The very significant contribution made by fisheries to the nutritional and socio-economic well-being of the people of Uganda is sometimes not fully appreciated by international agencies and other bodies concerned with the planning and administration of development in the country. The sector is probably the most important source of animal protein for the national population, now estimated at around some 17 million people. It is reckoned that fish, consumed at a rate of about 13 kg per capita, presently supplies more than 50% of the total national animal protein intake.
Uganda has suffered through a long interval of instability and trauma, beginning in the 1970s and subsiding only recently, which was marked by episodes of civil war and strife, economic collapse, and general disintegration of government administrative services, social amenities, infrastructure, and productive capacity in the livestock and agricultural sectors. Both during this time and afterwards, in the current period of recovery and rehabilitation, the country has indeed been fortunate in being able to draw upon its fisheries to provide a continual supply of high quality food. There is considerable scope for expanded production and more effective product delivery within the sector, not only to meet ever increasing domestic demand, but to provide for a substantial and lucrative export market as well.
2. FISH RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION
Uganda is a landlocked country endowed with plentiful freshwater resources. Of the total 241,000 km2 area of the country, about 42,000km2 or 17% is covered by water, including major and minor lakes, rivers, swamps, dams, valley tanks, and fish ponds. There are some 165 lakes in the country, with the largest and most productive being Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert, Lake Edward, and Lake George (map, Fig. 1).
The national waters contain an impressive array of fish species -- over 90 in all. This count does not include the Haplochromis complex, which itself is made up of more than 200 species. The fishes which are the object of most commercial and subsistence exploitation include species of Lates (Nile perch), Oreochromis (Nile tilapia), the herring-like Alestes, the catfishes Bagrus and Clarias, Hydrocynus (Tiger fish), the small pelagic “sardine” Rastrineobola, Protopterus (lungfish), and the haplochromines.
Overall potential annual yield from national waters has not been precisely determined, though an estimate of 300,000 tonnes is cited by some fisheries experts. Such a figure would amount to a level that is about 33% higher than the estimated current annual harvest. Whilst it is generally assumed that substantial increases in production could be achieved without risk to the continued viability of the fishery, a major effort needs to be put into the task of assessing the exact state of the national stocks and the actual harvest potentials they can sustain in the long term (Orach-Meza, Coenen, and Reynolds 1989).
The total commercial catch of fish in 1988 has been estimated by the Uganda Department of Fisheries (UFD) to be around 214,000 metric tonnes, worth about UShs 14 billion (US$ 71 million) ex-canoe, or about UShs 38.5 billion (US$ 193 million) at the market level. Table 1 provides an indication of catch levels by water body and species. Nearly half of the total national production for 1988 was derived from Lake Victoria; Lake Kyoga figures second in the yield standings, accounting for about 40% of the national catch. In terms of species composition, Nile perch and tilapia represent by far the most significant proportions of the catch, accounting for 51% and 39% respectively. The substantial increase in national catch levels in recent years, almost double of what they were during the 1960s (see Fig. 2), owes in large part to the upsurge of the introduced Nile perch population in Lake Victoria. The evolution of the Nile perch fishery has been a remarkable success story in terms of employment, earnings, and production within the industry (Reynolds and Greboval, 1988).
Fishing is a principal source of employment for the rural populations who dwell around the shorelines and on the islands of all the major water bodies. The UFD estimates that the sector provides employment for some 73,000 Ugandans who work directly as fishing unit owners and crew (Table 2). As many as 500,000 find employment indirectly, through involvement in secondary and tertiary activities related to the sector, such as processing, trading, boatbuilding, net-making, and provision of various support services.
The national fishery is chiefly conducted by artisanal operators working with gillnets, beach seines, long lines, and mosquito-mesh nets. Most of the fishing craft on the major lakes are planked canoes. A nation-wide total of some 16,500 canoes is currently estimated, with about 20% of the units being equipped with outboard engines (Table 2). During the early 1980s input shortages became critical in the industry, with a consequent falling off of production. Donor assisted input supply schemes recently put into operation have corrected this problem to some extent (Reynolds and Odongkara 1989).
