Annex VII (Cont.)

V. CONSULTANCY BY FAO VIDEO PRODUCTION EXPERTS

On 11 July 1982, Mr. Colin Fraser, Chief of the FAO Development Support Communications Branch in the Information Division and Mr. Clement Chow, an FAO video training consultant, met with the Centre's staff to discuss RLCC's progress and needs in relation to video programme production. Mr. Chow had just taught a six-week video training course at the Integrated Rural Development Demonstration Centre in Huang Xian, Shandong Province, at which one of RLCC's video technicians had attended. During the consultancy here, Mr. Fraser and Mr. Chow suggested a number of methods on how to develop and structure programmes. They also discussed use of video in an educational capacity both for students and lecturers. In the former case, programmes could be produced on a variety of integrated fish farming methods and made available to trainees. In the latter, teachers could review their style of presentation. They also suggested that a series of entertainment films on videotapes could be obtained for recreational purposes during courses.

Additional equipment needs were identified, and all of the items were subsequently purchased for the Centre. They also suggested how the equipment should be protected from damage due to high heat and humidity. Air conditioners were installed in the room housing the equipment shortly thereafter.

VI. RECRUITMENT OF THE FAO RESEARCH AND TRAINING ADVISOR

Mr. R.D. Zweig, a U.S. national was the Director of Aquatic Studies at the New Alchemy Institute, USA, before his appointment as the Research and Training Adviser of the Regional Lead Centre in China in February 1982. His major research interests are solar aquaculture, biological design of food-producing ecosystems, aquatic ecology, biological waste treatment systems and ecological community design.

Mr. Zweig 35, holds a B.A. in zoology from the University of California, Berkeley. His major work includes research on the feasibility of small-scale aquaculture based on recycling of renewable resources, and the assessment of a semi-closed, renewable resource-based aquaculture system.

Attachment 1

List of Personnel Involved in Research and Training Activities at RLCC

* They also participate in the research activities.

Appendix 3

1982 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF RLCT, DHAULI

(Dr. V.R.P. Sinha)

1. ESTABLISHMENT OF CENTRE AND ITS FACILITIES

The foundation stone of the centre was laid down by Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India in 1977. Since then and now development of the physical and research facilities, in terms of bulk development of the area, construction of the Laboratory Building, Living Quarters, Pond Complex, Setting up of the Laboratory, and other facilities are being shown in slides A-E, 1–17, 35–38.

2. RESEARCH ACTIVITY

Before I tell you about our research activities and the major achievements, I wish to show some slides showing Asiatic carps with which the lead centre of India is primarily concerned of. We have evolved a very compatible combination of the six carp species combination consisting of three Indian major carps and three Chinese carps and this high yielding combination is popularly known as composite fish culture (Slide I - VI).

As soon as the laboratories for fish culture genetics, fish health monitoring, histopathology, bacteriology, parasitology, virology, aquaculture engineering, pond environment monitoring, reproductive physiology, fish nutrition and feed formulation were established with the necessary equipment and chemical procured from national resources and from UNDP/FAO Project IND/75/031 and UNDP/FAO Project RAS/76/003, the relevant research programmes were formulated and being implemented. For slides will show you the general set up of our laboratories facilities (Slides 18–34)

While the basic research in different disciplines such as fish genetics, fish disease, fish nutrition, feed formulation, reproductive physiology are going on, the multidisciplinary work on carp farming system has also been initiated. The most outstanding results are as follows.

2.1 Gynogenesis in Labeo rohita and Catla catla

Experiments in artificial gynogenesis are undertaken with the aim of retaining only maternal inheritance in the offsprings. Such offsprings are homozygous in many genetic characters. The practical utility of the approach lies in the fact that gynogenetic fishes can be used for producing inbred lines. Heterosis effect can be achieved through intraspecific hybridization using inbred lines.

Eggs and milt were got through hypophysation of fishes using acetone dried common carp pituitary gland.

Milt was stripped into small beakers and diluted in Hanks solution (without bicarbonate) and preserved on ice. Irradiation was done after pouring it into a petridish fixed on ice block. An ultraviolet source of 15 watts was used at a height of about 15 cm from the petridish.

Irradication was done for about 15–20 minutes. Longer periods of exposure to U.V. light coagulated the milt. In the case of gynogenesis experiments in rohu only rohu milt was used. Catla eggs were fertilized by rohu milt. Here, the offsprings were interestingly found to bear typical maternal resemblance (catla).

Cold shocking was done after fertilization to restore diploidy in eggs fertilized by irradiated milt. It was found that cold shocks at 12°C are effective in diploidization of eggs fertilized by irradiated milt. This significantly differs from cold shocking at 4°C in case of common carp. Heat shocks at 39–40°C also was useful.

Eggs fertilized by irradiated milt and not subjected to cold shocks gave only haploids which were characterised by structural deformities or haploidy syndrome. These hatchlings had short posterior ends curved upwards.

2.2 Micro-encapsulated whole egg diet

Micro-encapsulation of whole egg fortified with minerals and vitamins and freeze dried preparation of this diet was done for the first time at ‘Fish Nutrition and Fish feed Technology Laboratory’, FARTC, Dhauli. This will provide all the necessary nutriments needed during the first 10–15 days of life of the larvae, and thus it will be highly useful for feeding spawn in the hatchery.

2.3 Pelleted diet preparation on California Pellet Mill

The pellet mill of the Centre has been set up and pelleted diets for fry of culturable carps have been prepared.

2.4 Fish nutrition

A balanced diet prepared from locally available ingredients fortified with vitamins, trace elements and minerals (having crude protein about 35%) for spawn on Indian major carps (mrigal, catla and rohu) has given significantly high rate of survival of spawn. It has been found that mrigal fry require 45% crude protein in the diet.

