ANNEX (Contd.)

ANNEX K

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council

RESEARCH PROPOSAL ¹

To be filled in by BARC	Reviewed by (BARC)	Reviewed by (Donor)
	Name :	Name :
	Date :	Date       :
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION DATA
Check Appropriate Box	Coordinated	Independently Implemented

Project Title : SURVEY OF POTENTIAL FISH FEED INGREDIENTS OF BANGLADESH OF THE BASIS OF THEIR AVAILABILITY AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSIT

Sub-Project Title :-

Sub-Project 1 : National Survey on Potential Fish Feed Ingredients

Sub-Project 2 : Collection and Storage of Selected Fish Feed Ingred

Sub-Project 3 : Limited Biochemical Studies of Potential Fish Feed Ingredients of Bangladesh

Implementing Agency/Station(s)/Unit(s)

1. Department of Fisheries Technology,
   Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

2. Freshwater Aquaculture Research Station, Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh

3. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka

Submitted by:	Endorsed by Agency Head:-
Signature :	Signature :	Signature :
Name : Dr. A.K.M. Aminullah Bhuiyan	Name : Dr. Ashref Ali Khan	Name :

¹ To be accomplished by proponent and submitted to BARC in 5 copies.

PROPOSAL CONTENT AND EVALUATION CRITERIA

A. Proposal Content

1. Importance/Significant of Research Work.

It is now a well-established fact that the success of intensive fish culture depends largely on supplementary feeding. Intensive fish culture implies stocking of impoundments at densities of upto two or more fish per m² surface of quiet water (as in ponds), and upto 100–200 m³ in circulating water tanks and pools (Hastings, 1979). Manufactured feeds are essential for economic use of time, space and aquacultural facilities. Fish trained to accept manufactured feeds have proved very efficient in converting forage, cereal, grains, and concentrate by-products feed stuffs into edible meat (Meyer and Nelson, 1963). There are, therefore, two major objectives in the use of supplementary manufactured feeds:

i) to provide nutrients for abundant fish growth,

and ii) to provide profit for the aquaculturist.

In Bangladesh, because of the limited availability of aerable land, the present food shortage cannot be solved through agriculture resources alone. It has been proved that the one unit area of water has greater carrying capacity than one unit of land whatever effort is put into it. Around the world, it has been observed that aquaculture has lagged far behind agriculture in its development. In this regard Bangladesh is not an exception. Todate, Bangladesh attained only a minimum level of production.

Of the present total fish production of 0.64 million ton, almost half of the requirement, about 90% comes from freshwater. In 1983–85 fish production from culture fishery was 114,090 m. ton which was about 19% of the total inland fish production and 15% of the total country's fish production (Ali, 1985). SPARRSO (Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization-Bangladesh) made a survey in 1983–84 by aerial photograph. Based on this survey the estimated number of ponds was 13.7 lakh and total pond areas was 4.04 lakh acres. The culture, culturable and derelict ponds were 45%, 30% and 26% respectively.

Based on another survey undertaken by the Fisheries Resources Survey System in 1983–84, average fish production per acre was found to be 470 kg for cultured ponds, 120 kg for culturable ponds and 70 kg for derelict ponds. Pond production as high as 3700 kg per hectare could be obtained by semi-intensive multi-species culture with limited supplementary feed. With improved culture practices, based on intensive nature of culture, fish production can, therefore, be increased manifold.

An estimated 2,74,420 acres of water areas are being utilized for aquatic culture. It is estimated that the areas that can be brought under culture in near future are more than double the present cultured areas.

The following species are at present cultured, in one way or another, in Bangladesh :

Species of future culturable potential in Bangladesh :

From the above facts and figures it is obvious that there are ample scopes for increasing cultured fish production manifold by practising sound extensive and intensive methods of aquaculture.