Industrial trawling operations have never been extensively developed in Ugandan waters. A major pair trawling operation is due to commence soon in Lake Victoria, under a Sino-Uganda joint venture arrangement. Two sets of pair trawlers (four steel-hulled boats) have recently been assembled and are now undergoing trials. Serious reservations about the economics of trawling in comparison with the traditional canoe fishery have already been raised (Reynolds and Greboval 1988), and the performance of the new venture will no doubt be followed with great interest by fisheries policy and planning decision-makers in the country.
3. PROCESSING, DISTRIBUTION, AND MARKETING
Due to tropical temperatures and conditions the distribution of fresh fish tends to be restricted to a narrow belt around the major water bodies. Distribution of fresh fish was more widespread in former years (Crutchfield 1959) but declined with the general deterioration of roads and communications facilities over the last two decades or so. The bulk of the catch is processed in some form, whether through smoking, sun-drying, salting, or frying.
Hot-smoking is the most popular method and provides the best returns to the processor, but obviously is subject to the availability of fuelwood supplies. Two projects are now underway in the country to encourage the use of improved smoking kilns in local fishing communities. The Integrated Fisheries Project, sponsored by the Italian Government, has as one of its component activities the development of handling facilities at selected landing sites around the Jinja and Tororo Fisheries Regions (map, Fig. 1). The model facilities being constructed at these sites include Chorkor-type smoking kilns (Reynolds, Kirema-Mukasa, and Odongkara 1989). A second project, known as the Kichwamba Fish Processing Research Project, is active in local communities located around the shorelines of Lake George and Lake Edward in the west. This project too is trying to encourage the use of a Chorkor-type kiln (Ward, pers. comm. 1989).
Several small fish processing factories have been established to cater for the premium local market (international grade hotels, restaurants, etc.) as well as the fledging export trade for fresh and frozen Nile perch and tilapia fillets and fresh whole fish. These include two in Jinja, one in Kampala, and one in Entebbe. It is also understood that there are definite plans to construct at least one more plant in Kampala. The newly built parastatal Uganda Fisheries Enterprises Ltd. (UFEL) plant at Jinja, due to commence full operations soon, is the major undertaking of the above-mentioned Integrated Fisheries Project. It will be mainly dealing in ice-chilled and cold-smoked Nile perch products for both the domestic and export trade. UFEL and two of the other processing factories have their own flake ice units. The only other currently functional ice-making facility in the country is the Kampala Ice Plant, a parastatal concern which handles limited quantities of fish. (Reynolds, Kirema-Mukasa, and Odongkara 1989; Reynolds and Kirema-Mukasa 1989a).
Industrial-style enterprises thus far play a relatively minor role in fish distribution and marketing in Uganda. The post-harvest sector, like the harvest sector, is overwhelmingly a small-scale, local operators' show. Distribution and marketing is largely carried out by private traders operating to and from hundreds of local landing sites on foot, bicycle, or by lorry, pick-up, or public transport. Handling practices both at the landing sites and through the distribution networks are quite deficient, as a rule. Most sites lack even rudimentary handling and sanitary facilities, and hygenic conditions within the wholesale and retail chains (public markets, roadside stands) are extremely poor. (Reynolds and Kirema-Mukasa 1989a, 1989b; Reynolds and Odongkara 1989a, 1989b).
Small-scale traders by no means limit their operations to the domestic market. A substantial export trade in both fresh and processed products, partly official but mostly otherwise, exists between major fishery areas and Kenya, Sudan, and Zaire. On Lakes Victoria, Edward, and Albert, it is believed that significant amounts of fish are transferred directly across international boundaries without ever being recorded in the national enumeration system. (Reynolds and Odongkara 1989a, 1989b; Reynolds and Kirema-Mukasa 1989b). The fish trade into Zaire particularly has a long-established history (Crutchfield 1959).
Although some information can be gleaned from reports of field studies conducted in a few localities (e.g. ADP 1988; Enfield 1989), it is not possible to provide reliable information on the number of people now involved with the distribution and marketing of fish across the country, nor on other aspects of the post-harvest sector such as on-shore handling facilities, processing units (kilns, etc.), and market outlets. As in the case of catch statistics, the ability of the UFD to monitor and report the movement and sale of fish was severely crippled by the instability which prevailed in the country until only a few years ago. The Department has recently taken steps to correct the situation through the FAO/UNDP Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems or FISHIN Project, which commenced in late 1988. (Reynolds, Wadanya, and Nyeko 1989).