The total essential amino acids requirement of rohu fingerlings was found to be about 27% of the diet which will form the basis for preparing synthetic and practical diets for rohu. This experiment was conducted in laboratory and further observations will be made to qualify essential amino acids of rohu, catla and mrigal.

2.5 Observations on nutritional deficiency disease (scoliosis and lordosis) in cultivable carps and essentiality of vitamin C in the early stages of rearing of spawn/fry

The fry, fingerlings as well as adults of rohu, catla, mrigal, silver carp and grass carp were found suffering from scoliosis and lordosis (nutritional deficiency diseases) in field conditions. It was observed in field conditions that the fry of Indian major carps suffering from scoliosis or lordosis had about 60% reduced gain in weight compared to the normal ones in the same pond. Scoliosis or lordosis is commonly caused by vitamin C deficiency and also some time by tryptophan (essential amino acid). However, scoliosis/lordosis caused by tryptophan is curable (recovers) within a month in fry/fingerlings if this amino acid is supplemented in the diet. Our observations in laboratory condition showed that scoliosis/lordosis caused in rohu and mrigal fry are neither improved nor recovered when optimum level of tryptophan was supplemented in the diet which rules out tryptophan as cause of this disease. A balanced formulated diet (crude protein about 35%) but devoid of vitamin C fed to the larvae of mrigal, rohu and catla for first 3–4 weeks resulted in very high frequency (over 50%) of lordosis in mrigal but lower percentage in rohu and catla. However, rohu and catla fry were weak and gained less weight (about 20 mg average weight) but mrigal fry were healthy (60 mg average weight). However, survival in laboratory condition in all the above mentioned fry was high (above 90%). But large scale mortality (over 50%) occured in rohu and catla after 2 months of rearing of these vitamin-C deficient fry. Mrigal and rohu fry suffering from lordosis caused due to vitamin C deficiency in first 3 weeks of life did not recover from this disease even when they were fed on high protein diet having 20 mg/kg feed of vitamin C. This clearly shows that vitamin C is highly important during first 3–4 weeks of life and the deficiency of this vitamin causes lordosis and scoliosis in culturable carps along with other side effects such as low appetite, intestinal inflammation and reduced resistance and growth particularly in rohu and catla.

2.6 Ichthyopathology and Fish Health Protection

A wide variety of parasites has been detected and diseases diagnosed in Indian major carps. Of the parasites known to occur in India, members of the genera Trichodina, Ichthyophthirius, Dactylogyrus, Posthodiplostomum and Argulus were found with various degrees of infestations. In addition, two sporozoans affecting the kidney are supposed to be new records. A relatively high incidence and intensity of infection has also been recorded in case of the blood parasite Sanguinicola sp.

Further investigations on the pathogenicity of newly-identified parasites as well as the histopathology, prevention and treatment of various diseases are in progress.

2.7 Economics Projects

Under economic analysis of experimental, pilot scale and large scale freshwater aquaculture operation in India, the empirical modelling work has been initiated taking cross sectional case studies data of about 250 cases of experimental and pilot scale operations. The input/output data have been categorized taking into account five variables viz., (i) organic fertilizer, (ii) inorganic fertilizers (iii) oil cake, (iv) bran and (v) stocking number. The input/output relation based on this categorization is being worked out. But, as the protein content of feed varied for different oil cakes, the data are further being processed taking protein content of different oil cakes and treating it as one determining variable in the production process. The data for about 200 case studies have been processed on these lines and the analysis is being carried out.

While work has been initiated to determine minimum economic sizes of farms for different culture systems, such as, polyculture and monoculture and for different individual stages of fish culture such as raising, rearing and stocking, the use of different sources of water in undrainable ponds, through various sources of water supply to fish ponds indicated that the cost was minimum for the water drawn from irrigation canal followed by tube wells run by electricity, diesel and dug well.

Under bio-economic modelling for optimization of the economics of carp culture in India, estimation of certain biological parameters such as feed suitability coefficiency and growth coefficiency is being tried. Simultaneously, the nutrition section has already undertaken laboratory experiments to determine the same.

Dr. Per Sparre, Bio-economic modelling consultant has also tried to estimate the biological parameters through trial and error process by computerization of the case studies data supplied by us. He has tried to predict the harvest based on biomodel suggested by him during the course of his consultancy here for 14 cases. The anomalies pointed out by him in certain of the case studies regarding more number of common carp obtained than stocked have been clarified as it is mainly due to auto-stocking common in cyprinus carpio. The growth coefficients and food suitability coefficient as guessed by Dr. Per Sparre have given the calculated harvest as very near to the observed harvest, in some case, the observed harvest/calculated harvest, being 90.33 kg, - 750.60 kg, 60.85 kg, - 83.32 kg - 69.73 kg.

2.8 Multidisciplinary Research Project

The investigation on the major components of the carp farming system such as brood stock management, seed production and table size fish production in undrainable ponds have shown some promising results. While rearing of carp fry and fingerlings with aeration have given significantly better growth in all the treatments (Table 1), quick bath in an antibiotic and a dip in KMnO₄ and feeding with prepared balance diet showed considerable reduction in loss in the nursing operation (Table 2 and 3).

Columnaris disease of carps in India has been first recorded at the FARTC and the casuative organism of which is identified as Flexibactor columnaries. The manifestation of the disease is mainly because of increased stress. Experiments have shown that mortality by this disease has been reduced considerably by prophylactic antibiotic treatment (Table 4). These observations have particular relevance in reducing post spawning mortality of the spawners. Further experiments are in progress.

