District : Mouang Kham
Village : Ban Hok
Name of farmer : Mr. Khamouane (SN-01)
Main farming system : Rice-cum-Fish Culture + Pond fish
General information : He is a medium farmer with 13 members in the family. He practised fish culture in 0.15 ha fishpond and 0.28 ha rice field. In additional 2 ha area he grows corn, vegetable, and fruits. The total family income comes from the above farming practices plus raising of livestock.
Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contacted him in July 1992 when the above general informations were collected. Mr. Khamouane started aquaculture in 1989. In 1991 he produced altogether 45 kg fish in his 0.1 ha fish pond and 0.20 ha rice field (150 kg/ha). The species of fish grown were mostly tilapia, common carp and local species.
From July 1992 the project got involved in organizing his fish culture activities which included stocking right densities of selected species, regulating properly the level of water in the rice field for the benefit of the rice crop and fish as well, pond and rice field preparations, pond fertilization and fixing of proper screens at water inlets and outlets in his fish pond and rice field. He harvested 25 kg in his 0.12 ha fish pond (208 kg/ha/180 days) after six months, and 25 kg from his 0.2 ha rice field after 3 months (125 kg/ha/90 days). The stocking density in the fish pond was 5,000/ha (600 pcs) with survival rate of 50 % (300 pcs) while the stocking density in the rice field was 3,000/ha (600 pcs) and survival rate was 70 % (420 pcs). Initial weight of fingerlings at stocking was not known.
In January 1993, Mr. Khamouane received 3-day training organized by the project which included actual field work. In July 1993, he again attended a 7-day training on fish seed production organized by the project at the Khangpho Fish Farm. In July same year, the project supervised preparation of a portion of his rice field having an area of 0.15 ha and supplied free 500 fingerlings of common carp at stocking density of 3,300/ha. The average stocking size was 4.1 g and 5.9 cm. The fish were harvested after 94 days. The survival of fingerlings was 69 % with an average size of 62.5 g and 15.2 cm during harvest and a total fish production of 21.63 kg (144.2 kg/ha/94 days). However, entry of snakeheads from the nearby fish pond was not prevented and during harvest about 2.5 kg (34.7 kg/ha) were collected which added the total rice-cum-fish production to 26.83 kg (178.9 kg/ha/94 days). In 1993, Mr. Khamouane was given detailed technical advice on pond fish culture as well. He stocked his 0.2 ha fish pond with tilapia and common carp fingerlings at a stocking density of 3,500/ha (700 pcs) and integrated with 3 pigs and 45 chickens and ducks. After six months the fish production obtained was 25 kg (208 kg/ha/180 days) with survival of 60 % (470 pcs). The fish production obtained from another rice field in 0.05 ha area was 9 kg in 3 months (180 kg/ha/90 days) with survival of 65 %. Stocking density of the 0.05 ha rice field was 5,000/ha with an average size of 2–3 g. In 1994, Mr. Khammouane stocked 2,000 tilapia and common carp fingerlings into his 0.15 ha fish pond (13,333/ha) at an average stocking size of 5–10 g. After six months, he harvested 100 kg fish (666.7 kg/ha/180 days) with recovery of 60 % (1,200 pcs). He also undertake rice-cum-fish by stocking 570 common carp fingerlings into his 0.28 ha rice field (2,035.7/ha) at an average size of 12.0 g. After more than three months, he produced 54 kg fish (192.8 kg/ha/102 days) with percentage recovery of 86 % (491 pcs). The frequency of monitoring by the project staff to Mr. Khammouane was on an average two times in a month.
Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was around K 645,000 in 1991, K 750,000 in 1992 and K 1,024,700 in 1993. The 1993 income of K 1, 024,700 included K 525,000 from sticky rice (5,250 kg) + K 61,000 from fish (25 kg fish pond and 36 kg from rice fields) + K 346,700 from livestock and K 92,000 from vegetables, fruits and corn. While his 1994 income of K 1,864,000 includes K 480,000 from sticky rice (4,500 kg from lowland and 300 kg from upland) + K 231,000 from fish (100 kg from pond and 54 kg from rice field) + K 583,000 from livestock + K 570,000 from fruits, vegetables and corn. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.