In the absence of solid data, it can only be said on the basis of impressions so far gathered in the field that there is an ever increasing number of people involved in the fish trade at all levels, from the landing and processing sites through the distribution networks, and finally to the points of final sale to consumers. Such an increase is occurring without a corresponding expansion and improvement of handling and market facilities, which only compounds an already difficult situation. Another subjective impression has to do with the gender structure of the fish trade. It appears that growing numbers of women are becoming involved in the fishmongering business as very small-scale operators, particularly as sellers of processed fish. The reasons underlying this trend are not clear. They may be related to the growing abundance of Nile perch, tilapia, and Rastrineobola in the catches over the last several years, or to the difficult economic circumstances which have forced more women to seek alternative sources of cash to sustain their families, or to other factors or combinations of factors not yet discerned. The entire question needs full and careful scrutiny.
Whilst it is known that a complex system of informal credit functions within the small-scale fishery sector of the country, through which processors and middle-agents of various sorts underwrite the enterprises of one another and of the fishing operators as well, little detailed information is available. The assembly of such information is one of the priority concerns of the FISHIN Project, and a major study is now in preparation.
Present Government policy for the fisheries sector calls, amongst other things, for strong encouragement of private investment and loan support to fisherfolk by financial institutions (MAIF 1983). A major bottleneck here is that banks and other creditor agencies have traditionally regarded small-scale fisheries enterprises as very risky ventures. Success often seems to depend on the vagaries of nature and sheer chance, and the collateral that fisherfolk generally have to offer is often not well regarded. Boats can sink or be moved to remote landing sites, following the migrations of their owners and crew; nets can easily disappear, and they are always subject to much wear and tear. Furthermore, fisherfolk themselves are widely perceived as low-status or marginal elements in society because of the nature of their work and living conditions. Such prejudices only hinder the opportunities for small-scale operators to obtain access to financial bridging for the development of their enterprises.
Beginning in 1987, Government has taken measures to try to correct this problem. The Rural Farmers Scheme, launched and maintained through the Uganda Commercial Bank (UCB), with funding from the East African Development Bank, includes provision for credit to small-scale fishing operators. The Scheme is a radical departure from traditional credit provision arrangements in that an applicant's character and personal integrity count as “collateral”. Applications are made through local community leaders who serve on the grassroots Resistance Councils. Upon their recommendation, the UCB can arrange for an individual to receive a short term loan payable within a period of one year. Loans are as a rule issued in the form of gear and equipment (e.g., nets and outboard engines) rather than cash. Through this enhancement of productive capacity, it is expected that fishing operators can generate enough extra income to repay their loans without difficulty.
Another Government-endorsed scheme operates through the Cooperative Bank. It provides assistance to local co-operative societies in the form of loans for the purchase of lorries to transport produce. A few fishing co-operatives have managed to take advantage of this arrangement to develop processed fish transport and marketing businesses. In general, however, the fisheries sector has not been much involved with the Cooperative Bank scheme.
Other credit/subsidy assistance to the industry has come through foreign donors. The most important of these are the EEC funded Rehabilitation of Artisanal Fisheries Project, which operates a revolving loan fund enabling fisherfolk to purchase nets and other inputs (Frielink, pers.comm. 1989), and the IFAD/World Bank Agricultural Development Programme, which includes a fisheries sector loan component for the purchase of outboard engines and assorted gear. One part of the Italian-funded Integrated Fisheries Project is concerned with encouraging local fishing co-operatives to develop various aspects of their operations, including access to credit for the purchase of productive equipment. This activity is still in its start-up phase and there is as yet no indication of its effectiveness (Reynolds, Kirema-Mukasa, and Odongkara 1989).
Although the gradually increasing access to credit by small-scale operators within Uganda's fishery sector is a welcome development, women processors and traders have so far not enjoyed an equitable share of benefits. Much remains to be done in this regard. As with all aspects of the industry, however, the severe lack of reliable information makes it difficult to formulate convincing arguments for changing policies and institutional arrangements.
