PAST AND RECENT TRENDS IN THE EXPLOITATION OF THE GREAT LAKES FISHERIES OF UGANDA

INTRODUCTION

A review of the publications concerning the fisheries of the Ugandan waters of Lakes Victoria, Albert and Edward reveals that records of catches of commercial species of fish go back for many years, though are unfortunately incomplete in places. Limited funds and, more recently, civil instabilities, have prevented the sustained collection of detailed catch and effort statistics. Catches of different species have varied with time due to factors associated with changing fishing habits and equipment, fishing pressure, introductions of exotic stock such as Nile perch and Nile tilapia, consumer demand patterns for fish, and with some yet-to-be-explained environmental variables.

Prior to 1910, fishing in Uganda's waters was limited to subsistence methods using traps, baskets, spears, and traditional netting materials (Graham, 1929; Balarin, 1985). The subsequent introduction of netting materials made of cotton and flax stimulated the development of a commercial fishery, most notably for tilapia in Lake Victoria. The first documented fisheries surveys were carried out separately by Graham and Worthington between 1927 and 1931. Graham recommended, inter alia, the establishment of a management Authority for Lake Victoria, whose remit would combine both administration and research, including the collection of statistics. Between 1947 and 1960, such a role was played jointly or individually by the Lake Victoria Fisheries Service, Uganda Game Department, East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization, and the Uganda Game and Fisheries Department. The Uganda Fisheries Department (UFD), created in 1961, eventually became the sole agency responsible for the collection of fisheries statistics in Uganda.

Studies by Sastry (1957), Garrod (1960), Stoneman (1969), Walker (1971), Wetherall (1974), Orach-Meza (1986), and Bernacsek (1987) revealed the weaknesses of the statistical system being employed and in each case recommended an improved method. However, the series of disruptions that struck Uganda in the 1970s and continued until the mid-1980s severely curtailed operations of the existing system, and certainly precluded efforts to upgrade it. With the recent commencement of the FAO/UNDP Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems Project (FISHIN -UGA/87/007), an attempt is now being mounted to revitalise the system and put it on a sound and permanent footing (FISHIN Project BIOSTAT Reports, 1989).

The present paper is based in part on some of the preliminary work carried out under the FISHIN Project. Summary descriptions of Uganda's great lakes fisheries are given, and changing trends in yields, fishing effort, and utilisation patterns are briefly reviewed.

THE FISHERIES OF UGANDA'S GREAT LAKES

Although a landlocked country, Uganda is generally well endowed with freshwater lakes, rivers, swamps, and man-made dams, valley tanks, and fish ponds. These waters together occupy about 42,000 km² or some 17% of Uganda's total area. There are on record 165 lakes of varying dimensions in the country.

Virtually all the water bodies are rich in fish but the main production comes from Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, Albert, George, Edward, and Wamala, as well as the River Nile. Gillnetting, beach seining, and longlining have become the dominant methods of fishing in all these places. Seasonal basket fishing is carried out in the swamps, and a fair amount of subsistence rod-and-line fishing is also practised. Past studies have reported 92 different species of fish in Uganda waters. These fall into 41 generic groups, 17 families, and 3 sub-classes (Greenwood, 1966). More recent work has shown that the haplochromine complex includes many more species than previously recorded. It is now reckoned that over 200 haplochromine species occur in the various waters of the country (Basasibwaki, 1989, pers. comm.; Witte and van Oijen, 1988).

The most significant commercial fishery is on Lake Victoria, some 45% of which lies within Uganda territory (Welcomme, 1972). The second largest freshwater lake in the world, Victoria occupies a wide but relatively shallow basin. Its physical and biological characteristics are similar in certain respects to those of Lake Kyoga, a much smaller but still extensive complex of flooded river valleys situated a little further down the course of the Nile. Lake Albert lies in the western Rift Valley and straddles the boundary between Uganda and Zaire; it is a deeper basin lake and shares some features in common with other major Rift waters. Lake Edward, in the southwest corner of Uganda, also lies in the Rift Valley and is also shared with Zaire. It is connected via the 23 km long Kazinga Channel to Lake George, a very shallow water body which lies wholly within Uganda and is known for its exceptionally high productivity, on the order of 250 kg of fish per hectare per year (Dunn et al., 1969). Other minor waters account for only a small fraction of Uganda's total annual catch, but are nevertheless locally important sources of food and therefore valuable components of the national fishery.

The main species of commercial importance are those of the genera of Lates, Oreochromis, Tilapia, Bagrus, Clarias, Protopterus, Alestes, Hydrocynus, Haplochromis, Synodontis, Distichodus, Barbus, Labeo, Mormyrus, Rastrineobola, Auchenoglanis, and Shilbe. While some of these species exhibit features which are of considerable interest to the biologist, commercial exploitation activities primarily involve only seven of the above genera (Tables 1, 2, and 3).

