODLAND
Programme Leader, FAO/UNDP South China Sea Fisheries
Development and Coordinating Programme (SCSP)
Architectural Centre Bldg.
Ayala Avenue, Makati, Metro Manila

MR. ERLING O. OSWALD
Deputy Programme Leader, SCSP
Architectural Centre Bldg.
Ayala Avenue, Makati, Metro Manila

DR. Q. F. MIRAVITE
Executive Director, SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department
Tigbauan, Iloilo

DR. YOUSIF ABU-GUIDEIRI
Head, Department of Zoology
University of Khartoum
Khartoum, Sudan

MR. HERMENEGILDO MAGSUCI
Regional Director
Fisheries Regional Office No. VI
Iloilo City

Staff

ROBERT H. GEDNEY
(SCSP Consultant)
Workshop Director

JUANITO M. GARAY
Executive Officer, SEAFDEC

JOSE A. AGBAYANI, Jr., SEAFDEC
Secretariat Coordinator

CESAR V. RECIO, SEAFDEC
Asst. Secretariat Coordinator

LETICIA S. PERELLO
Secretary, SCSP

S E C R E T A R I A T

NICANOR G. PRIMAVERA, Jr.
Chairman

VIRGILIA TALABOC
PEDRO ACOSTA, Jr.
SYLVIA S. BARROMA

Editors

ANNEX B

OPENING CEREMONY

28 November 1977

ANNEX B-1

OPENING REMARKS

by

Atty. Juanito M. Garay

Director for Development & Administrative Service
Aquaculture Department, SEAFDEC

We are happy to be able to participate once again in this effort towards promoting aquaculture. As it is said in the opening part of our Workshop documents, the use of engineering technology has been an aspect of aquaculture which has not been emphasized for quite sometime now, and our participation in this Workshop to us is towards a happy culmination of our efforts this year in giving emphasis on the value of aquaculture engineering. We have tried to start as early as last year to hold a series of workshops and seminars on aquaculture engineering. For a start, we gathered in this same hall, a number of local and foreign experts to help us assemble the components that would tend to develop aquaculture technology to maximum heights. In fact, we are happy to see today very familiar faces, people who in the past have participated and cooperated with us in a series of workshops and seminars on aquaculture engineering.

I have seen the program for this week-long workshop and we are happy to note that, hopefully when this Workshop terminates, we shall be able to collect very valuable papers which will be the basis or guide in the development of aquaculture not only in this part of Asia but the rest of the world. It is pressing for Asia because it is in this part of the world that aquaculture has bright prospects, perhaps on account of its environment, and this is perhaps the reason why this workshop is being held in this part of the world. It is also significant that it is being held in Iloilo because as we understand, Iloilo is one of the few places in the world which had developed aquaculture for a long, long time. And we think that it is because of the never-ending desire of this private industry in this island to further aquaculture technology, and we are happy to acknowledge the support and cooperation extended to us by the more successful fishfarmers in this region.

We regret that the Chief of the Department could not attend this opening ceremony as he is still abroad, probably this time in Singapore or Malaysia on official trip, but we hope that any time today he will be arriving and be able to join us. Also, the Executive Director is not around but he will be here perhaps in the next few days to join us in this workshop.

We were hoping to be able to accommodate all the participants right here in this compound but, right at the moment we are having also regional aquaculture seminars and we have about 35 students from many parts of Asia, that is why our billeting has to be in the City.

We hope that you will be able to go around and see the private fish ponds who are cooperating with us in the work on aquaculture, and we also hope that your stay in this place will be comfortable and pleasant.

On behalf of the Chief, we welcome you and we hope that we shall be able to do what we can in our own humble way to contribute to the total success of this Workshop.

ANNEX B-2

WELCOME ADDRESS

by

Hon. Conrado J. Norada

Governor of Iloilo

It is a great honor for the province of Iloilo to have been selected as the venue of this important international conference and in behalf of our people I extend to all participants and guests my heartiest welcome.

Your choice of holding this regional workshop here in Iloilo is significant not only because SEAFDEC is located here, but also because Iloilo has among the oldest recorded history on fishing in Southeast Asia. You will be interested to know that according to the Maragtas accounts when the first settlers from Borneo under Datu Puti came to the Philippines many centuries ago, they landed at the mouth of the Sirawagan River in what is now the town of San Joaquin, Iloilo. The first native Negritos they saw were fishermen catching fish in the river.