The fisheries of Uganda's extensive lakes, rivers, and minor waterbodies represent an exceedingly important source of animal protein for the 17 million strong human population of the country -- indeed the principal source. Current national production is reckoned to be at well over 200,000 tonnes, representing a landed value of over US$ 70 million and a market level value of over US$ 190 million. The fisheries are also a major provider of employment in both rural and urban areas, with something over 3% of the national population estimated to be involved in one way or another in harvest and post-harvest activities. These considerations are not always fully appreciated by development policy-makers, planners, and administrators, with the result that the fisheries sector may not be getting its full share of investment funds to foster maximum performance.
Recent substantial increases in catch levels are primarily due to an explosive increase in the population of the introduced Nile perch in Lake Victoria. The Nile perch fishery, contrary to the dire pronouncements by some observers, has in fact been quite a remarkable success story in terms of it socio-economic effects for fisherfolk, processors, traders, and consumers alike. At the same time that these transformations in the nature of the fisheries were taking place, however, Uganda was in the process of recovering from a protracted period of civil and economic disruption. Events during this period had a profound negative impact on fisheries administration, landing site and feeder road services, and fish distribution and marketing, especially of fresh product. Rehabilitation and development efforts are now being mounted to improve the availability of fishing inputs, on-shore handling, processing, and communications infrastructure, and access to credit facilities for small-scale operators.
One critical area in which the UFD's operations were severely hampered as a result of the period of internal conflict was the monitoring and reporting of statistics on the harvest and post-harvest dimensions of the industry. Detailed, reliable information on such basic concerns as numbers of boats and operators associated with particular fish landings, numbers of local fish processors and smoking kilns, patterns of rural fish trade, use of formal and informal credit arrangements, and the gender structure of the fishing industry, is all too often lacking. The FAO/UNDP FISHIN Project has been implemented with the intention of rectifying such deficiencies in the country's fisheries information management, and it is to be hoped that the Project ultimately will be able to provide a solid foundation upon which future development policy, planning, and management of Uganda's fisheries industry can be based.
ADP (Agricultural Development Project), 1988. Report on the survey of Lake Kyoga 1986 – 1988. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Rural Development Consultants.
Crutchfield, J.A., 1959. Fish marketing in Uganda (June 1957 – June 1958). Report to the Uganda Game and Fisheries Department, Entebbe. (mimeo).
Enfield, M., 1989. Socio-economic survey in the Queen Elizabeth National Park. Mission report for EEC Project No.4100.037.42.44, Conservation of Natural Resources. Rome: AGRICONSULTING
Frielink, A.B., (Co-ordinator, Artisanal Fisheries Rehabilitation Project/EEC), 1989. Personal communication.
MAIF (Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries) 1983. Blue print for fisheries development in Uganda. Kampala: Sapoba Bookshop Press Ltd.
Orach-Meza, F.L., E.J. Coenen & J.E. Reynolds, 1989. Past and recent trends in the exploitation of the Great Lakes fisheries of Uganda. Paper to be presented at the International Symposium on Resource Use and Conservation of the Great Lakes. Bujumbura, 29/11 – 2/12/89.
Reynolds, J.E. & D.F. Greboval, 1988. Socio-economic effects of the evolution of Nile Perch fisheries in Lake Victoria: A Review. CIFA Tech. Pap., (17): 148p. Rome: FAO.
Reynolds, J.E., C.T. Kirema-Mukasa & O.K. Odongkara, 1989. Trip to Jinja Town and UFFRO. SEC Field Report No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007.
Reynolds, J.E. & C.T. Kirema-Mukasa, 1989a. Visit to Kampala markets. SEC Field Report No. 4, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007.
Reynolds, J.E., 1989b. Notes on Kichwamba Region. SEC Field Report No. 6, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007.
Reynolds, J.E. & O.K. Odongkara, 1989a. Preliminary notes on Iganga District landings. SEC Field Report No. 5, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007.
Reynolds, J.E., 1989b. Fish marketing and distribution in Tororo and Mbale Regions: a brief survey. SEC Field Report No. 7, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007.
