The following principles of the International Neem Network have been discussed and agreed upon during the First International Consultation held in Bangkok, Thailand in January 1993 and the Second International Consultation held in Jodhpur, India March 1994:
Table 2: Seed sources exchanged in the framework of the International Neem Network
Provenance number | Provenance Name and Country | Lot dispatch number | Lat. | Long. | Alt. (m) | Annual rainfall (mm) | Dry season | Collection period |
01/BGD/Naz | Nazir Hat, Chittagong, Bangladesh | - | 22º38'N | 91º44'E | 15-25 | 2800 | Sept-April | May-June |
02/BGD/Cha | Chapai Nawabganj , Bangladesh | - | 24º41'N | 87º54'E | 17 | 1540 | Oct-March | Mid-June Mid-July |
03/IND/Man | Mandore, Jodhpur, India | CIRAD 95/10300N | 26º18'N | 73º01'N | 224 | 373 | Sept-June | Mid-June Mid-July |
04/IND/Chi | Chitradurga, Karnataka, India | CIRAD 95/10301N | 14º02'N | 76º04'E | 615 | 417 | Mar -June | Late June-July |
05/IND/All | Allahabad Town, Uttar Pradesh, India | CIRAD 95/10304N | 25º28'N | 81º54'E | 320 | 910 | Mar -June | Late June-Early July |
06/IND/Ann | Annur, Tamil Nadu, India | CIRAD 95/10305N | 11º17'N | 77º07'E | 360 | 875 | Mar -June | Mid-June-Mid- July |
07/IND/Gha | Ghaati Subramanya, Karnataka, India | CIRAD 95/10302N | 13º22'N | 77º34'E | 950 | 741 | Mar -June | Early July |
08/IND/Sag | Sagar, Chanatoria Madhya Pradesh, India | CIRAD 95/10299N | 21º51'N | 78º45'E | 527 | 1405 | Mar -June | Late June-Early July |
09/IND/Bal | Balharshah, Maharashtra, India | CIRAD 95/10300N | 19º51'N | 79º25'E | 250 | approx. 1000 | April-June | June-July |
10/IND/Ram | Ramannaguda, Orissa, India | CIRAD 95/10296N | 19º05'N | 83º49'E | 250 | 1100 | Mar -June | Early to Mid-June |
11/LAO/Vie | Vientiane, Lao P.D.R | DFSC 1945/95 | 18º00'N | 102º45'E | 180 | 1540 | Nov-Mar. | April-May |
12/MYA/Yez | Yezin, Myanmar | DFSC 1954/95 | 19º51'N | 96º16'E | 100 | 1269 | Nov-May | May-July |
13/MYA/Mye | Myene, Myanmar | DFSC 1955/95 | 22º03'N | 95º13'E | 76 | 809 | Nov-April | May-July |
14/NEP/Lam | Lamahi, Nepal | DFSC 01959/95 | 27º52'N | 82º31'E | 350-440 | 1500 | Nov-May | Late July |
15/NEP/Get | Geta, Nepal | DFSC 1961/95 | 28º46'N | 80º34'E | 170 | 1725 | Nov-April | Mid-July |
16/PAK/Tib | Tibbi Laran, Rahimyar Khan, Pakistan | DFSC 01957/95 | 28º24'N | 70º18'E | 115 | 140 | Apr.-June Oct-Feb. | June-July |
17/PAK/Mul | Multan, Cantonment Area, Pakistan | DFSC 01958/95 | 30º11'N | 71º29'E | > 150 | 276 | Oct-Feb | June-July |
18/SRL/Kul | Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka | DFSC 01962/95 | 7º8ºN | 80º0'E | - | 1397 | Jan-Feb Jul-Aug | July |
19/THA/Tun | Tung Luang, Thailand | DFSC 01944/95 | 09º09' N | 99º07'E | 4 | 1755 | Jan-Apr | March-April |
20/THA/Non | Ban Nong Rong 1, Thailand | DFSC 01943/95 | 14º05'N | 99º40'E | 40 | 1145 | Nov-Mar. | March-April |
21/THA/Bo | Ban Bo, Thailand | DFSC 01942/95 | 16º17'N | 103º35'E | 150 | 1400 | Oct-Apr | March-April |