Faced with the food supply problem for cultured fish, nutritionist from other parts of the world have done more work evaluating alternate protein sources in aquaculture diets during the last 15 years than during the previous 60 years. A review of the litrre shows that practically no potential feed material has been ignored. These sources are categorized into 3 groups:

1. Vegetable (soy meal, rice or wheat bran, etc.)

2. Animal (bone/blood meal, fish meal/silage, etc.)

and 3. Potential sources not yet commercialized (e.g. water hyacinth, aroid leaves, etc.)

4. bacteria and yeasts

Fish are probably the most efficient converter of feed to flesh requiring less than 2 lb of basic feed stuffs to produce 1 lb of fish. However, in contrast to land animals, fish are fastidious eater in that they require higher levels of dietary protein (Spinelli, 1980). Feed stuffs of vegetable origin are as a whole lower in protein content when compared with those of animal origin. In addition, the presence of high amounts of carbohydrates, fibre, and other organic molecules such as glucosides, phytates, and cyclopropenes in these sources present the nutritionists with problems that are generally not encountered with sources of animal origin. Despite these problems, practically all the commercially used feed stuffs are being used to some extent in commercial aquaculture diets. In a land of agriculture like Bangladesh vegetable sources are always there in plenty to be used in different proportions in potential formulated fish feeds. An International Network of Feed Information Centres has been established which records nutrients profile of feed stuffs available in many countries around the world. From all these discussion it is now apparent that the formulation, utilization and acceptability of manufactured feeds for the fish thus constitute an important subject of research for the development of aquaculture in Bangladesh. To do all these the first important thing is to select potential ingredients available in this country.

In Bangladesh, a large variety of indigenous raw materials and agricultural wastes considerably rich in nutrients ultimately go waste without being properly utilized for useful purpose. To name some of these are : fish meal, frog waste meal, oil cake, rice and wheat bran, leaves vegetables and other animal and agricultural wastes. There may be more too that can added to this list. However, detail information about their availability, economy, biochemical composition are yet to be fully known. Without knowing this: information a systematic approach towards making a sound and effective national policy for formulation and manufacture of fish feed from local ingredients can not be made. The present proposal is expected to provide all this fundamental information.

2. Literature Review:

A search of literature reveals that fisheries research so far conducted in Bangladesh is mostly biological in character. Studies on the fish feed technology is almost new in this country; as a result published information on this subject is hardly available. Sporadic information that are available are mostly very specific and incomplete in nature.

However, the following review may demonstrate the nature and extent of information available here.

International

Some authors reviewing the art of preparing feeds show that early formulas were based on attempts to duplicate the composition of natural foods. This was laboriously accomplished by growing insects, harvesting small fish or other aquatic animals, or by processing culled domestic animals. For many years fresh or frozen animal products were the backbone of hatchery production rations. However, competition for this material with a pet and mink feed industries, cost of preservation, storage, preparation, and loss of feeding, stimulated a continual search for substitutions which has resulted today in the common use of dry or semi-moist feeds.

In United States the history backs prior to 1900 when many of the wheat flour, corn or other grain processing plant began to market their by-products such as wheat bran, corn bran, oat hulls, etc., as animal feeds by blending in sufficient amounts of minerals and supplementary protein ingredients to produce saleable rations (Stivers, 1970). After 1900 up until about 1930, the industry grew at a fairly slow rate, with growth coming primarily by a large increase in the number of small feed mills.

During the next 20 years, research efforts were focused along the line of economy, the objective being to develop a more economical ration the 100% liver customarily used. In 1940 results of a number of years of research were published by Tunison discussing the use of the cortland dry feed mixture No. 6 as an additive to meat by-products. It served as a means of decreasing feed costs and improving the physical properties of wet meat rations. The Cortland meat-meal ration is nutritionally adequate and has proved to be quite acceptable to most fish. Several fish farmer in the U.S. who are near inexpensive supplies of fresh animal by-products (trash fish, chicken hatchery culls, offal) use modifications of the Cortland No. 6 dry mix along with wet, fresh animal products. It is generally digestable, succulant and, when a major component is available at low cost, results attained by handling this material are justified (Hastings and Dickie, 1972).