Similarly formulated feed for the spawner show better results in spawning.

The first preliminary experiment on mono/mixed culture in undrainable pond has shown clearly that among the Indian major carps irrespective of mono/mixed culture, rohu performed better both in terms of its survival and growth than catla and mrigal. The results obtained from the present set of experiments show certain valuable informations. The first is about the production potential (117 kg/ha/5½ months) of non-drainable ponds in this region under its naturally occuring conditions and the second, regarding the better performance of rohu in weed-infested ponds in comparison to catla and mrigal. The later information is important, particularly for deciding the species combination and stocking densities in rural aquaculture programmes in this region or, for that matter, in similar conditions elsewhere. Another set of experiment is in progress where the production potential of such ponds are being investigated under different management practices such as with manual/material inputs and also with aeration. The results will be known within six months.

3. TRAINING ACTIVITY

Participants of the Second Training Course for Senior Aquaculturists in Asia visited RLCI during 23–31 August 1982. Lectures and demonstration programmes on various aspects of composite fish culture were arranged. Lecture notes were prepared and compiled for distribution to each participant. Mr. Doan Van Dau, the participant from Vietnam remained in the Centre for a further 3 weeks to receive special training in the theory and practice of integrated fish farming hile the other participants proceeded to China for similar training. Lecture notes on this subject was also prepared for him along with field studies.

The Centre also provided training on various aspects of freshwater aquaculture, induced breeding, fish diseases and fish farm management to other individual or group of aquaculturists from some province and tertiary institutions of higher learning in India. The details of these training programmes are listed in Table 5.

Under the national Lab-to-Land Programme, considerable extension activities have been carried out. The technology of composite fish culture, fish seed rearing and common carp breeding were demonstrated in farmers ponds in four different villages involving members of the adopted families. Presently, another set of 100-farm families have been selected for such training. For the first time the women folk started doing induced breeding of common carp and raising fish seeds. Similarly, farmers have also started undertaking induced breeding of Indian major carps in their villages.

4. INFORMATION ACTIVITY

Information activity has not yet been initiated since some of the crates containing the computer parts were slightly damaged during shipment. The computer cannot be installed until the insurance company has assessed the extent of the damage. However, it is hoped that these problems would be resolved soon so that the information activity could be initiated.

Table 1 - Rearing of carp fry and fingerlings with aeration

1 = initial

2 = after 2 weeks

Feed - ground nut oil cake and rice polish in the ratio of 1:1 @ 70% body weight

organic fertilizers (cowdung) @ 10,000/kg/ha/year fortnightly

inorganic fertilizers N-P-K 100-40-20 kg/ha/year, fortnightly

Table 2

Prevention of losses in larval to fry nursing operations of common carp

Table 3

Prevention of losses in larval to fry missing operations of Rohu

*T - Prophylactically treated;
N - Fed upon prepared balanced diet;
C - Without prophylactic treatment and fed upon conventional feed;
NT - Prophylactically treated and fed upon prepared balanced diet.

Table 4

Experimental details and results

*A = Single density control (Non-medicated) Average mortality in (B) 45.6%
B = Double density control (Non-medicated) Average mortality in (A) 30%
C = Single density medicated
D = Double density medicated

Table 5

Details of training programme conducted by the Centre

Appendix 4

1982 ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF RLCP, TIGBAUAN

(Dr. F.J. Lacanilao)

I. INTRODUCTION

The Regional Lead Centre in the Philippines which was established in October 1980 marks the completion of its two years of project implementation. All its programmes training, research and information - are now in progress. The training programme is progressing smoothly and all activities are carried out according to schedule. The research and information programmes are being carried out to accomplish the set objectives.

II. PROGRESS OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

1. Training Programme

1.1 Completion of First Training Course for Aquaculturists in Asia and the Pacific Region, 1981–1982 Session.

On 31 March 1982, 20 participants graduated from the training course, each receiving a Diploma in Aquaculture at the graduation ceremony officiated by the Minister of Natural Resources of the Government of the Philippines. The Resident Representatives of FAO and UNDP, the Chancellor of the University of the Philippines in the Visayas, the coordinator of NACA and over 150 guests participated in the occasion in full academic colors.

Of the 17 participants who registered with the University, 16 passed all the required examinations. However, 13 have been awarded Master in Aquaculture degree on 13 May 1982; other participants will be conferred their master degree upon verification of some of their documents. Attachment 1 shows the list of participants with the corresponding diplomas and degrees awarded and to be awarded.

1.2 Second Training Course for Aquaculturists in Asia and the Pacific Region, 1982–1983 Session

The Second Training Course began on 1 April 1982 with 16 participants from eight countries. Most of them were able to witness the graduation ceremony of the First Training Course and were given the opportunity to interact with their seniors before the latter returned home a few days later. The opening ceremony for the Second Training Course was attended by the Resident Representative of FAO and opened by the Director of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Mr. Felix R. Gonzales. The Chancellor of UPV, the Chief of SEAFDEC AQD, and the Officer-in-Charge of the Training and Extension Division gave speeches.

The participants of the Second Training Course are listed in Attachment 2.

Except for minor changes, partly as a result of the inclusion of a short training course on the use of the HP 3000 minicomputer and AQUIS, the timetable has been adhered to and training at the RLCP is progressing as scheduled.

The participants, led by the Training Coordinator, Dr. T.E. Chua, have recently returned from a 10-week (18 July – 24 September 1982) practical training in Thailand, India, China and Hong Kong. The study tour was undertaken three months after the commencement of the course. The participants have expressed satisfaction over the activities and arrangements made while visiting the three other lead centres of the Network and 35 other institutions, agencies and farms in the course of their training abroad. The study tour not only broadened the participant's knowledge of various aquaculture practices in the region but further strengthened the relationship between the lead centres and other aquaculture agencies as well as established linkages among the young scientists.