Reynolds, J.E., J. Wadanya, and D. Nyeko, eds., 1989. Fisheries statistics and information management in Uganda: past approaches, current status, and future prospects. Field Document No. 1. FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007.
Ward, A. (Research Officer, Kichwamba Fish Processing Research Project), 1989. Personal Communication.
TABLE 1. ESTIMATED FISH PRODUCTION FOR 1988, BY WATER BODY.
| WATER BODY | Lates spp | Tilapine spp | Alestes | Barbus | Protopterus | Total | % | |||||
| Hydrocynus | Bagrus | Clarias | Others | |||||||||
| Albert | A | 2,998 | 2,658 | 3,936 | 479 | 740 | 132 | 313 | 364 | 915 | 12,534 | 5.85 |
| B | 180 | 149 | 259 | 47 | 51 | 7 | 15 | 19 | 60 | 786 | 5.52 | |
| Victoria | A | 92,032 | 11,570 | 206 | 30 | 429 | 315 | 2,510 | 107,092 | 49.97 | ||
| B | 5,836 | 857 | 30 | 3 | 56 | 24 | 116 | 6,923 | 48.65 | |||
| Kyoga | A | 14,322 | 66,281 | 12 | 27 | 2,142 | 3,815 | 148 | 86,748 | 40.48 | ||
| B | 1,014 | 4,311 | 0 | 1 | 299 | 368 | 24 | 6,017 | 42.29 | |||
| Edward-George | A | 2,243 | 1,726 | 76 | 386 | 1,504 | 1 | 5,936 | 2.77 | |||
| B | 159 | 123 | 5 | 22 | 58 | 0 | 368 | 2.58 | ||||
| Wamala | A | 290 | 39 | 83 | 412 | 0.19 | ||||||
| B | 13 | 2 | 3 | 18 | 0.13 | |||||||
| Albert Nile | A | 42 | 123 | 142 | 178 | 19 | 19 | 5 | 2 | 89 | 619 | 0.29 |
| B | 4 | 10 | 12 | 18 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 52 | 0.37 | |
| Other Waters | A | 456 | 145 | 350 | 9 | 960 | 0.45 | |||||
| B | 32 | 12 | 19 | 2 | 65 | 0.46 | ||||||
| TOTAL | A | 109,394 | 83,620 | 4,078 | 656 | 2,704 | 284 | 3,460 | 6,432 | 3,672 | 214,302 | 100.00 |
| B | 7,034 | 5,530 | 271 | 64 | 206 | 18 | 407 | 492 | 208 | 14,229 | 100.00 | |
| % OF TOTAL | A | 51.05 | 39.02 | 1.90 | 0.31 | 1.26 | 0.13 | 1.61 | 3.00 | 1.71 | 100.00 | |
| B | 49.43 | 38.87 | 1.90 | 0.45 | 1.45 | 0.13 | 2.86 | 3.46 | 1.46 | 100.00 | ||
Note:
A = Production by weight in mt.
B = Production by value, in millions of UShs.
Source:
Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries
Fisheries Dept., Entebbe.
TABLE 2. ESTIMATED NUMBERS OF CANOES, ENGINES, & FISHERMEN FOR 1988, BY WATER BODY.
| WATER BODY | NO. CANOES | NO. ENGINES | NO. FISHERMEN |
| Albert | 2,393 | 303 | 11,942 |
| Victoria | 6,743 | 2,067 | 25,468 |
| Kyoga | 5,386 | 843 | 27,098 |
| Edward-George | 645 | 79 | 3,212 |
| Wamala | 250 | -- | 1,425 |
| Albert Nile | 208 | 34 | 789 |
| Minor Lakes | 915 | 34 | 3,236 |
| TOTAL | 16,540 | 3,360 | 73,170 |
Source: Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries Fisheries Dept., Entebbe.
| FIGURE 1. FISHERIES REGIONS OF UGANDA
FISHERIES REGIONS
|  |
FIGURE 2. TOTAL ANNUAL CATCH (UGANDA), 1960–1988.