Comments : Mr. Khamouane is a progressive farmer who followed willingly the technical advice given by the project. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities and shared his experience with other farmers. His performance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project will help in refining the technology package best suited in his area as well as in assessing his future needs in terms of funds and farm facilities.
District : Mouangkham
Village : Ban Hok
Name of farmer : Mr. Bounma (SN-02)
Main farming system : Fish Culture in Ponds + Rice-cum-fish
General information : He is a poor farmer with 13 members in the family. He practised fish culture in 0.12 ha ponds and rice-cum-fish culture in 0.5 ha rice field. In additional 0.31 ha area he grows corn, vegetables and fruits. The total family income comes from the above farming practices plus raising of livestock.
Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contacted him in July 1992 when the above general informations were collected. Mr. Bounma started aquaculture in 1990. In 1991 he produced 20 kg in his 0.2 ha pond (100 kg/ha). The species of fish grown were mostly tilapia, common carp and local species. From July 1992 the project got involved in organizing his fish culture activities which included pond and rice field preparations, stocking densities of selected species and fixing of proper screens at water inlets and outlets. He harvested 20 kg from his 0.2 ha pond (100 kg/ha) after 180 days, and 75 kg from his 0.92 ha rice field (81.5 kg/ha) after 90 days. The stocking density in the fish pond was 5,000/ha (4,000 pcs in 0.2 ha pond) with 50 % (500 pcs) recovery during harvest. The stocking density in the rice field was 3,804/ha (3,500 pcs in 0.92 ha) with 50 % (1,750 pcs) recovery during harvest. Sizes of fingerlings during stocking in the two farming systems was about 1–2 g average. In January 1993, Mr. Bounma received 3-day training organized by the project which included actual field work. In this year, Mr. Bounma was given detailed technical advice on his fish pond and rice-cum-fish culture. He stocked his 0.2 ha fish pond with tilapia and common carp fingerlings at a stocking density of 4,000/ha (800 pcs) with an average size of 4.0 g. After six months the fish production obtained was 25 kg (185 kg/ ha/180 days) with 70 % (560 pcs) recovery during harvest. He also stocked 3,680 tilapia and common carp fingerlings in his 0.92 ha rice field (4,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 4.0 g and the fish production obtained was 90 kg after three months (98 kg/ha/90 days) with 70 % (2,576 pcs) recovery during harvest. In 1994, Mr. Bounma stocked 1,500 tilapia and common carp fingerlings in his 0.12 ha fishpond (12,500/ha) at an average stocking size of 3–5 g. After six months he harvested 100 kg (833.3 kg/ha/180 days) with recovery of 86.7 % (1,300 pcs). In his rice-cum-fish culture farm, he stocked 2,000 tilapia and common carp fingerlings in his 0.5 ha rice field (4,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 5–10 g. After three months, he produced 113 kg fish (226 kg/ha/95 days) with recovery of 50 % (1,000 pcs). The frequency of monitoring by the project staff was on an average of two times in a month.
Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 665, 500 in 1991, K 790,000 in 1992 and K 871,000 in 1993. The 1993 income of K 871,000 included K 345,000 from sticky rice (3,450 kg) + K 115,000 from fish (25 kg from fishpond and 90 kg from rice field) + K 196,000 from livestock and K 215,000 from vegetables, fruits and corn. While his 1994 income of K 919,500 include K 270,000 from sticky rice (2,700 kg) + K 319, 500 from fish (100 kg from pond and 113 kg from rice field) + K 102,000 from livestock + K 198,000 from fruits, vegetables and corn, and K 30,000 from cloth weaving, silk rearing and other sources. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.
Comments : Mr. Bounma is a progressive farmer who followed the technical advice given by the project with interest and willingness. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities and shared his experiences with other farmers. His performance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project will, in the future, help in refining his technology package as well as in assessing his future needs in terms of funds and farm facilities.