It was the first time that China and Hong Kong were included in the itinerary of the study tour and the assistance and cooperation extended by the host governments to the participants were most encouraging and beneficial.

One trainee, Doan Van Dau (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) however, was unable to participate in the training held in China and Hong Kong due to special circumstances beyond control. Alternative arrangements were made for him to continue practical training in India.

1.3 Audio-visual facilities

The audio-visual equipment purchased by NACA are operated by the professional staff of the Training and Extension Division of the SEAFDEC AQD and production of video tapes for teaching purposes has been started. A list of production topics appears in Attachment 3.

1.4 Nominations for the Third Training Course

Based on experiences from the two training sessions, invitations to nominate candidates for the Third Training Course were announced much earlier this year to provide the Selection Committee ample time to screen the candidates and to enable the selected participants to prepare for their training and travel to the RLCP. The curriculum remains the same and part of the course, as in the second session, will be carried out at the Network's three other lead centres in Thailand, India, China and possibly, Hong Kong.

SEAFDEC AQD has offered 10 fellowships to participants from SEAFDEC member countries.

1.5 Post-training status of participants to the First Training Course

All participants to the First Training Course have sent back reports on their present activities and it is encouraging to note that they have gained progress in their work and they acknowledge this to be primarily a result of the intensive training received while a participant to the NACA training programme. They continue to correspond with the Training Coordinator for advice and information on matters related to their present work. One trainee, Mr. Jia Jiansan (People's Republic of China), was involved in the conduct of the study tour held in China for this year's training programme.

1.6 Recommendations of participants to the First Training Course

The participants to the First Training Course have expressed their views on the training course in their yearbook, Momentum. The following are their seven-point recommendations to improve the programme for the succeeding years:

1. In view of the overall success of the training course in broadening our aquaculture knowledge, the build-up of confidence, leadership qualities and the establishment of linkages and cooperation among scientists in the region, this training programme should be continued.

2. The continuous support of FAO/UNDP, SEAFDEC-JICA and other funding agencies is welcomed. Participating countries should also consider contributing to this course as the benefits derived by their respective candidates and countries would more than make it worth in the investment.

3. Cooperation from the participating governments in the form of nomination of the best available candidates is needed. Suitably qualified candidates should, among other things, be industrious, responsible and willing to bear some hardships during the course. These would enhance the development of well-rounded and well-balanced aquaculturists, meeting the objectives of the programme and the requirements of the countries concerned.

4. We also find a need to strengthen relationships between NACA and institutions such as UPV, ICLARM, BFAR and other agencies, national or international. These institutions may assist the programme in various ways, such as sharing scientists for delivering lectures, providing publications and others.

5. The participants also feel a field trip to China would have been beneficial since it is a well-known fact that aquaculture practices in that country is one of the most productive in the world. Successive batches of participants should be given this opportunity.

6. With regard to our admission to the Masteral Degree Program in the UPV, we feel that notice regarding all essential requirements for enrolment should be forwarded to the participants well in advance to avoid complications in registration.

7. There is also a general sentiment regarding immigration regulations affecting entry and exit of certain participants in and out of certain countries visited, which should have been more flexible considering that this is an international training programme. Such problems may be avoided in future sessions if it were possible to arrange for a group visa in place of individual.

1.7 University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV)

In June 1982, UPV submitted to the Training Coordinator a copy of the Proposed Implementation Guidelines of the UPV-NACA-SEAFDEC Collaborative Training Programme in Aquaculture. A meeting was held between the University officials concerned and the Training Coordinator to discuss the guidelines. Two revisions were done as of September 1982 and the final revision is being finalized.

2. Research Programme

2.1 Appointment of Aquaculturist (Research)

While there was some delay in the implementation of the research projects of the RLCP, it was immediately accelerated soon after the arrival of Mr. Pinij Kungvankij from Thailand. Mr. Pinij first arrived in February 1982 as consultant but was formally appointed as Aquaculturist (Research) in July 1982.

2.2 Implementation of the research programme

The RLCP has recently launched a multidisciplinary research project to develop suitable technology for the culture of the tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. The project is jointly undertaken by the staff of NACA and SEAFDEC AQD. The Department has provided the Leganes Research Station as the main project site at which a broodstock-hatchery-nursery-grow-out complex is being constructed so as to provide the necessary facilities for standardization of the various techniques used in shrimp production.

The decision to embark on an intensive research on the tiger shrimp is attributed to its economic importance in the shrimp industry of the region. Tiger shrimp is one of the major marine shrimps cultivated in various tropical and subtropical Asian-Pacific countries because of the favorable climatical conditions. Due to the rapid decline of shrimp supply from the wild, many countries have launched massive programmes to culture the species for its lucrative export market. However, appropriate technologies for the culture of this species has not yet fully developed and hence resulting in frequent shortage of seed supplies, poor harvest and in some cases lead to collapse of productive farms.

Research on tiger shrimp is also one of the major research subjects recommended by the FAO task force consisting of scientists from FAO and SEAFDEC AQD after consultation with private sectors and appropriate government officials. The shrimp project was initiated in December 1981 and after many months of preparation, involving brainstorming sessions with scientists of SEAFDEC AQD, shrimp farmers and University professors, the proposal was finally approved by the various authorities concerned.

The project initially concentrates efforts in standardization of existing culture techniques in the production of shrimp seeds from hatchery, juveniles from nursery tanks/ponds and the marketable size fish from grow-out ponds.

