7. REFERENCES

Balarin, J.D. 1985 National Reviews for Aquaculture in Africa. 7. Kenya. FAO Fish. Circ. (770.7): 96 pp.

Bell, F.W. and E.R. Canterbery 1976 Aquaculture for Developing countries: A Feasibility Study. Cambridge Ballinger Publ. Co., 266 pp. (not seen, but cited by Balarin)

Bhushan, K. 1983 Kenya 82–83 Yearbook, Newspread International, Nairobi. 216 pp.

Dale, I.R. 1939 The Woody Vegetation of the Coast Province of Kenya. Imp. For. Inst. Paper 18: 1–22

Kenya Ports Authority 1986 Tide Tables for East African Ports, 1986

Kenya Soil Survey 1982 Exploratory Soil Map and Agro-Climatic Zone Map of Kenya. Exploratory Soil Survey Report No. El

Kenya Soil Survey 1983 Surface Geology and Soil Map (prepared by Japan International Cooperation Agency), 1st ed.

Kokwaro, J.O. 1984 The Distribution and Economic Importance of the Kenyan mangroves. In: Endangered Resources for Development, Proceedings of a Workshop on the Status and Options for Management of Plant Communities in Kenya, March 1984

Michieka, D.O., B.J.A. van der Pouw and J.J. Vleeshouwer 1978 Soils of the Kwale-Mombasa-Lunga-lunga area. Reconnaissance Soil Survey Report No. R3, Kenya Soil Survey

Nicolic, M. and Y.A. Tang 1976 Proposed Model of a Coastal Fish Farming Pilot Production Project for Kenya. Indian Ocean Fishery Survey and Development Programme INT/71/034. FAO, Rome

Padlan, P.G. 1982 Report on Consultancy, Kenya Brackishwater Aquaculture Project, ADCP/Circ./82, FAO, Rome

Sivalingam, S. 1981 Basic approach to mariculture: problems and development strategies. In: Proceedings KMERI Workshop on Aquatic Resources of Kenya, July 13–19, Mombasa

Wokabi, S.M., W.G. Sombroek and J.P. Mbuvi 1973 A preliminary evaluation of the irrigation suitability of the lands in the pre-delta Tana floodplain (Marembo-Garsen). Site Evaluation Report No. 15, Kenya Soil Survey

Wokabi, S.M. 1976 Preliminary evaluation of the soil conditions of the Tana delta for irrigation development. Site Evaluation Report No. P23, Kenya Soil Survey

Table 1
Length of Kenya's coastline broken down by District, as estimated from Survey of Kenya topographic maps
(Scale 1:50 000; Series Y731)

* Includes coastline of entire Port Reitz portion of which lies within Kwale District

Table 2
Inventory of tidal swamps and tidal flats in Kenya, as estimated from survey of Kenya topographic maps
(Scale 1:50 000; Series Y731)

* Includes the whole of Port Reitz portion of which lies within Kwale District

Table 3
Summary of field observations, Lamu District, Kenya, 10–15 March 1986

Table 4
Result of Field Survey and Soil Analysis, Tana River area, Kenya

* Soil determined through manipulative tests on moistened, previously dried and powdered samples. Soil pH taken from dried and powdered fresh samples.

Table 5
List of saltworks operating or scheduled to operate within the Ngomeni to Kurawa area and their corresponding hectarage

^a abandoned but proposed for rehabilitation
^b area already surveyed and claimed

Table 6
Result of Field Survey and Soil Analysis, Ngomeni to Kurawa area, Kenya

* Separate topsoil and subsoil samples taken only where marked stratification is observed, other all samples taken within the 5–30 cm layer. Type determined through manipulative tests on moistened, previously dried and powdered samples. Soil pH taken from dried and powdered, fresh samples.

Table 7
Result of Field Survey and Soil Analysis, Port Reitz and Port Tudor, Mombasa, Kenya

* Separate topsoil and subsoil samples taken only where marked stratification was observed, otherwise all samples taken within the 5–30 cm layer. Type determined through manipulative tests on moistened, previously dried and powdered samples. Soil pH taken from dried and powdered, fresh samples.

n.s. = no sample taken

Table 8
Summary of field observations, Kwale District, Kenya (not including Port Tudor), 5–7 March 1986.

Table 9
Summary of Findings: Survey of the Coastal Areas of Kenya for Shrimp Farm Development

¹ Ngomeni to Kurawa only; Mida Creek, Kilifi creek not usable. Most areas already occupied by saltworks but potential for integrating shrimp culture with present operation every good. Conversion to semi-intensive or intensive shrimp farm also possible.

² Includes the whole of Port Reitz.

³ Shimoni-Vanga and Gazi Bay only.

Table 10
Inventory of first reservoirs of various saltworks which could be stocked with P. monodon on an extensive basis

* Actual area in operation or proposed for development, all others estimated as 10 per cent of total area covered.

Table 11
Inventory of Potential Shrimp Culture Areas in Kenya

^a Refer to first reservoirs of existing and proposed salt farm, See Appendix III for details.

^b Mangroves outside perimeter of developed or to be developed area but maybe within saltwork companys's concession. A small portion below 2.8 m elevation may be suitable or marginally suitable for extensive system.

^c total including saltworks reservoir.

Figure 1. The coastal area of Kenya showing boundaries of administrative districts.

Figure 2. Location of sampling stations at the northern portion of the Kenya coastline from Kilifi Creek to Lamu; Site Survey Mission, Project KEN/80/018.

Figure 3. Location of sampling stations at the southern portion of the Kenya coastline from Mombasa to Vanga; Site Survey Mission, Project KEN/80/018.

Figure 4. Schematic representation of a typical tidal swamp and flat in the coastal area of Kenya.

Figure 5. Horizontal salinity distribution, surface and one-meter layer; Tana River, Kenya; 21 March, 1986, 1300 to 1350 hours. (Low: 1.33 m at 0802 hrs. High: 2.09 m at 1408 hrs.)

Figure 6. Vertical salinity profiles at three different sections of Tana River, Kenya; 21 March, 1986, 1300 to 1350 hours. (Low: 1.33 m at 0802 hrs. High: 2.09 m at 1408 hrs.)

Figure 7. Site of abandoned Tana Saltworks at Mto Kilifi area, Tana River District, being proposed for an integrated saltworks and shrimp farm project.

Figure 8. Map of Kurawa to Ngomeni area, Kilifi District, Kenya, showing location of saltworks.(1 of 3)

Figure 8. Map of Kurawa to Ngomeni area, Kilifi District, Kenya, showing location of saltworks.(2 of 3)

Figure 8. Map of Kurawa to Ngomeni area, Kilifi District, Kenya, showing location of saltworks.(3 of 3)

Figure 9. Diagrammatic presentation of the optimal elevation ranges for various shrimp culture systems based upon tidal characteristics of Kenyan waters.

Figure 10. Typical soil profiles at various sites along the coastal area of Kenya.

Figure 11. Tidal swamps within Mombasa showing sites with potential for shrimp farm development.

Figure 12. Tidal swamp area along the Tana River bank showing site deemed suitable for semi-intensive or intensive culture of Penaeus monodon.

Figure 13. The abandoned Bellazoni estate along the old Tana River showing portion which could be developed for shrimp farming.

Figure 14. Sites found ideal for shrimp hatchery development and extent of coastline from Kilifi to Malind where other potential sites may be found.