In the mid-fifty's came Oregon Moist Pellet, the widely known and used manufactured fish feed. Result with OMP was outstanding. This product resulted in higher food utilization and less water pollution. The pellets required less storage space and was generally cheaper than other feeds. Such pellets have a high moisture content (about 35% of total weight), and contain raw ingredients so that they must be refrigerated, which is somewhat of a disadvantage (Iversen, 1976).

The first successful dry concentrate feed of known formulation used in raising trout through two generations was reported by Phillips et al., 1964.

Auburn No. 2 is being recommended for typical pond fish intensive culture such as cat fish and minnows which contains 35% soy bran meal, 35% peanut meal, 15% fish meal and 15% distillers soluble (Swingle, 1958).

Sound nutrition is the determinant for growth, maturation, reproduction and success in any field of animal husbandry. Qualitatively, the nutrient requirements of fish are the same as those of higher animals. Quantitatively, however, many different levels are used to optimize production of fish subject to variations in stocking density, initial age and weight, water temperature, water chemistry and management practices. Important points regarding nutrition target such as, gross food conversion efficiency, energy, protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals have been discussed in detail by Hastings, 1979; Bratt, 1970; Cowey, 1976; Halver, 1972.

Halver, the pioneer researcher in the field of fish nutrition reported (1980) the nutritional requirements of cultivated warm water fish species. According to him tentative requirements for the ten indespensable amino acids, and sparing effects of several others are reported for only a few species of fish held under specific experimental conditions. These must be confirmed for other species reared and conditions used, since the protein requirement and amino acid balance is the major determinant for growth, and is the greatest food source problem. Essential fatty acid needs for fish reared indicate that this component may be the second limiting factor for future practical diets.

Harris (1980) described in a detailed review about the nature of different feed stuffs that are being presently used for preparing formulated fish feed. He discussed the international feed nomenclature, the systematic collection and recording of data on feed composition, calculations used in summerization of feed composition data, energy feeds, non-chemical characteristics of energy feeds, quality in energy feed, protein supplements, vitamin and mineral supplements and miscellaneous additives providing as many as 44 references.

Raven and Walker (1980) discussed on the ingredients for fish feed manufacture in the United States.

Spinelli (1980) gave an detailed account on the conventional feed ingredients for fish feed by categorizing these feed into three groups such as, vegetable and animal sources currently available, and potential sources not yet commercialized.

The technology of fish feed formulation has been discussed by various authors (Hastings, 1980; Hardy, 1980; Chow, 1980; Hastings and Higgs, 1980; Pigott, 1980; Lovall, 1980).

Chow (1980) made a guideline for the establishment of a feed mill for manufacturing compounded feeds in developing countries.

Van Limborgh (1979) reviewed the prospect for industrial production of ready to use feeds for mass rearing of fish larvae giving due recognition to the fact that the nature of larvae feed is quite different from that of adults.

In the absence of literature on the nutritional requirements of the specific fishes, particularly in this country, the information provided by NRC, 1977 on nutrient requirement of warm water fishes can serve the purpose of being used as preliminary guideline for determining and estimating quality and quantity of ingredients to be used for the study.

Sen et al. (1978) reported a level of 26% carbohydrate (dextrin) as optimum for the growth of carp.

The requirement of Clarias batrachus for protein in a practical type diet was suggested as 35.69 – 37.72% (Cruz and Laudencia, 1976).

The body weight gain of Tilapia zilli was improved with the increase of calorie of the diets suggesting that lipids are more effective than carbohydrate (Teshima et. al., 1978).

A level of 38% protein was found to optimum for the growth of Labeo rohita. Maximum growth was obtained at a protein: energy ratio of 122. Coconut oil was superior to soybean and cod liver oils in sustaining growth of the fish.