Then, when the Spaniards came to the Philippines in the 16th century, Father Pedro Chirino, a Jesuit priest who stayed in Tigbauan, Iloilo wrote in his Relacion de las Islas Filipinas in 1591 that the people of Tigbauan were great farmers and fishermen.

But, of course, fishing was an ancient industry in all of Southeast Asia. As a matter of fact, all member countries of the ASEAN share the common heritage of the sea. The ASEAN world is essentially a maritime world. Two of the member countries - Indonesia and the Philippines are archipelagos. Singapore is an island republic. Malaysia and Thailand are connected to mainland Asia but both have long coastlines facing the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.

This being so, the sea has played a major role in the history, culture, and civilization of the peoples of the ASEAN region. Since this is a workshop on aquaculture engineering, I would like to point out to you one basic human invention which had revolutionary effects on the life of Southeast Asia. If we study the early history of our region, we will notice that there was a general absence of wheeled transport. Western students of world history are often biased in giving importance to the wheel, regarding it as a major revolutionary discovery. This is understandable when we remember that in Europe, Kings and monarchs expanded their empires by the power of mounted soldiers and charioters.

This was not the case in Southeast Asia. Here the creative breakthrough in transport technology was not the wheel but the outrigger. The imperatives of the Southeast Asian environment dictated an entirely different mechanics. And the outrigger canoe was invented precisely to meet this unique aquatic environment. The outriggers are to the bangka and caracoa as the wheels are to the cart and chariot. Instead of the horse, the early ASEAN peoples harnessed human muscle and the power of the wind.

With the outrigger canoe, the pioneer ASEAN men penetrated all the nooks and corners of their land-sea world. They reached the head-waters by paddling upriver, exploited the products of the swamps, and ventured across straits and channels in search of other land.

The invention of the outrigger canoe did not only improve transportation. It also enabled the Southeast Asians to catch more fish. It was a major breakthrough in aquaculture engineering.

It is regrettable, however, that since the invention of the outrigger, the sail, and the earliest fishing tools, fishing engineering has not progressed so much. The people of Tigbauan, for example, use basically the same fishing tools used by their forefathers during the time of Father Chirino in the 16th century. I suppose the same is true with the fishermen of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.

There is, therefore, a great need for upgrading the fishing industry by improved engineering. Southeast Asia has tremendous fishing potentials. The Philippines is only 14% lands; 86% of its territory is water. Indonesia is 25% land and 75% water. Put together, these two ASEAN countries total 20,000 islands - the biggest group of islands in the world.

Two weeks ago, I was in Seoul, Korea where I attended as head of our Philippine Delegation the 13th General Assembly of the ASIAN Parliamentarians' Union. Among the major resolution adopted by the Assembly was the development of agriculture and fishery development in the region. To implement this proposal, the Economic Committee of the Assembly recommended: (1) To arouse and heighten the national, political, and economic concern with the comprehensive rural community development program aiming at an increase of income for the farming and fishing villagers, the improvement of environment, structural innovation for agriculture and fishery, and an improved marketing for agriculture and fishery products; and (2) To encourage mutual exchange of information regarding experiences, technical know-how and other outstanding achievements related to the agricultural and fishery development projects each country is implementing.

The importance of the sea has gone world-wide. Even Asians like Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and other observer countries gave great significance to the collective efforts on sea-farming. Dialogues, conferences, seminars, meetings like that in Seoul, Korea and now in Tigbauan, Iloilo should be encouraged.

I am happy that the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, and the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center have thought of holding this Regional Workshop on Aquaculture Engineering. Engineering as a tool in the development of aquaculture has been a neglected phase of the fishing industry. It is my hope and my belief that in the seven days that you will be discussing the subject in this workshop, you will come out with concrete results that will improve fishing technology.

We, Filipinos, especially we in the Province of Iloilo - will always be appreciative of your efforts. I can say this with all sincerity because this province, being the premier fishing province of the Philippines, stands to gain much from the fruits of your expertise, know-how, and effort.

It is therefore with the warmest of feeling that I extend to you my hand in welcome. May your stay in Iloilo be pleasant and fruitful.

ANNEX B-3

SCSP AND SEAFDEC COOPERATION

by

Mr. Arthur G. Woodland

Programme Leader
FAO/UNDP South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme (SCSP)

Our collaboration with SEAFDEC has been growing continuously since both of our organizations commenced operations in the Philippines more than three years ago. It has reached a high point in this joint undertaking.