District : Mouangkham
village : BanHok
Name of farmer : Mr. Phothao Oun (SN.03)
Main farming system : Rice-Cum-Fish Culture & Pond fish Culture.
General information : He is a poor farmer with 6 members in the family. He practices rice cultivation with fish culture in 0.75 ha. area and owns fishpond 0.2 ha in size. In additional 4.0 ha area he grows corn, vegetables, fruit and cassava. The total family income comes from the above farming practices plus rearing of livestock.
Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contacted him in July 1992 when the above general informations were collected. Mr. Oun started aquaculture since 1988. In 1991 he produced 3 kg fish in his 0.05 ha pond (60 kg/ha) and 75 kg fish in his 0.75 ha rice field (100 kg/ha). The species of fish grown were mostly tilapia, common carp and local species. From 1992 July, the project got involved in organizing his fish culture activities which included fixing proper screens at inlets and outlets, stocking density of fingerlings of selected species in his rice field (0.75 ha) and regulating properly the level of water in the rice field for the benefit of the rice crop and fish as well. He harvested 90 kg fish from his 0.75 ha rice field (120 kg/ha) and 5 kg fish from his 0.05 ha fish pond (100 kg/ha). Stocking density and culture days of fish in rice field and fishpond were difficult to determine due to varying dates of fish stockings and harvestings of which he did not keep any records as yet. In January 1993, Mr. Oun received 3-day training organized by the project which included actual field work. In July 1993, the project supervised preparation of a portion of his rice field having an area of 1,000 sq m and supplied 500 fingerlings of common carp at stocking rate of 5,000/ha. The average stocking size was 4.1 g and 5.9 cm. The fish were harvested after 90 days. The survival of fingerlings was 80 % with an average size of 54.2 g and 15.4 cm and total fish production of 33.33 kg (333.33/kg/ha/90 days). He obtained additional 66.7 kg fish from 0.65 ha rice field (102.6 kg/ha). In 1993, Mr. Oun was given technical advice on pond fish culture as well. He enlarged the area of his pond from 0.05 ha to 0.15 ha and stocked 375 mixed tilapia and common carp fingerlings at 2,500/ha. He intergrated pond fish culture with livestock (2 pigs + 27 chicken and ducks). The fish production obtained was 40 kg (267 kg/ha/180 days). In 1994, Phothao Oun expanded his fish pond into 0.2 ha and stocked with 2,000 tilapia and common carp fingerlings (10,000/ha) at an average size of 10–15 g. After six months he harvested 200 kg fish (1,000 kg/ha/180 days) with a recovery rate of 90 % (1,800 pcs). He also conducted rice-cum-fish culture by stocking 1,000 tilapia and common carp fingerlings in his 0.5 ha rice field (2,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 5–10 g. After more than three months, he produced 115 kg fish (230 kg/ha/114 days) with a recovery of 96 % (960 pcs).
The frequency of monitoring by the project staff was on an average two times in a month.
Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 778,000 in 1991 being K 78,000 from 78 kg fish (75 kg from rice field + 3 kg from pond), K 815,000 in 1992 being K 95,000 from 95 kg fish (90 kg from rice field + 5 kg from pond and K 891,000 in 1993. The 1993 income of K 891,000 included K 200,000 from sticky rice (2,000 kg) + K 140,000 from fish (40 kg from fish pond and 100 kg from rice field) + K 102,700 from livestock and K 448, 500 from vegetables, fruits, corn and cassava. While the 1994 income of K 1,989,000 includes K 220,000 from sticky rice (2,200 kg) + K 472,500 from fish (200 kg from pond and 115 kg from rice field) + K 83,000 from livestock and K 1,213,500 from fruits, vegetables, etc. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.
Comments : Mr. Phothao Oun is a progressive farmer who followed the technical advice given by the project carefully. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities and shared his experiences with other farmers. It is expected that he would serve as a model farmer particularly in the rice + fish culture system. His performance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project shall in future years help in refining his technology package as well as in assessing his future needs in terms of funds and facilities.