22/THA/Doi | Doi Tao, Thailand | - | 17º57'N | 98º41'E | 300 | 1250 | Nov-Apr | March-April |
23/GHA/Sun | Sunyani, Ghana | DFSC 01956/95 | 07º21'N | 02º21'W | 950-1000 | 1270-1400 | Dec.- Mar. | June-August |
24/SEN/Ban | Bandia, Senegal | DFSC 01963/95 | 14º30'N | 17º02'W | 50 | 436 | Oct.-June | August |
25/TAN/Cha | Chamwino, Tanzania | DFSC 01941/95 | 06º20'S | 35º50'E | 1030 | 475 | - | March |
Table 3. Matrix of seed sources collected and exchanged by Network collaborators
in 1995
Receiving country Seed lot number |
B G D |
I N D |
L A O |
M Y A |
P A K |
S E N |
S R L |
T H A |
V I E |
T A N |
N I C |
T C A |
N E P |
S U D |
B F A |
M A L |
N I R |
P H I |
N I G |
Chamwino (25/TAN/Cha) |
|
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
|
|
* | * | * |
Ban
Bo (21/THA/Bo) |
* |
|
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
|
|
* | * | * |
Doi
Tao (22/THA/Doi) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
|
|
* | * |
Ban
Nong Rong (20/THA/Non) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
|
|
|
* | * |
Tung
Luang (19/THA/Tun) |
* | * | * | * | * |
|
* | * | * |
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
* |
|
Vientiane (11/LAO/Vie) |
|
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
|
|
|
* | * |
Sunyani (23/GHA/Sun) |
* | * | * | * |
|
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
|
* | * | * |
Ramannaguda (10/IND/Ram) |
* | * | * |
|
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
|
* | * |
Sagar
Chanatoria (08/IND/Sag) |
|
* | * |
|
* | * | * | * | * | * | * |
|
* | * |
|
* | * | * | * |
Balharshah (09/IND/Bal) |
|
* | * |
|
|
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Chitradurga (04/IND/Chi) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||
Ghaati Subramanya (07/IND/Gha) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Mandore (03/IND/Man) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||
Allahabad (05/IND/All) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||||
Annur (06/IND/Ann) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Yezin (12/MYA/Yez) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Myene (13/MYA/Mye) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||
Nazir Hat (01/BGD/Naz) |
* | * | * | * | |||||||||||||||
Chapai Nawabganj (02/BGD/Cha) |
* | * | * | * | |||||||||||||||
Multan (17/PAK/Mul) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Tibbi Laran (16/PAK/Tib) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Lamahi (14/NEP/Lam) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Geta (15/NEP/Get) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
Kuliyapitiya (18/SRL/Kul) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
Bandia (24/SEN/Ban) |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
BGD: Bangladesh; IND: India; LAO: R.D.P. Laos; MYA: Myanmar; PAK: Pakistan; SEN: Sénégal; SRL: Sri Lanka; THA: Thailand; VIE: Viet Nam; TAN: Tanzania; NIC: Nicaragua; TCA: Chad; NEP: Nepal; SUD: Sudan; BFA: Burkina Faso; MAL: Mali; NIR: Nigeria; PHI : Philippines ; NIG: Niger.