Until now we have been able to utilize the various workshops and training activities of SEAFDEC by sponsoring participants from SCSP participating countries in aspects of aquaculture that are pertinent to our activities. We have also been able to sponsor travel of concerned technical personnel to observe the activities of SEAFDEC and exchange technology. We have also enjoyed close collaboration on a day-to-day basis for exchange of ideas and activity planning, so that or programmes in the region can be coordinated and complemented.

One of the activities of the SCSP is to promote the development aspects of aquaculture in the region, whereas SEAFDEC activities place more emphasis perhaps towards research and training of workers in this field.

More specifically the programme is attempting to promote the role of aquaculture in small-scale fisheries development or more specifically in coastal areas, not only to increase much needed production but to provide alternative employment to raise the living standard of the small fishermen and fish farmer.

We have attempted to date to identify the potential for aquaculture in rural fishery development. We have found that not only is there a greater potential but that exchange of technology in the region can be exploited to a much greater degree than presently being carried out. In other words much of the technology required to stimulate development can be found largely in the region.

We now seek realistic and practical methods in the implementation of action programmes for the region. One of the underlying constraints in aquaculture, for brackish, fresh and marine aquaculture is perhaps the lack of realistic, practical, workable, efficient, feasible, cheap engineering practices that can be passed on to small-scale operators with sufficient guidance to allow him to put these techniques to work.

We have found that knowledge in engineering practices country to country and region to region within the country is uneven. We have found too that the economics of aquaculture development are not well understood. That is a separate subject that was studied in some detail here few weeks ago on a regional basis.

We hope that this meeting will not only provide the region and its countries with some very specific guidance, but as well as give the SCSP guidance in the engineering aspects of aquaculture under a variety of situations, particularly as it applies to small-scale fisheries. I think it is safe to say that in the long run it must be engineering guidance coordinated with sound biological planning that will tell us why, how and when we should build our structure to culture fish.

ANNEX B-4

THE ROLE OF ENGINEERING IN AQUACULTURE
(Keynote Speech)

by

Narciso Monfort, M.D.

President
Philippine Federation of Fishfarm Producers, Inc.

In everyday life I am a medical doctor and a fish farmer. Today I am here as a patient to learn more about the engineering aspects of fish farming and as a doctor to share my knowledge and experience in fish farming.

In simplest terms, engineering is the science of doing work more efficiently and more productively than it was done before. Today, we in fishery production have a special challenge to be more efficient and productive. The U.N. forecasts an increase in population from 1974 to 1985 of 650 million in low and middle-income countries. The World Bank forecasts a gap of 45 to 70 million tons of domestic food production in food and nutritional needs by 1985 in low-income developing countries. Fisheries are a prime source of low cost protein in Southeast Asian countries. Fish are a highly acceptable food and yet annual per capita consumption varies from 30 to 35 kg in some countries in Southeast Asia to as low as 10 to 12 kg/ capita in others. One of the important differences between these high and low values is efficiency and productivity … or in other words aquaculture engineering. It is the key to increase production in our inland fisheries industry.

Some years ago the biologist and aquaculturists who were involved in aquaculture projects made the charge that aquaculture engineering was a neglected phase of aquaculture development and research. Today the engineering of aquaculture projects has been attracting attention from all concerned. There is an increasing awareness that engineering touches all phases of aquaculture from the design of a hatchery and getting an adequate water supply to the final processing of the fish for sale. Thus, aquaculture research and training agencies are starting to give this subject a prominent place in their studies and training programmes.

This Regional Workshop is aimed at assessing the present state of the art of aquaculture engineering, particularly as it relates to small-scale projects. Thus, although the realization has come that the subject is important, there is actually very little documented on the subject. If you were to go to what may be termed a reasonably good library on fisheries today, and look at the index cards on aquaculture engineering, and especially if your interest is in some very specific aspect of the subject, you would be fortunate to find one or two cards on the subject of your search. The organizers of this Workshop have, therefore, taken pains to gather recent pertinent reference papers on the subject. This alone, it is hoped, can form a small library for each participant in this Workshop.

Why small-scale projects? This has come about because it is recognized that there is a real need to introduce technological innovation in projects with limited funding or capital resources and which are relatively small, but economically viable. The small fish farmer needs help and has to get started. Technical know-how is limited and engineering work is expensive. Your participation in this Workshop is one important way of transmitting this information to the small operator through your agency.