District : Mouangkham
Village : Ban Hok
Name of farmer : Mr. Khamphao (SN.04)
Main farming system : Integrated Fish-Livestock + Rice-cum-fish.
General information : He is a medium farmer with 13 members in the family. He practices culture of fish integrated with livestock in three ponds with a total area of 0.06 ha and rice-cum-fish culture in 0.7 ha rice field. In additional 0.5 ha area he grows corn, vegetables and fruits. The total family income comes from the above farming practices plus rearing of livestock.
Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contacted him in July 1992 when the above general informations were collected. Mr. Khamphao started aquaculture since 1983. In 1991 he produced 3 kg fish in his 0.03 ha pond (100 kg/ha) and 100 kg in his 0.7 ha rice field (143 kg/ha). The species grown were mostly tilapia, common carp and local species. From July 1992 the project got involved in organizing his fish culture activities which included fixing proper screens at water inlets and outlets, stocking density of selected species and regulating properly the level of water in the rice field for the benefit of the rice crop and fish as well. He was also advised to integrate pigs in his fish pond. He harvested 5 kg fish from his 0.03 ha integrated pond (168 kg/ha) and 150 kg from 0.7 ha rice field (214 kg/ha). Stocking density and culture days of fish in both ponds and rice fields were difficult to determine due to varying dates of stocking some way back before the project's start, and unscheduled partial harvesting of fishes for which he did not practice any record keeping. In January 1993, Mr. Khamphao received 3-day training organized by the project which included actual field work. In July 1993, the project supervised preparation of his new fish pond having an area of 0.015 ha and a portion of his rice field having an area of 0.1 ha and supplied free 500 common carp fingerlings at stocking rate of 20,000/ha (300 pcs in his 0.015 ha pond) and 2,000/ha (200 pcs/) in his 0.1 ha rice field. The average stocking size was 4.1 g and 5.9 cm. The fish in 0.015 ha pond was cultured for rearing into broodstock purpose. The fish in the rice field was harvested after three months. Survival of fingerlings was 60% with an average size of 76.9 g and 15.8 cm. Total fish production in the rice field was 9.23 kg (92.3 kg/ha/94 days).
In 1993, Mr. Khamphao was also given detailed technical advice on integrated pond fish culture and rice-cum-fish culture. He stocked his other ponds (0.045 ha) with tilapia and common carps at 2,500/ha (112 pcs) and integrated with 5 pigs including one hybrid pig provided free by the project in November. His pond fish production obtained was 10 kg (167 kg/ha/180 days) with recovery at 55–65 %. The fish production of another rice-cum-fish culture in a 0.6 ha rice field was 171 kg common carp and tilapia (285 kg/ha/90 days) with stocking density of 5,000/ha. Percentage recovery was 50–55 %. In 1994, Mr. Khamphao did two croppings in his 0.09 ha integrated fish pond. In first cropping, he stocked 900 tilapia and common carp fingerlings (10,000/ha) at an average size of 5–10 g. After almost six months, he harvested 78 kg market fish + 15 kg fingerlings (1,033.3 kg/ha/170 days) with a recovery rate of 90 % (810 pcs). In the second cropping, he stocked unrecorded quantity of tilapia and common carp fingerlings at an average size of 5–10 g and cultured for five months. During harvest, he got 75 kg fish (833 kg/ ha/150 days) with unknown percentage recovery. In the same year, he also conducted rice-cum-fish culture by stocking 330 tilapia and common carp fingerlings in his 0.1 ha ricefield (3,300/ha) at an average, size of 5.0 g. After almost three months he harvested 31 kg fish (310 kg/ha/87 days) with a recovery of 91 % (299 pcs).
The frequency of monitoring by the project staff to Mr. Khamphao was on an average two times in a month.