With the joint effort of NACA and the SEAFDEC AQD, the facilities for a hatchery-nursery-grow-out complex are now being constructed at the Leganes Research Station. The complex consists of a hatchery of size 12 m × 14 m with a capability to produce 20 million postlarvae per year. The nursery consists of 10×40-ton tanks of size 8 × 5 × 1.5 m with the capability to produce 10 million juveniles per year. There are 30 ponds for grow-out experiments.

The research project will eventually involve a team of approximately 30 personnel to conduct a series of studies on broodstock development, hatchery and nursery techniques and farming systems for the grow-out.

The various laboratories at Leganes and Tigbuan stations are also available for biological and chemical analytical work of the project.

2.3 Physical facilities

Ponds

Construction of the 32 experimental ponds at Leganes Research Station started in June 1981 but was completed in February 1982. The ponds, however, became operational only in late August 1982.

The 32 ponds are located at the center of the Leganes pond complex with direct connection with the supply and drainage canals. The ponds consist of two sizes, viz: 320 m² and 620 m² equipped with independent supply and drainage pipes. The ponds can be tidal-fed. Only half of the smaller size ponds and all the bigger ponds are with feed platforms.

Hatchery-nursery complex

Construction of the above complex started in August 1982. The complex consists of a hatchery building with 12 three-ton larval rearing tanks, one algal culture room and a laboratory, 10 × 40-ton nursery tanks, four 12-ton broodstock tanks, platform for mass culture of algae, filter and water storage tanks. The construction is expected to be completed by mid Nobember 1982.

Water supply system

The push pumps ordered from Thailand will be installed shortly to ensure maintenance of water level in the supply canal for water exchange needs during the experiments. The pumps have arrived in November 1982.

Research equipment

The project has purchased most of the basic research equipment for the shrimp project.

2.4 Research Team

A research team has been proposed to consist of the following personnel:

The Department, however, has provided some staff to help in the implementation of the research project. The NACA Aquaculturist (Research), Mr. Pinij Kungvankij, has been appointed team leader and concurrently project leader of the Crustacean Project at the Leganes Research Station.

A technical advisory committee has yet to be formed to ensure smooth implementation of the research programme.

2.5 Research activities for 1982–1983

While construction of the various facilities is expected to be completed in mid December 1982, project scientists have already started research on a number of research topics. Research activities for 1982–1983 are summarized below.

a) Broodstock development

The main problem encountered in shrimp hatcheries in the region is the inadequate supply of spawners thereby creating inconsistent production of shrimp seeds. Research efforts are therefore concentrated to develop suitable technology to effectively induce maturation either by eyestalk ablation, by hormonal manipulation, or environmental induction. Research work will concentrate on:

• Standardization of eyestalk ablation techniques in induced maturation for mass production.

• Induced maturation by hormone manipulation.

• Comparative studies on the stage of maturation between ablated and non-ablated shrimp.

b) Hatchery

Research on seed production is focused on standardization of existing techniques in order to evolve a more reliable technology that could be applied by shrimp farmers in the region. Present studies include:

• Standardization of feeds and feeding schemes for shrimp larvae (N to P₅).

• Optimum stocking density at various larvae stages.

• Development of mass culture techniques for selected phytoplankton species, rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and marine yeast.

c) Nursery

Research is aimed at elucidating an effective and economic nursery system and operational techniques for mass production of shrimp juveniles for stocking in the grow-out ponds.

• Optimal stocking density of postlarvae in nursery tanks, earthen ponds and net cages installed in ponds.

• Standardization of feeds and feeding schemes for post-larvae (P₅ - P₂₅) for economic production.

d) Grow-out

While much research efforts have been concentrated on seed production of the tiger shrimp, knowledge on the culture techniques is rather limited. Hence, research concentration of this project will focus on:

• Optimal stocking density of juveniles in extensive, semi-intensive and intensive culture systems.

• Standardization of feeds and feeding schemes in brackish water ponds.

• Comparative studies of the production in ponds fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers.

Research is a time-consuming process and with proper funding and support, it is hoped that the combined research output over a period of three years will be able to generate sufficient information leading to the development of a viable technology for shrimp culture.

2.6 Research projects

The general research topics for the whole research project and the expected time of initiation and completion are shown in Attachment 4.

3. Information

3.1 Staff and facilities

NACA has provided an HP 3000 minicomputer for the implementation of its information activities. The host institution has provided rooms for the staff and for housing the computer, measuring 4.37 m × 5.74 m and 3.5 m × 5.73 m, respectively. It has also assigned the following staff to the programme:

1. Efren B. Abancio, Programmer/Analyst (since 1 March 1982)
2. Leo P. Cababasay, Programmer/Operator (since 1 March 1982)

The computer arrived on 17 June 1982 while its stabilizer arrived on 25 June 1982. The Online Advanced Systems Corporation, Hewlett Packard's local representative, took charge of the installation which was completed on 2 July 1982. The stabilizer was not installed because it was not suitable to Philippines electric frequency.

3.2 Maintenance contract

The host institution has agreed to shoulder the maintenance cost of the computer and an initial one-year contract had been signed with the Online Advanced Systems Corporation for maintenance services. Prior to the signing of the contract, servicing was done on an on-call basis.

3.3 Staff training in Aquaculture Information System (AQUIS)

The initiation of AQUIS software and the installation of the initial data base commenced on 14 September until 25 October 1982. Mr. George T. Mantzarlis, FAO System Analyst from Rome, conducted the AQUIS installation which covered computer demonstration and applications and programme assessment.