You will note that the many papers contributed to this Workshop do not furnish a cook book in aquaculture engineering problems. Rather, they identify problems that are persistent and have to be dealt with in their various aspects.

It is expected that by the end of the Workshop, you, as enthusiastic and eager participants, observers, resource persons and guests, can make recommendations with respect to your specific engineering problems to fisheries research and training institutions, policy makers and planners, the fish farmers and even to the individual researcher.

In this connection I am strongly proposing crop loan (aside from fisheries insurance) on the basis of technological advancement which eliminate risk in production; it is now high time for the Government to look into the advantages of extending crop loan to fish farmers for production cost, or inputs like fertilizers, etc.

One final word of advice and perhaps warning. Fish farming on either a large or small scale basis requires that the fish farmer makes a profit. Your engineering advice and procedures must make our work as fish farmers more profitable so that we can produce more products at less cost.

ANNEX B-5

CLOSING REMARKS

by

Director Felix R. Gonzales

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

We, in BFAR, are happy to be here in spite of a hectic schedule for all of us. We have just concluded our International Workshop on Mangrove and Estuarine Areas Development in Manila and that was last week and have also just finished with the meeting of the Executive Committee of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, also in Manila. We are now preparing for the Meeting of the Council Directors of SEAFDEC, and this will be held in Manila on December 5–10. It would be a long listing to enumerate the many workshops and training sessions going on in the domestic and international level in this country on the various aspects of fisheries. Thus I am beginning to really believe that this country is becoming a centre on many things in fisheries.

I am especially happy that in this meeting we have a good representation of not only of our own local participants, and those from other countries in Southeast Asia, but also participation of those who belong to international institutions and organizations. I am referring to those coming from FAO especially in the persons of Mrs. Delmendo and our own Mr. Paul Osborn who is now helping us and working with us in our UNDP-supported brackishwater fisheries programme. I want you to know that the operators in our industry are pressing us to get more conclusions, more ideas and more accomplishments to really help them in their efforts to increase productivity.

I am also interested in this meeting because I think that among the many aspects of aquaculture, engineering is one very important aspect. The greatest strides that we can make are in terms of increasing productivity per unit area and per unit time. This is a function of engineering and good water management and good overall engineering.

I am here today to echo also the message of our own President when he said that after rice, “we'll go to fisheries”, and not only that, he said, “we will also try to help and assist the survival fishermen.” To me there can be no closer statement to the goals of your Workshop when you said that the practices that are applicable to artisanal aquaculture development will be given emphasis for the benefit of small operators. There is good reason for stating this, because on the basis of capability, we always say that the big operators are more capable of supporting their own operations and their own technological advancement than the small operators. I am glad that we also have here our operators in the persons of Tirsing Jamandre and Leonardo Denila who can really be a big help in giving their support to the small operators in the area of aquaculture. Although I am speaking of my country, I hope that there are also representatives here of many small operators in other countries.

I wish to commend the statement in your background material that states, “The present state of knowledge will be assessed and the problems involved will be identified so that cooperative programmes for their possible treatment could be formulated.” I think this is well written and it is very very directly applicable in the policy area. After this workshop we can evolve meaningful suggestions and recommendations which can be a basis not only of domestic action, because we are trying to push our own domestic programmes, but also for regional cooperation in building up good support of aquaculture engineering in the region as a whole.

And last, but not least, on page 4 of our background material it states, “The South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme and the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre will collate and publish a report on this Workshop based on the reports of the participants and the discussion and recommendations that will be developed.” Here I want to go a little further than that. Perhaps our own local participants can go one step further and not wait for this to be published, but come up with certain projects that we can adopt. Thus we can really build up support for the improvement of not only our big operations in fishponds, but also of the many small operators that we have in the country.

And last but not the least, I wish to congratulate the organizers of this Worshop, the South China Sea Programme and SEAFDEC for really having gathered such an aggregation of experts to tackle the issues of engineering as an aspect of aquaculture. I hope you will have a good five days of discussion here.

SEAFDEC is noted for having very good facilities, and I think all the conveniences and meeting devices we have here, will contribute to good results.

Thank you and good day.