Kesamaru and Fukuda (1972) studied the feed efficiency of wheat germ as a dietary ingredient for carp, Cyprinus carpio. The body weights of carp increased from 11 g to nearly 300 – 400 g during a 8 month long experimental period without developing any signs of ill effects.

Rifai (1979) reported that aquatic plant Lemna minor was very effective on growth rate of Tilapia nilotica in different levels of stocking density (5, 15, and 45 fish per floating cage).

National

Molla et al. (1973) conducted an experiment in order to develop a suitable feed for catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) of the six types of feeds tried, five had a common base of vegetable origin. These feeds differed only in their animal protein contents. Feed I (with meat offal and fish meal), feed II (with meat offal and blood meal) and feed III (with lysine and methionine) gave comparatively better growth. Feed consisting of only fish meal with no vegetable base resulted in weight reduction of the fingerlings.

Mazid et al. (1979) studied the growth response of Tilapia zilli fingerlings with 6 purified isocaloric casein diets with a range of 21–53% crude protein to determine the optimum protein requirement. A protein energy ratio of 8:1 appeared to be more efficiently utilized by the fish in terms of protein deposition and energy retention than diets with higher levels of crude protein. They defined a level of 35% protein in diet as optimum for the growth of Tilapia zilli.

Dicky and Haque (1985) prepared a report on Bangladesh livestock industry status in relation to fodder supply and consumption of animal products. In giving their view on the present and future prospects of the livestock industry they have also discussed various aspects of feed resources available in this country. Some of which may also be used in fish diets. In this report it is cited that Haque, 1985 (unpublished) BARC report) listed the ‘Potential Unconventional Feedstuff Sources’ for livestock of Bangladesh.

Islam (1977) prepared fish feed using some marine fish of Bay of Bengal applying wet-rendering method. On the average, the yield of the meals was 20% of the raw material and contained 57.99% protein, 7.84% oil, 21.71% ash and 9.8% moisture. The meal obtained after passing through 30 mm mesh seive had over 65% protein and nearly 12% ash.

Mumtazuddin (1978) worked with some shellfishes that included mussel, clam, snail and crab. By employing wetrendering process meal with following range of composition was obtained:

Banu (1979) while studying chemical composition of froglegs of two mostly used frogs, Rana tigrina and R. temporaria obtained following result:

and on dry basis crude protein content was 81.54%.

Chakroborty (1981) studied the growth performance of cat fish reared in laboratory aquaria on three fish feeds prepared from such indigenous materials as frog meal, mustard cake meal, rice bran, aroid leaves and table salt. Thirty six 30-day old cat fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) fry were divided into three treatment groups, A, B, and C. In each group there were two replications of six fries. The three feeds prepared from the above ingredients in which feed A had 40% protein, feed B 30% and feed 0 20% were made into pellets by rice starch as a binding materials. The data showed that on feed A the growth performance although not very satisfactory was significantly better than B and C. No such significant difference was observed between the feeds B and C in respect of growth. It was concluded that a good feed must contain 40% or more of good quality protein.

Ali (1981) made a comparative study of the effects of fish meal and frog meal as feed supplements on the growth of chicks.

Hossain (1982) studied on the development of quality fish feeds from indigenous sources for the culture of Cyprinus carpio L. The ingredients included were, fish meal (A grade, BFDC Fish Harbour, Chittagong), mustard oil cake (Brassica spp), wheat bran, aroid leaves (Colocasia esculanta, dried at 50°C and ground), barley starch, salt (sun-dried impure table salt, NaCl), and soybean oil. He also studied the biochemical composition of the prepared diet which included moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fibre, total lipid, nitrogen free extract and amino acid spectrum.

Zafar (1983) studied on the feasibility of preparing quality fish feeds from indigenous sources suitable for the intensive culture of catfish Clarias striatus which included mustard oil cake, water fern (Azolla pinnata), rice bran, soybean oil, barley starch, common salt. The biochemical composition study was exactly same as that of Hossain, 1982.