Economic evaluation : The total income of the farmer was around K 1,153,000 in 1991 being K 103,000 from 103 kg fish (3 kg from pond + 100 kg from rice/field), K 1,255,000 in 1992 being K 155,000 from 155 kg fish (5 kg from pond + 150 kg from rice field) and K 1,337,000 in 1993. The 1993 income of K 1,337,000 included K 500,000 from sticky rice (5,000 kg) + K 190,000 from fish (10 kg from pond and 180 kg from rice field ) + K 500,000 from livestock and K 147,000 from vegetables, fruits and corn. While the 1994 income of K 1,678,500 includes K 550,000 from sticky rice (5,500 kg) + K 298,500 from fish (168 kg from pond and 31 kg from rice field) + K 218,000 from livestock + K 361,500 from vegetables, fruits, etc. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture technologies.
Comments : Mr. Khamphao is a progressive farmer who followed the technical advice given by the project carefully. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities and shared his experience with other farmers. It is expected that he would serve as a model farmer particularly for the integrated fish-livestock production system. His performance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project shall in future years help in refining the technology package as well as in assessing his future needs in terms of funds and facilities.
District : Mouang Kham
Village : Ban Hok
Name of farmer : Mr. Thao Phout (SN-05)
Main farming system : Rice-cum-fish culture
General information : He is a poor farmer with 10 members in the family. He practises culture of fish with rice in a rice field of 0.05ha area and culture of fish in ponds with an area of 0.15 ha. In additional 1.5 ha he grows sticky rice without fish and another 0.7 ha upland area he grows fruits, vegetables and corn. The total family income came from the above farming practices plus raising of livestock.
Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contacted in August 1992 when the above general informations were collected.
Mr. Thao Phout started Aquaculture in 1983. In 1991 he produced 5 kg in his 0.12 ha fish pond (41.7 kg/ha) and 35 kg fish in his 0.4 ha rice field (87.5 kg/ha). The fish produced were mostly tilapia, common carps and some local species. From August 1992, the project got involved in organizing his fish culture activities which included pond/rice field preparations, pond fertilization, stocking densities of selected species, and proper screening of water inlets and outlets. He stocked his 0.4 ha rice field with 2,000 tilapia and common carp fingerlings (5,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 1–5 g and cultured for three months. He produced 50 kg (125 kg/ha/90 days) with percentage recovery/survival of 50 % (1,000 pcs). In his 0.12 ha fish pond he stocked 1,000 tilapia and common carp fingerlings (8,333/ha) at an average stocking size of 1–2 g and cultured for six months. He produced 10 kg (83 kg/ha/180 days) with recovery/survival of 50 % (500 pcs). In January 1993 Mr. Thao Phout received 3-day training organized by the project which included actual field work. In this same year, he was again given detailed technical advice on his fish culture activity. He re-stocked his 0.4 ha rice field with 1,200 tilapia and 500 common carp fingerlings (3,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 1–5 g which included 407 pcs supplied free by the project. After three months, he harvested 55 kg fish (138 kg/ha/94 days) with recovery of 60 % (720 pcs). In his 0.12 ha fish pond, he re-stocked 6,000 tilapia and common carp fingerlings (5,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 1–5 g. After six months, he harvested 15 kg (125 kg/ha/180 days) with recovery/survival of 75% (450 pcs). In 1994, Thao Phout stocked 1,500 tilapia and common carp fingerlings in his 0.15 ha fishpond (10,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 10–15 g. After almost six months he harvested 105 kg fish (700 kg/ha/170 days) with recovery rate of 66.7 % (1,000 pcs). He also stocked 70 common carp fingerlings in his 0.05 ha rice field (1,400/ha) at an average stocking size of 3–5 g. After more than three months he produced 5.6 kg fish (112 kg/ha/102 days) with recovery rate 80 % (56 pcs).
The frequency of monitoring by the project staff to Mr. Thao Phout was on an average two times in a month.
Economic evaluation: The total annual income of the farmer was K 540,000 in 1991, K 810,000 in 1992 being K 60,000 from fish from rice field and pond, and K 938,350 in 1993. The 1993 income of K 938,350 included K 300,000 from sticky rice (3,000 kg) + K 70,000 from fish (15 kg from fish pond and 55 kg from rice field) + K 421,350 from livestock and K 147,000 from fruits, corn and vegetables. While his 1994 income of K 1,812,900 includes K 600,000 from sticky rice (6,000 kg) + K 165,900 from fish (105 kg from pond and 5.6 kg from rice field) + K 437,000 from livestock + K 410,000 from fruits, vegetables and corn, and K 200,000 from rice mill, cloth weaving and other sources. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial condition of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish farming activities.