ANNEX C

WORKSHOP CLOSING

3 December 1977

ANNEX C-1

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

by

Dr. Herminio R. Rabanal (SCSP)
Chairman

Once again I am privileged to stand before you with pride during this closing programme of the First Regional Workshop on Aquaculture Engineering. Six days ago, we started on an adventure to explore the realms of the subject of aquaculture engineering. During four days of this Workshop, we laboured together to dissect this subject under different viewpoints keeping in mind our central theme -- that is its impact on the small operator and what can be done to improve his lot.

In the conduct of this Workshop, I must say emphatically and with heartfelt sincerity my deepest sense of gratitude to all participants, observers/resource persons, and guests for their most active and unqualified participation. Once again I must thank the Governments of Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand; the FAO/UNDP regional and national projects and institutions - the Asian Institute of Technology Bangkok; SEAFDEC; University of the Philippines; and the national and regional Federation of Fish Producers of the Philippines, for sending this group of dedicated participants. I am deeply touched by your willingness to accept whatever assignment the organizers and sponsors of this Workshop had asked you to do; and this you did inspite of time limitation and scarcity of available information.

We are once again deeply grateful to the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department for co-sponsoring this Workshop and offering all the facilities, venue and hospitalities for its successful completion.

To the private sector, representing the industry, there are no adequate words of praise that I could offer for the wonderful and continuing positive action and cooperation that they have offered to this Workshop. Although they themselves may derive some benefit with their association to it, I venture to say that perhaps the secret of their success is their own determination to seek knowledge and pursue its application such as in this one.

At this juncture, I cannot resist mentioning the able technical and logistics guidance that has been afforded with the presence here of our good friend and colleague Engineer Robert H. Gedney, SCSP Consultant, who willingly accepted responsibility of acting as Workshop Director on this occasion. The influence of his presence in this Workshop, I am sure, will long be remembered.

ANNEX C-2
RESPONSE IN BEHALF OF THE PARTICIPANTS

by

Dr. William L.Y. Chan (Hong Kong)

Thank you. Dr. Rabanal, in behalf of my fellow participants, I would like first of all to thank SCSP, FAO/UNDP and SEAFDEC and all the experienced commercial aquaculturists, for this enjoyable occasion and for this very successful Workshop. We wish to express our sincere thanks in particular to SEAFDEC, the Philippines for all the kindness we have received from them.

I think this particular Workshop has attained its objectives in the sense that we have been able to relate the two fields of expertise together, i.e. the biologists and the engineers. In this morning session, we have examined the result in terms of reports from the different sessions and sectoral meetings and we have come up with some recommendations based upon the identified areas of need for information. What it means actually, is that we are now beginning to take a quite different approach to aquaculture development and I think this approach is the only one which I term as system development in aquaculture. In other words, in the development of aquaculture, in any system of culture, or in any kind of capture fishing in fact, we must systematically, logistically, realistically and practically relate all aspects that might affect or minimize the levels of profit. Only when a system of production can attain an acceptable level of profit can we biologists earn our bread and butter.

So I wish to call upon the participants from the different countries to join me in supporting the recommendations made in this Workshop and to solicit the support of SEAFDEC, FAO/UNDP in the possibility of implementing the recommendations. Thank you.

ANNEX C-3
WORKSHOP DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS

by

Mr. Robert H. Gedney (SCSP)

This Workshop has been a process of mutual education and learning and the measure of the worth of our effort will be the action we take to implement the ideas we have developed during the course of our Workshop. There are five observations which I would like to make about the proceedings of the Workshop.

1. First, most of us are essentially either biologists or engineers and our problems are biological engineering or engineering and biology. What we really need is a new kind of professional, an aquaculture engineer; and this professional can be either an engineer trained in the basic aspects of biology, or a biologist trained in the basic aspects of engineering. Our needs can be well defined in either area. Appropriate training programmes could be established on a country or regional basis. In either case the ability to proceed is already implanted in the basic scientific training of our biologists and engineers.

2. There is a real need for fisheries people to become involved with environmental problems at an early stage. Too often we find that the fisheries people do not become involved with environmental problems until after adverse situations have already developed. It is important that the impact of new developments be evaluated in the planning process and that adverse as well as the beneficial aspects be carefully weighed. I have been to many conferences where somebody says, “Well, this is a great idea for a new copper smelter or a power plant. There will be a few fishermen put out of business but this is unimportant.” That is the end of the environmental consideration. Yet we know that there are large numbers of people dependent on traditional methods of earning a living from aquaculture pursuits who may be seriously affected. Therefore, it is time that we start to take a hand in the environmental planning process before a critical situation is created, not afterwards. One situation mentioned in our Workshop that requires an early examination is the effect of pesticides in rice fields on combined rice and fish culture.