FISHIN NOTES & RECORDS
LIST OF DOCUMENTS
(To Dec. 1989)
BIOSTATISTICAL (BIOSTAT) FIELD REPORTS
Coenen, E., 1988. Mission report, Tororo District, 29/11 – 1/12/88. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Dec. 1988).
Wadanya, J., 1989a. Report on the tour of Kichwamba Region: the area of Lakes George - Edward and Kazinga Channel Complex. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 2, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Feb. 1989)
Wadanya, J., 1989b. Report of the visit to Kigungu Landing. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Feb. 1989).
Coenen, E., & F.L. Orach-Meza, 1989. Mission report to Mwanza (15–26/2/89): HEST/TAFIRI and DANIDA Regional Seminar on Lake Victoria. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 4, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (March 1989).
Tumwebaze, R., 1989a. Mission report to Kasenyi Fish Landing (20/01/1989). BIOSTAT Field Report No. 5, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1989).
Tumwebaze, R., 1989b. Report on the tour of Masaka Region - Lake Victoria. BIOSTAT Field Report. No. 6, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1989).
Nyeko, D., 1989. Report on the tour of south-western lakes: George and Edward landings. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 7. FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).
Ikwaput, J., 1989. Report on the mission to Iganga District, 29/5 – 2/6/1989. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 8, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).
SOCIO-ECONOMIC (SEC) FIELD REPORTS
Odongkara, O.K., 1989a. Visit to Kasenyi Landing: 20th January, 1989. SEC Field Report No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989).
Odongkara, O.K., 1989b. Preliminary report on Kichwamba Region landings: 4th – 7th February, 1989. SEC Field Report No. 2, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989)
Reynolds, J.E., C.T. Kirema-Mukasa & O.K. Odongkara, 1989. Trip to Jinja Town and UFFRO. SEC Field Report No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & C.T. Kirema-Mukasa, 1989a. Visit to Kampala markets. SEC Field Report No. 4, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & O.K. Odongkara, 1989a. Preliminary notes on Iganga District landings. SEC Field Report No. 5, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & C.T. Kirema-Mukasa, 1989b. Notes on Kichwamba Region. SEC Field Report No. 6, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & O.K. Odongkara, 1989b. Fish marketing and distribution in Tororo and Mbale Regions: a brief survey. SEC Field Report No. 7, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Aug. 1989).
Reynolds. J.E., F.L. Orach-Meza, & E.J. Coenen, 1989. Moyo District fisheries conditions and prospects. SEC Field Report No. 8, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & F.L. Orach-Meza, 1989. Management of Lake Victoria fisheries -- deliberations of the CIFA Meeting, Mwanza, Sept. 1989. SEC Field Report No. 9, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).
Reynolds, J.E. & O.K. Odongkara, 1989c. Socio-economic aspects of fisheries development in Uganda: The ‘FISHIN’ Project. SEC Field Report No. 10, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Nov. 1989).
Kirema-Mukasa, C.T., & J.E. Reynolds, 1989. Brief notes on fisheries production, marketing and credit facilities in Uganda. SEC Field Report No. 11. FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Nov. 1989).
OTHER DOCUMENTS
Nyeko, D., 1989. Past and present fisheries statistical systems in Uganda -- a bibliographic study. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (April 1989).
Wadanya, J., 1989. Fisheries statistical training needs: initial assessment. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 2, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).
Ikwaput, J. & R. Tumwebaze, 1989. The present status of fisheries data collection and analysis in Uganda. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).
Wadanya, J., & D. Nyeko, 1989. Fisheries statistical systems in Uganda. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 4, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).
Orach-Meza, F.L., E.J. Coenen & J.E. Reynolds, 1989. Past and recent trends in the exploitation of the Great Lakes fisheries of Uganda. Occasional Paper No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Resource Use and Conservation of the Great Lakes. Bujumbura, 29/11 – 2/12/89. (Nov. 1989).
Reynolds, J.E., J. Wadanya, & D. Nyeko, eds., 1989. Fisheries statistics and information management in Uganda: past approaches, current status, and future prospects. Field Document No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Nov. 1989).
FISHIN PROJECT - UGA/87/007
FAO/UN
P.O. Box 521
KAMPALA, UGANDA