The RLCP computer staff have started the preparation for AQUIS local data collection process by identifying the existing sources of information available at the SEAFDEC AQD facilities which include results of pilot and production projects, reports, publications, periodicals, theses, etc. Data collected from these sources of information are being entered into sets of AQUIS input forms specially designed for data entry to the computer.

3.4 Operational guidelines for use of the computer

To ensure maximum and efficient use of the computer, the operational guidelines for the use of the HP 3000 minicomputer has been prepared (Attachment 4).

3.5 Training of SEAFDEC AQD staff and NACA trainees on the use of the computer and AQUIS

As part of his activities while at RLCP, Mr. George T. Mantzarlis conducted two separate sessions of training on the use of the computer and AQUIS for the NACA trainees and the SEAFDEC AQD staff who were nominated by their respective Division heads. Mr. Efren B. Abanicio assisted in delivering lectures and in the conduct of practical lessons.

3.6 MINISIS, Bibliographic Information System

FAO and IDRC have agreed that NACA may avail of IDRC's MINISIS package which forms part of the Network's AQUIS software. The agreement for the MINISIS programme had been signed between IDRC and NACA RLCP. One staff from the Computer Unit and two from the SEAFDEC AQD's Library are undergoing training on the MINISIS system at SEARCA in Los Banos from 22 November to 3 December 1982.

4. NACA Newsletter

The NACA Newsletter, published twice a year by the RLCP, came out with its first issue in May 1982. The second issue was published in November 1982.

5. National Aquaculture Centre

As early as January 1982, attempts were made to discuss with agencies concerned regarding the selection of a national aquaculture centre for linkage with the RLCP. It was only in August 1982, however, that the matter was actively pursued The Pagbilao Demonstration and Training Centre of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) was selected as the RLCP's national aquaculture centre. A working paper pertaining to effective linkages between the national and lead centres is being prepared.

6. Project office

The following SEAFDEC AQD personnel assist the Project in the effective implementation of its activities:

1. Leny H. Rodriguez, Executive Assistant (since 11 November 1980)
2. Ma. Antonia F. Arizabal, Clerk-typist (since 8 January 1981)
3. Michael O. Bangit, Driver (since 16 May 1981)
4. Mildred T. Rivas, Account Clerk (since 16 March 1982)

Since June 1982, only one driver has been serving the Project and maintaining its four vehicles. The second driver formerly assigned to the Project was hired on casual basis and his contract was not renewed. A replacement shall be assigned from the Motor Pool of the host institution.

With the reorganization of the Training and Extension Division of SEAFDEC AQD, the Project's training course has become part of the Division's training activities and can therefore avail of all its facilities, including the services of the following personnel:

Training Unit

Two training officers

Trainee Affairs Unit

One trainee affairs officer
One trainee affairs assistant

Audio-visual Unit

One technical officer
One assistant technical officer
One photographer
One projectionist
One draftsman/artist

Technical Services Unit

One senior technician
Two training assistants
One storekeeper
One field assistant

Three staff formerly with the Project Office have officially been transferred to the Training and Extension Division but continue to render service to the Project. A secretary has also been detailed to the Project Office from the Division.

Despite the decrease in the number of staff, operation of the Project Office continue to be effecient, especially with the aid of facilities provided both by NACA and the host institution.

III. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

Among the important equipment purchased during the period are:

1. HP 3000 minicomputer
2. Stabilizer
3. Toyota Hi-Ace

The computer was installed on 2 July 1982. The stabilizer, after having been stored for six months at customs due to some misunderstanding regarding the consignee, was sent to the RLCT for its own use as it was found that it was unsuitable to Philippine electric frequency.

IV. PROGRAMME OF WORK

Training activity for the second course will continue in accordance to the established time-table. The work programmes for research and information are shown in Attachments 4 and 6.

Other activities of priority in the next few months are as follows:

1. The NACA Advisory Committee Meeting to be held in Bangkok, Thailand on 14–17 December 1982.

2. Finalizing the proposed implementation guidelines for the training programme.

3. Finalizing with concerned agencies regarding effective linkages with the National Aquaculture Centre.

4. Liaison with funding agencies.

5. Finalizing arrangements with instructors to teach.

6. Preparation for selection excercises for participants in the Third Training Course.

7. Preparation for graduation of participants to the Second Training Course.

8. Preparation for the opening of the Third Training Course.

9. Timetable for 1983–1984 session.

10. Implement training, information and research programmes.

V. WORKING RELATIONSHIPS

The Project Office staff's cordial and good working relationship with the host institution has been maintained over the past two years. The research and training staff of the Department were requested by the Chief and Deputy Chief to assist in the Project's three programmes.

The present participants to the Second Training Course get along well with the training staff of the Department and the Project Office staff as well as with the staff of the three other lead centres visited during the recently conducted study tour.

The Project Office has also maintained its cordial relationship with the University, UNDP, FAO and the host government.

VI. FUNDING

Since October 1980, the RLCP has incurred a total of US$ 520,417.46 in the implementation of its three programmes.

The funding at the moment is shouldered mainly by NACA. The host institution came out with support (a total of US$ 172,227.64), but because of the considerable number of activities being undertaken by the Project, this aid is barely enough. It has been experienced that the funds provided is not able to pay honoraria or expenses for travel of instructors to the Centre to teach. The inclusion of this item is crucial as it gives the Project a wide choice of selection of suitable instructors to be invited to participate in the training course. Even if honorarium is not given to instructors, sufficient funding for travel and per diem is still needed.

VII. MAJOR OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS

1. Communication

Although there are pouch, radio and mailing facilities at the SEAFDEC AQD, the communication problem still poses a great hindrance to the Project's operations. From the Project Office, materials go through several offices before reaching their destinations. Efforts have been exerted to pinpoint the problem area, but delays and losses still occur.