3. There is a real need for conversion of technical requirements to a non-technical terms. Dr. Reyes in one of the Sectoral meetings expressed it very well. “We have to be able to express technical consideration in terms of traditional procedures skills and understandings.” After all an auto mechanic is not required to know the laws of thermal dynamics to repair a car.

4. There is a need, a real need for development of standardized procedures, perhaps on a regional basis, that can be distributed and disseminated to each country to put in terms of its particular needs. The basic requirement for a regional, standardized approach to problems of aquaculture engineering was well established during the course of this meeting.

5. We have learned much not only during the course of the meeting formally, but also informally. I was particularly impressed with the stages of development of the prawn culture in Thailand for small-scale aquaculture. I think this is something that all of the members here can examine with respect to its applicability in their own country. And on the side of informal contacts, one of the most interesting I found was in talking to Dr. de la Cruz and finding out what they are doing with Tilapia in Central Luzon.

These are impressions and ideas that I gained from this conference. It has been a real pleasure for me to have been able to work with Dr. Rabanal and to have received his guidance in planning of the Workshop and it has been a real pleasure for me to have worked with you as participants and friends.

ANNEX C-4
CLOSING THE WORKSHOP

by

Atty. Ceferino de los Santos, Jr.
President, WVFFPI

We are all gathered here today, at the concluding phase of our Workshop on Aquaculture Engineering, to recall and reflect on what transpired these past few days.

This gathering of engineers, biologists, limnologists, aquaculturists, fish nutritionists, practising fish farmers, and other specialists whose expertise and experiences relate to research and actual production of aquatic animals for the consumption of man, was brought about by the joint efforts of two international organizations, the FAO-UNDP/SCSP and the SEAFDEC. The objective of this Workshop shows the great concern of many countries, particularly in Southeast Asia for finding logical solutions to the problems of food production for about one-fourth of the world's population which live on this part of the globe and how to make the small fish farmer improve his lot as he strives to produce more food for others.

As a participant in this Workshop representing the fish farmer, allow me to express my thoughts as I evaluate the exercise we have just undertaken, and what it means to the fish farmer.

Before I do this, however, let me congratulate the leaders of this Workshop for a job well done. For the Workshop Director, Mr. Robert Gedney, for the Executive Officer, Atty. Juanito Garay, and the Secretariat Coordinator, Atty. Jose Agbayani, Jr. A round of applause of recognition please! For the sponsoring agencies' Coordinators, Dr. Herminio Rabanal and Mr. R. Ignacio, another round of applause. For the Sectoral Chairmen, Discussion Leaders and Rapporteurs, still another round of applause. These persons really put their hearts into their respective responsibilities.

If you were to ask me what good has this Workshop produced, I will give these answers:

It brought together a good number of dedicated persons who are motivated by a common goal - that is, to better utilize engineering expertise in aquaculture.

It started a collection of various papers on aquaculture engineering which could be collated, analyzed and systematized to improve aquaculture practice through better designs of ponds, more efficient construction methods, better utilization of equipment presently available, and better understanding of nature's forces which the fish farmer could harness.

It has brought to the attention of many the engineers the problems of the fish farmer which call for engineering solutions vis-a-vis the establishment of the biological engineering of the various cultured species in brackishwater and freshwater.

It has made the experts of many disciplines to review their methods of approach in problem solving in aquaculture by looking thru the fish farmer's glasses so to speak and realizing his main constraint of limited funds.

This Workshop, thru the participants, can make recommendations to government policy-makers in many countries in this part of the world on how best to help the small fish farmer in his efforts to improve his lot and how best to utilize existing agencies and personnel, the limited funds available for development, and the existing expertise for drawing up development plans and their implementation.

And lastly, this Workshop is the beginning of the realization of the small fish farmer's dream of having a manual on aquaculture. a cook book so to speak, which will be simple enough to be understood by his simple mind. However, this is one cook book which will need many cooks - an exception to the saying that “too many cooks spoil the broth” because the needed cooks are the civil engineer, the soils engineer, the chemical engineer, the marine biologist, the chemist, the fish nutritionist, the environmentalist, the management and marketing expert.