3. Objectives of proposed Work :

Based on ‘Importance/Significance of the Work’ and ‘Literature Review’ — the preceeding two chapters the main objective of the work can be described as follows:

1. To find out potential indigenous feed ingredients that are economically, technologically, and nutritionally feasible to include in the manufacture of cultured fish feed.

2. To become class III (at this stage) member of International Network of Feed Information Centre (INFIC).

To achieve this objective the entire project is divided into sub-products. Each sub-project will have its own objectives, methodology, work plan and budgetary provision which have been written in details in the following few pages.

4. Methodology/Procedure :

Methodologies or procedures that are to be followed have been separately described for each of the three sub-projects.

5. Bibliography :

(enclosed at the end of the proposal page nos. 34 to 39).

SUB-PROJECT 1

Title : National Survey on Potential Fish Feed Ingredients

WORKPLAN SUMMARY AND ACTIVITY CHART ¹

WORKPLAN SUMMARY :

On the basis of information obtained from various literatures 30 or so local fish feed ingredients will be surveyed. These will be done mainly through holding meetings with informative persons of the field, collecting relevant information from various governmental or nongovernmental organizations, and finally visiting markets where those ingredients are mostly available. A record sheet will be prepared for the purpose of recording all information which will clearly indicate where, when, how and how much of each of the ingredients is to be collected.

Not necessary since the workload under this sub-project is very brief.

¹ To be prepared per project/sub-project
² The arrow ( ) to indicate start (tail) and completion (head)

* % of total project cost; to be programmed by BARC.

DETAILS OF SALARIES AND ALLOWANCES

DETAILS OF OTHER OPERATING EXPENSES

Objectives. To study :

1. where, when, how (in what form) ingredients are generally available throughout the country

2. present form(s) of their uses

3. abundance, including seasonal fluctuation

4. price, including seasonal fluctuations, carrying cost, etc.

Methodology/Procedure :

1. In this study programme the following potential ingredients will be included:-

   1. Slaughter house wastes (intestines, stomachs, etc.)
   2. Blood meal
   3. Fish meal (of 3 different categories)
   4. Fish silage
   5. Bone meal
   6. Till (sesame) cake
   7. Oil cake (Mustard, Brassica spp)
   8. Soybean meal
   9. Soybean oil
   10. Coconut bran
   11. Wheat bran
   12. Rice bran
   13. Cotton seed meal
   14. Barley
   15. Potato - mainly for preparing starch
   16. Rice
   17. Molasses (of 3 different categories including one used for feeding cattles)
   18. Aroid leaves (Colocasia spp)
   19. Water hyacinth (whole plant, leaves, roots, flowers)
   20. Other locally available potential raw materials that are not used for any useful purposes or are under-utilized

   21. Yeasts

2. Field level investigations are to be conducted that will include : i) meeting with key-persons who are expected to be knowledgeable in this regard, ii) collecting information that are available at various governmental (e.g., Price and Market Information Department, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Cotton Board, etc.) and non-governmental (for example, FAO-UNDP Local Offices, etc.) and lastly iii) market study for some of the ingredients where they are known to be mainly available. In some cases a second time market study may have to be conducted to study the price fluctuation due to seasonal changes.

3. Record sheet/card will be prepared for recording collected information.

SUB-PROJECT 2

Title : Collection and Storage of Selected Fish Feed Ingredients

WORKPLAN SUMMARY AND ACTIVITY CHART

WORKPLAN SUMMARY.

During this project time listed (in Sub-Project 1) ingredients will be collected from all over the country as specified in the report of the earlier part of the project. After collection, they will be dried to constant weight, properly labelled and stored until further use in Sub-Project 3 that follows. These will be done at FARS laboratory.

BUDGET ESTIMATE

* % of total project cost; to be prepared by BARC