2. Financial Problems

The lack of sufficient funds is a major constraint in the operation of the project. Whilst the host institution has contributed substantial funds for the conduct of training course and research, funding for operation of the computer has yet to be appropriated. For the project to be effectively functional, it is essential that the host institution will appropriate sufficient fund to implement all the proposed programmes agreed upon earlier.

3. Qualifications of Participants to the Training Course

Some participants faced serious difficulty in the English language. It is important to have a good command of English as it is the medium of instruction used in the training programme. It is strongly recommended that the trainees who are deficient in the language should undergo intensive training before they come to the Centre.

Because the training course is aimed for people with experience and for them to take up leadership on aquaculture, it is important that they be able to contribute to their own countries when they return after the training course. It is therefore pertinent that governments must be selective in their nominations and that the participants are willing to undergo the rigorous training and hard work that go with it. It was also experienced that some countries are late in submitting their nominations.

4. Spare parts for Kombis

The two Kombis are vehicles most often used for training activities. There is great difficulty in procuring spare parts for these vehicles since they are not locally available. It takes a long period of time to have the vehicles repaired and parts from other car models are modified to enable the vehicles to function.

5. Customs clearance of equipment

The recent problem regarding the release of the computer's stabilizer again brought to focus the difficulties encountered in the clearance of equipment from customs. Several meetings with UNDP shipping officers have been held to iron out problems regarding receipt, clearance and tranmission of equipment to the Project site and hopefully, such incidents will be avoided in the future.

Attachment 1

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE FIRST TRAINING COURSE AWARDED WITH DIPLOMA-IN-AQUACULTURE AND MASTER DEGREE IN AQUACULTURE

1. Amir Bin Taib*

2. V. Palanisamy*

3. Wichit Chawiwannakorn*

4. Rahmat Ibrahim*

5. Hardjono*

6. W.S.A.A.L. Kumarasiri*

7. R.A.D.B. Samaranayake*

8. Mohammad Iqbal*

9. Petrus Sagom*

10. Ma. Suzette de la Rosa*

11. Adelaida Palma*

12. Beato Pudadera**

13. M. Shahajat Ali*

14. Kazi Abul Kalam

15. S. Siddharaju*

16. R.M. Rao***

17. Pg. Sharifuddin Pg. Haji Yusof**

18. Jia Jiansan**

19. U Minn Thein**

20. Jone Vasuca****

* Awarded both a Diploma-in-Aquaculture and Master Degree in Aquaculture
** Awarded of M.Aq. pending verification of some documents/record
*** Will be awarded M.Aq. in coming commencement exercise of UPV
**** Not registered with UPV

Attachment 2

PARTICIPANTS OF THE SECOND REGIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR SENIOR AQUACULTURISTS (1 APRIL 1982 - 31 March 1983)

Attachment 3

VIDEO INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

1. Introduction to prawn culture in the tropics

2. Milkfish culture in the Philippines

3. Prawn hatchery operations

4. Culture of microorganisms for fish food

5. Oyster and mussel farming

6. Pond culture of prawn in brackish water

7. Culture of tilapia

8. Pen and cage culture

9. Culture of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

10. Integrated fish farming

11. Seaweed culture

The above video tapes will be produced in cooperation and collaboration with the Training and Extension Division of the SEAFDEC AQD over a period of three years (1982–1985).

Attachment 4

PROGRAMME OF WORK
RESEARCH PROJECTS FOR 1982–1983

Attachment 5

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND POLICIES

FOR THE USE OF THE HP 3000 COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS

The RLCP NACA Computer Unit is equipped with an interactive, data base-oriented Hewlett Packard 3000 computer system. It has an integrated hardware and software design suited to multi-purpose data processing which produces accurate results, stores large quantities of information and carries out long and complex sequences of operations with practically no human intervention. The HP 3000 computer is a complete system with all the hardware and complete set of software subsystems for data management, data entry and other capabilities to run and operate application programs.

The HP 3000 computer system was acquired primarily to implement the information component of NACA which constitutes the collection, storage, processing and dissemination of relevant aquaculture information and data through the Aquaculture Information System or AQUIS. AQUIS is a computerized selection of technical data concerning activities/situations of aquaculture and has been developed specifically to run in the HP 3000 family of computers.

The major role of the HP 3000 computer system at the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department is two-fold, namely:

1.1 Information System

1.1.1 The RLCP is one of the input stations for the inter-regional Aquaculture Information System (AQUIS). The AQUIS, which is to run only in an HP 3000 computer system, will implement the information activity of NACA which involves aquaculture information and data processing, storage and dissemination. The AQUIS data base is organized in so-called “data units,” each of which contains a standardized series of technical data varying from geographic/climatic, culture, species to investment and cost.

1.1.2 A comprehensive aquaculture information system with substantial coverage of literature information of relevance to aquaculture science is crucial to the world-wide development and expansion of aquaculture. The MINISIS, a computer-based information management system, was developed by IDRC to fill the need for the management of bibliographic information system and library tasks. Library applications demand that users like aquaculturists, scientists, students and research workers, be given rapid, easy-to-use access to data bases. This will be provided by MINISIS through its query processor that allows many searching operations. It is supported by a data base structure that makes such access fast and efficient.

1.2 Scientific/experimental research and administrative applications

As the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department continues to grow, the need for high speed data processing of the volumnious data generated from its various experimental research and projects becomes more acute. The establishment of the Computer Unit facilities research projects, permits more detailed and penetrating analyses, as well as opens vast areas for research heretofore closed because of inadequate computational facilities.