The only defect of these proceedings from my own viewpoint is that we did not have enough time to make a really deeper study and analysis of the subjects touched upon. I, for one, had too many questions to ask from so many of you, questions which perhaps the simple fish farmer could have propounded. I sincerely hope that this will not be the last exercise of this nature for we have barely scratched the surface.

Let us all go back to our respective countries with these thoughts, inspired by what we started to do here, and strengthened by the faith that man will never be hungry on this planet so long as there are people dedicated to improving aquaculture to be one of the main producers of man's food for today and for the future. As other people would say it -

“Hasta la vista”

“Au revoir”

“Auf wiedersehen”

“Aloha”

“Selamat jalan”

All meaning, not really goodbye, but until we meet again. Thank you.

ANNEX D
WORKSHOP PROGRAMME

ANNEX E
INDEX OF CONTRIBUTED PAPERS (CPs)

ANNEX F
INDEX OF BACKGROUND PAPERS (BPs)

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME

Working Papers

NOTE: Copies of these papers can be obtained by writing to the Programme in Manila, Philippines.

WORKSHOP REPORTS

PERIODIC PROGRESS REPORTS

SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME

Fisheries Technical Papers

FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (Fishing area 57) and Western Central Pacific (Fishing area 71). Rome, FAO, 1974. 4 vols.

(ADB/FAO Market Studies)

TECHNICAL REPORTS CONTRIBUTED TO SYMPOSIA/MEETINGS, ETC.

Rabanal, H. R. 1975 FAO activities in inland fisheries and aquaculture with particular reference to Asia and the Far East. Manila South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 17p. (Contributed to the First Fisheries Research Congress, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research, 7–10 March 1975, Legaspi City, Philippines)

Rabanal. H.R. 1975 Preliminary report on the Macrobrachium fishery in the Indo-Pacific region. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p. (Contributed to the International Conference on Prawn Farming, Vung Tau, Vietnam, 31 March – 4 April 1975)

Rabanal. H.R. 1975 Distribution and occurrence of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forskal). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 18p. (Contributed to the National Bangos Symposium. Manila, 25–26 July 1975)

Rabanal. H.R. 1976 Mangrove and their utilization for aquaculture. Manila South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p. (Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand, 10–16 January 1976)

Rabanal. H.R. 1976 Report of project identification mission to Bangladesh on inland fisheries and aquaculture. Manila, Asian Development Bank. 56p.

Rabanal. H.R. 1976 Aquaculture 1976: Focus Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Talk delivered at the National Convention of the Federation of Fish Producers of the Philippines, Iloilo City, 26 August 1976)

Simpson, A. C. 1976 Some proposals for research related to the understanding of mangrove ecology and the utilization of mangrove areas. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 10p. (Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand 10–16 January 1976)

Cook, H. L. 1976 Some aspects of shrimp culture research with particular reference to Philippine species. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 7p. (Contributed to the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR) Fisheries Workshop, Subic, Zambales, Philippines 15–17 January 1976)

Rabanal, H. R. 1976 The resources in inland waters: their utilization and management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 21p. (Talk delivered before the Phi Sigma Biological Society as a contribution to the Deogracias V. Villadolid Memorial lecture series. Manila, Philippines, 26 November 1976)

Rabanal. H. R. 1977 Aquaculture in the Philippines. Manila, South China Sea Programme. 15p. (Talk delivered before the United States Peace Corps Volunteers, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 11 January 1977)

Rabanal. H.R. 1977 Aquaculture in Southeast Asia. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 10p. (Paper contributed to the Fifth FAO/SIDA Workshop on Aquatic Pollution in relation to Protection of Living Resources. Manila, Philippines, 17–27 February 1977)

Simpson, A. C. 1977 Fisheries research and development in the Philippines: Some recommendations with special reference to resource management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 16p.

Rabanal. H.R. 1977 Aquaculture management. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Contribution to the BFAR/FAO-UNDP Training of Regional Trainors in Aquaculture. Lucena, Quezon, Philippines 19 September to 27 October 1977)

Rabanal. H.R. 1977 Recent trends in aquaculture. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 13p. (Paper contributed to the Seminar/ Workshop for Fishery Schools' Administrators, conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Manila, Philippines 24–28 October 1977)

Rabanal. H.R. Forest conservation and aquaculture development of mangroves. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 15p. (Paper contributed to the International Workshop on Mangrove and Estuarine Area Development for the Indo-Pacific Region. 14–19 November 1977, Manila, Philippines.)

6.1.78