Table 4: Trials established in the framework of the International Neem Network (as by 31 July 1997)
Country / Trial number | Site | Lat. | Long. | Rainfall (mm) | Date of planting | Number of provenances | |
Core series | Additional series | ||||||
Bangladesh 1 | Charaljani | 24º37'N | 90º04'E | 2246 | Jul. 96 | 7 | |
Bangladesh 2 | Charkhai | 25º28'N | 85º54'E | 1695 | Jul. 96 | 8 | |
Burkina Faso 1 | Gonse | 12º35'N | Aug 96 | 17 | |||
India 1 | Jodhpur | 24º40'N | 71º15'E | Jul. 96 | 16 | 2 | |
India 2 | Jodhpur | 24º40'N | 71º15'E | Aug. 96 | 5 | ||
India 3 | Palanpur | 24º10'N | 72º20'E | Aug. 96 | 13 | 3 | |
India 4 | Jaipur | 26º40'N | 75º50'E | Aug. 96 | 18 | 3 | |
India 5 | Jabalpur | 23º50'N | 78º44'E | Jul. 96 | 15 | 3 | |
India 6 | Coimbatore | 11º17'N | 77º07'E | Jul. 96 | 15 | 3 | |
Lao 1 | Nam Souang | 18º00'N | 105ºE | 1628 | June 96 | 25 | |
Mali 1 | Sotuba | 12º39'N | 07º56W | Aug. 95 | 4 | 1 | |
Mali 2 | Sotuba | 12º39'N | 07º56W | Jul. 96 | 8 | ||
Myanmar 1 | Tatkon | 20º15'N | 96º15'E | 1608 | May 96 | 16 | |
Myanmar 2 | Kyauk-owe | 20º45'N | 95º40'E | 1104 | June 96 | 16 | |
Myanmar 3 | Kywe-the | 18º55'N | 95º20'E | 594 | June 96 | 15 | |
Nepal 1 | Jhanjhatpur | 28º34'N | 80º34'E | 1725 | Oct. 96 | 19 | |
Nepal 2 | Shankarnargar | 27º42'N | 83º28'E | 2413 | Jul. 96 | 23 | |
Nicaragua 1 | León | 12º25'N | 86º48'W | Jul. 96 | 21 | 2 | |
Nicaragua 2 | Tipitapa-Masaya | 12º04'N | 86º04'W | Sept. 96 | 20 | 2 | |
Pakistan 1 | Kathar | 25º25'N | 68º45'E | Sept. 96 | 10 | 3 | |
Phillippines 1 | Bomboaya | Aug. 96 | 14 | ||||
Philippines 2 | Rosacara | Nov 96 | 6 | ||||
Tanzania 1 | Chamwino | 6º02'S | 34º49'E | 569 | Febr. 96 | 21 | |
Tanzania 2 | Mkundi | 6º40'S | 37º39'E | 800 | Mar. 96 | 21 | |
Tanzanie 3 | Ubena | 4º57'S | 30º31'E | 757 | Apr. 96 | 21 | |
Tanzanie 4 | Kwalukonge | 6º36'S | 38º09'S | 842 | Apr. 96 | 21 | |
Thailand 1 | Kanchanaburi | 14ºN | 99º30'E | 1020 | Aug. 97 | 22 | 2 |
Thailand 2 | Kamphaeng | 16º30'N | 99º20'N | 1771 | Aug. 97 | 22 | 2 |
Senegal 1 | Bambey | 400 | Aug. 94 | 9 | |||
Senegal 2 | Nioro | 800 | Aug. 94 | 9 | |||
Senegal 3 | Bambey | 400 | Jul. 97 | 20 | |||
Sri Lanka 1 | Nakele | Dec. 96 | 11 | ||||
Sudan 1 | Hammadnalla | 14º19'N | 33º09'E | 450 | Nov. 96 | 15 | |
Viet Nam 1 | Ba Vi | 21º10'N | 105º20'E | May 96 | 21 | 3 | |
Viet Nam 2 | Tuy Phong | June 96 | 7 |
The main coordinating fora have consisted of meetings,
international consultations, workshops and training courses. Table 5 outlines the different gatherings organised
within the framework of the International Neem Network. The main purposes have
very often been to exchange ideas and experiences, to discuss, agree upon and
finalise technical and operational principles with special attention to common
technical guidelines for the procedures in the exploration and evaluation of
neem genetic resources. Table 6 gives an overview of
the technical guidelines finalised by the collaborators of the International
Neem Network.