Application programs will be developed for SEAFDEC administrative EDP applications which may include personnel information system, Provident Fund Plan, financial and budget controls, property/equipment inventory and controls, and administrative data banking system.

2. ADMINISTRATION

The Computer Unit is administered by the Director of RLCP through the Officer-in-Charge of the NACA Project, RLCP. It operates under the Information Services Programme of the RLCP.

3. MAINTENANCE

Computer system maintenance services will be provided by the Hewlett Packard representative in the Philippines, the Online Advanced Systems Corporation. These services are purchased under the Customer Support Services Agreement (CSSA) which provides hardware services, including the necessary parts and labor for remedial and preventive maintenance.

4. MODE OF OPERATION

To prevent unnecessary breakdowns, the Computer Unit operates, at present, on a closed shop basis; that is, only the authorized staff of the Computer Unit handles its EDP facilities. Hence, its staff handles all the input/output operations, console/terminal and other peripheral operations, programming and final processing of the EDP problems and applications of SEAFDEC's researchers and other users like graduate students and trainees. As more people of the Department acquire EDP experience and the necessary training, the Computer Unit will operate on a semi-closed-shop basis; that is, individuals may run their own programs with proper authority and supervision. In this connection, the Computer Unit sponsors or conducts regular seminars and training courses on HP 3000 operating system, console/terminal operations, programming and the like, to widen the horizon of computer application in different research and administrative disciplines of the Aquaculture Department.

Researchers, graduate students, trainees and any SEAFDEC staff who are in one way or another engaged in activities needing the use of the computer will be given assistance on learning how the computer applies to their needs. This is achieved through the system analyst/programmers together with SEAFDEC's consultants and statisticians who act as the communication link between the end users and the computer.

A computer terminal is free every Wednesday afternoon to be used by individuals for data entry/retrieval to AQUIS. Data entry should be done only after the approval of the AQUIS Data Base manager. The procedures for data entry/retrieval are indicated in section 5 and 6 below. Requests for processing outside the “free” afternoon will be handled by the Computer Unit staff. Periodically, as needed, brief training on AQUIS will be given.

A computer terminal will be at the disposal of any user who wants to develop program, by himself, on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons, provided that:

1. He has the basic course on HP operations or has equivalent experience;

2. An authorization is obtained from his Division Head to use the divisional account. (Charging procedure for the costs of the computer maintenance, paper used, etc. still to be defined);

3. He has some knowledge of programming.

A computer Unit staff will be available for consultation. Users are to request for appointment prior to using the facilities to avoid queuing in the terminal room. A schedule sheet will be affixed outside the Computer Unit.

The following HP documentation are available at the Computer Unit premises:

MPE Ref. commands
FORTRAN
BASIC
EDITOR

Photocopying of the above manuals should be done by the users. Manuals borrowed for reproduction should be returned within two days.

Requests for program development through the Computer Unit should be submitted to the Chief of his representative with proper recommendation of the respective Division Head. The user must clearly define the needs and specifications of his EDP applications to the system analyst. The user should also provide design aids to help the systems analyst in his analysis of the application needs in order to develop a processing system with fast-response time, rapid information access and high transaction throughout. The system analyst translates these need into logical specifications based on the resources and capabilities of the computer system. The programmer finally translates the system analyst's logical specifications into an actual application program using a language the computer can understand.

The user will be given a tentative schedule of the various stages of program development (i.e. analysis, testing, release of the program). Any request for modification of a “released” program will be trated as a new request.

5. PROCEDURE ON AQUIS DATA ENTRY

The Regional Lead Centre in the Philippines hopes to maintain an authoritative and retrospective data on the culture of prawns, shrimps, milkfish, mullet and other brackishwater finfishes. In view of this, we present this procedure that the compiler must follow before the data could be entered into AQUIS:

1. Gather and select recent and relevant aquaculture materials. 1970 is suggested as the cut-off date. Information materials published before 1970 may still be included only if they are still significant and are not superceded by any other newer information.

2. Compile the data into input data sheets. All the necessary information must be included.

3. Submit the completed input sheets to Dr. T.E. Chua, OIC, NACA/RLCP, or to any other aquaculturist who may be assigned the job, for evaluation and approval.

4. Enter the approved data units into the computer.

6. PROCEDURE ON ACCESSING THE DATA UNITS AVAILABLE IN AQUIS

1. Fill up the prepared request form and present to the Computer Staff. Requests will be accepted at 8:00 – 9:00 A.M. every Monday, Tuesday and Thursday. The whole afternoon of Wednesday is available for users who may want to access AQUIS themselves. Reply to requests will be issued within one day, depending on the work load of the staff and the number of data units required.

2. If the requisitioner needs only a certain chapter of the data unit, he may copy that chapter from the terminal. Otherwise, if he wants the whole data unit he may have it in computer print-out.

3. Settle the payment for the use of computer paper (price is still to be discussed).

4. Sign the logbook (for records purposes).

7. PRIORITIES

Top priority is given to the implementation of the information component of NACA. The Aquaculture Information System or AQUIS handles the computerized processing, storing, retrieval and dissemination of aquaculture information requirements that will provide the specialized developmental information needed for the worldwide expansion and intensification of aquaculture. The MINISIS, a computer-based information management system, establishes and maintains the bibliographic information system of the RLCP, NACA. It handles also the bibliographic application and library tasks of the SEAFDEC AQD Library.

The AQUIS along with MINISIS are the application programs that set priority in using the computer facilities. Other computer job requests are processed on the basis of their relevance and importance in achieving the goals of the Department as determined by the Chief or his representative.