Comments: Mr. Phout is an enthusiastic farmer who followed the technical advice given by the project. He showed interest in aquaculture and shared his experiences with other farmers. His performance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project will refine the technology he is applying to achieve higher fish production.
District: Mouang Kham
Village: Ban Hok
Name of farmer: Mr. Maiboon (SN-06)
Main farming system: Pond fish culture
General information: He is a poor farmer with 5 members in the family. He practises fish culture with rice in a 0.05 ha area rice field and culture of fish in pond in his 0.05 ha area fish pond. In additional 1.21 ha upland area he grows rice (0.4 ha) and fruits/vegetables/ corn (0.81 ha). The total family income came from the above farming practices plus raising of livestock.
Project activities: The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contacted him in July 1992 when the above general informations were collected. Mr. Maiboon started aquaculture in 1989. In 1991 he produced 3 kg fish from his 0.03 ha fish pond (100 kg/ha) and 40 kg fish from his 0.5 ha rice field (80 kg/ha). The fish produced were mostly tilapia, common carp and some local species. From August 1992 the project got involved in organizing his fish culture activities which included pond/rice field preparations, fertilization, stocking densities of selected species and proper screening of water inlets and outlets. He stocked his 0.5 ha rice field with 2,000 pcs tilapia and common carp fingerlings (4,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 1-5 g. After three months he harvested 50 kg fish (100 kg/ha/90 days) with a recovery/survival rate of 75 % (150 pcs). In his 0.05 ha fish pond he stocked 500 tilapia and common carp fingerlings (10,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 1–2 g. After six months he harvested 5 kg fish (100 kg/ha/180 days) with an average survival rate of 40 % (200 pcs). In January 1993, Mr. Maiboon received a 3-day training organized by the project which included actual field work. In this same year, he was again given detailed technical advice on his pond and rice-cum-fish culture activity. He re-stocked his 0.5 ha rice field with 1,500 tilapia and common carp fingerlings (3,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 1–5 g including the 500 common carp fingerlings supplied free by the project. After three months of culture with rice, he harvested 54 kg fish (108 kg/ha/90 days) with recovery/ survival of 80 % (1,200 nos). In his 0.05 ha fish pond, he re-stocked 300 tilapia and common carp fingerlings (6,000/ha) at an average stocking size of 1–5 g. After six months, he harvested 8 kg fish (160 kg/ha/180 days) with recovery survival of 50 % (150 pcs). In 1994 he stocked his 0.05 ha fish pond with 600 tilapia and common carp fingerlings (12,000/ha) at an average size of 5–10 g and after 8 months he produced 50 kg fish (1,000 kg/ha/240 days) with a percentage recovery of 80 % (480 pcs).
The frequency of monitoring by the project staff to Mr. Maiboon was on an average three times in every two months.
Economic evaluation: The total annual income of the farmer was K 725,500 in 1991 being K 55,000 from 55 kg fish from rice field and pond and K 757,500 in 1993. The 1993 income of K 757,500 included K 280,000 from sticky rice (1,800 kg lowland and 1,000 kg upland) + K 62,000 from fish pond and 54 kg from rice field) + K 252,000 from livestock and K 163,500 from vegetables, fruits and corn. While his 1994 income of K 960,750 include K 195,000 from 1,950 kg sticky rice + K 75,000 from 50 kg fish in pond + K 88,550 from livestock + K 552,250 from fruits, vegetables and corn, and K 50,000 from other sources. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and economic condition of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish farming activities.
Comments : Mr. Maiboon is an enthusiastic farmer who followed the technical advice given by the project. He had shown interest in aquaculture and shared his experiences with other farmers. His performance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project will further refine the technology he's been applying to achieve higher fish production.