Table 5: Overview of coordinating meetings held in the
framework of the
International Neem Network from 1993
to 1998
Meetings etc. | Main purpose(s) | Participants |
First International Consultation, Bangkok, Thailand, January 1993. | To exchange results of research
related to genetic improvement of neem; To identify needs and requirements of participants, and common issues; To plan a programme on international neem provenance trials; To identify priority complementary studies needed; To initiate pilot collection and exchange of seed. |
Representatives from 18 countries, FAO, DFSC, CIRAD-Forêt, F/FRED Project. |
Meeting (following a FORTIP meeting), Manilla October 1993. | To develop the first guidelines based
upon the experiences gained through the pilot activities; To develop the framework for the International Neem Network. |
Representatives from 9 countries, FAO, DFSC, CIRAD-Forêt, IPGRI, FORTIP. |
Second International Consultation, Jodhpur, India, February 1994. | To decide whether an international
provenance testing is at all realistic - based upon an evaluation of the
pilot collections; To agree upon principles and responsibilities; To discuss and approve technical guidelines for identification, delineation and description of seed sources; To discuss and approve technical guidelines for seed collection, handling, despatch and testing. |
Representatives from 11 countries, FAO, DFSC, CIRAD-Forêt, IPGRI, FORTIP. |
Training course in seed source description, seed collection and seed exchange, Coimbatore, India, June 1994. | To share experiences and elaborate practical procedures for seed source description, seed collection and seed exchange. | Representatives from 8 countries, FAO, DFSC, FORTIP. |
Meeting, (following a FORTIP meeting), Colombo, Sri Lanka November 1994. | To discuss practical matters
(especially despatch of seed) before the large scale seed exchange of
1995; To revise technical guidelines for procedures and design in trial establishment in the nursery. |
Representatives from 9 countries, FAO, DFSC, FORTIP. |
Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand, March 1996 | To get an overview of the seed
exchange carried out in 1995. A table of seedlings available of each
provenance for each collaborator was elaborated to provide an opportunity
to get extra seedlings from those collaborators who had seedlings in
surplus; To approve the revised technical guidelines for procedures and design in trial establishment - nursery phase; To discuss and approve the procedures and design of field trials establishment. |
Representatives from 9 countries, FAO, DFSC, CIRAD-Forêt, IPGRI, FORTIP. |
Workshop, Yangoon, Myanmar, July 1997. | To discuss and approve the guidelines
for assessment of international neem provenance trials (1: core
characters, year 1-5); To finalise a seed source booklet; To constitute two working groups to (i) continue the work on trial assessment (for the next period) and (ii) look more carefully into the feasibility and options for assessment of chemical compounds. |
Representatives from 11 countries, FAO, DFSC, CIRAD-Forêt, IPGRI, FORTIP. |
As mentioned above the next meeting is scheduled to take place later in 2000. Major issues on the agenda will be the first assessments and the preparation of a global evaluation of the field trials; status and future activities of the research components and discussions on technical guidelines and common activities for the next period.
Table 6. Overview of the agreed
common guidelines provided within the framework
of the
International Neem Network.
Guidelines /booklets | Colour of booklet | Objectives and main content of the guidelines/ booklets |
Guidelines for Identification, Delineation and Description of Neem Seed Sources (1994). Published in "Newsletter of International Neem Network" Vol. I. No. 2. June 1994. | White | The objective of these technical guidelines is set common procedure in order to be able to compare the characteristics of the seed sources and to describe the seed sources in such a way that repeated collection can be undertaken. Guidelines are provided for sampling strategy, characteristics of tree stands suitable for inclusion, delineation of seed sources and description of identified seed sources. |
Procedures for seed collection and exchange (1995) | Yellow | The objective of these technical guidelines is to obtain optimal quality (both genetically and physiologically) of seed to be used in the international provenance trials. Guidelines are provided for seed collection, seed processing, seedlot documentation, packing and despatch and seed germination testing. |
Revised
Procedures and Design in Trial Establishment 1. Nursery Phase (1995) |
Green | The objective of these technical guidelines is to ensure that the identity of the plants is kept recorded throughout the nursery phase; and to assist in improving survival rates during the nursery phase. Guidelines are provided for seed receipt, seed testing, period for nursery operations, type of planting stock, preparing nursery beds, sowing and tending, design and lay-out of nursery beds, labelling and plant preparation before transplanting in the field. |
Revised
Procedures and Design in Trial Establishment 2. Field Trials (1996) |
Red | The objective of these technical guidelines is to provide a basis for choice of trial design. Recommendations are given on how to design statistically sound trials. It was considered unrealistic and not desirable to follow a standard design. The design needs to be adjusted to local conditions and to the seedlings available for each trial. The Network offered technical assistance to collaborators which might have required it in the design phase. |
Assessment of
International Neem Provenance Trials. 1. Core Characters, year 1-5 (1997) |
Grey | The objective of these technical guidelines is to facilitate the assessment of the trials within the first five years. The overall objective of assessing the trials is to provide guidelines on the choice of seed sources of neem for given sites and end uses. The guidelines include a minimum set of characters (core characters) to be assessed as well as a list of optional characters. |
Seed Source Descriptions (1998) | Blue | The objective of this review is to compile all relevant information into a unique booklet to be made available to all collaborators. The booklet contains detailed seed source descriptions (including maps) of the 25 seed sources included in the international provenance trials. |
Trial Site Descriptions (in press) | Orange | The objective of this descriptive manual is to compile all relevant information available on trials and trial sites. A first draft of this booklet has been sent to all Network collaborators for comments. |