Fishing constitutes an extremely important rural industry in Uganda. It is reckoned that some 75,000 nationals are directly employed in the sector as fishing operators, and that there are several times more people employed in various related activities such as processing, trading, boatbuilding, net-making, etc. After a period of retrenchment in the industry brought on by the civil unrest of the late 1970s-early 1980s, the national fishery is showing signs of vigorous growth. It is estimated that the total number of canoes rose to 16,000 by 1988. The vast majority of canoes are of the planked variety, with dug-outs comprising only about 8% of the total. The level of motorisation shows a gradual increase, and an estimated 3000 units are now equipped with outboards (UFD, 1988).

There has been a marked rise in fish consumption per capita within Uganda in recent years. It is now thought likely that fish contribute more than 50% of the total animal protein intake for the national population, with average per capita consumption estimated at about 13 kg per year. This change may be attributed to the interaction of various factors, including the disruption in beef and other meat supplies which followed the breakdown in infrastructure and administration and management services during the earlier period of turmoil experienced in the country. But the factors which are of perhaps greatest significance are those related to the transformation of species composition in the Lake Victoria catches over the past ten years or so (Reynolds and Greboval, 1988).

The dramatic upsurge of Nile perch has led to a far greater availability of fish not only for urban dwellers in the principal cities and towns, but for the national population as a whole. The effect has been particularly notable in the southern portion of the country, where most people reside. Recent field observations gathered in the course of FISHIN Project work confirm that there are extensive regions remote from Lake Victoria where fish consumption, previously of negligible proportions, has now assumed an overriding significance in the nutritional budget of rural folk. Within urban areas and particularly Kampala, formal and informal trade in Nile perch has proliferated to such a degree as to make mputa, as it is popularly known, virtually ubiquitous. A considerable export trade in fresh and processed Nile perch products to neighbouring and overseas countries has also developed within the last several years, bringing benefits in terms of foreign exchange and barter trade earnings (FISHIN Project SEC Reports, 1989).

Due to the tropical temperatures and conditions prevailing in Uganda, fresh fish is normally sold and consumed within a radius of 50 kms or so around the various landing centres. The bulk of the national catch is processed in some form, whether sun-dried, salted, smoked, or fried. In this fashion, fish products reach consumers many hundreds of kilometres from production centres. Hot-smoked fish are the most popular with the consumer and the most valuable to the processor, but this method of preparation is limited by the availability of firewood. A small but growing supply of fresh and frozen Nile perch fillets has developed with the establishment of processing centres to serve premium urban markets. However, the principal consumers of Nile perch are the ordinary folk of the towns and countryside, who welcome the new abundance of these fish and the affordable and palatable food they provide (Reynolds and Greboval, 1988).

TRENDS IN YIELDS

Tables 1 to 3 provide time series data on principal species in commercial catches during the last twenty-five years (1963–1988) for Lakes Victoria, Albert, and George/Edward. Figure 1 illustrates changes in the total catch of fish from all water bodies in Uganda between 1961 and 1988. Figures 2 to 6 show the percentage composition of principal species in the catches of the above major lakes for the same period. The data used are summarised from official Government publications of catch statistics collected by Fisheries Department field staff. It should be stressed however that the interpretation of this statistical record must be mounted with caution, given that there is room for considerable further improvement in the monitoring and reporting system.

With due regard for their shortcomings, these data nevertheless depict a picture of substantial changes in the catches for each of the lakes covered. Total annual catch peaked in 1978 at 223,300 tonnes and now (1988) stands at 214,000 tonnes, from a base of 61,500 tonnes recorded in 1961 (Fig. 1). Records of fishing effort in terms of active canoes (UFD, 1988) indicate that there were only 5,900 craft in use in 1961, of which 1,450 were fitted with outboard engines. The number of canoes now totals 16,000. Increased fishing effort, together with the introduction of exotic fast-growing species into Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, George, and Edward, obviously contributed to the rapid rise in catches.

Effort exerted on fish stocks remained high (over 13,000 canoes) throughout the period of peak catches in the 1970s. The subsequent decline in catches can be associated with inadequate supply of fishing gear such as gill nets and hooks in the country, as well as with civil strife in the fishing zones. From the early 1980s, marked changes in the species composition of catches were also becoming apparent, especially with regard to the proliferation of the introduced Nile perch in Lake Victoria (Acere, 1986; Reynolds and Greboval, 1988).

It is shown that in Lake Victoria (Fig. 2), a substantial drop in catches of tilapia species occurred in the mid-1960s; this was offset by increases in the catches of other species, however. The overall trend peaked in 1969, when total catches reached 46,273 tonnes, but then gradually reversed itself, with total catches falling to a low of about 10,000 tonnes in 1980 (Table 1). Thereafter, with soaring catches of Nile perch from less than a 1,000 tonnes in 1981 to a high point of 92,000 tonnes in 1988, total yields not only recovered but attained dramatic and unprecedented levels. Whilst Nile perch catches have been the most spectacular feature of the overall situation, an appreciable upward momentum in tilapia catches (comprised mainly of Oreochromis) has also become apparent in the last several years. In 1988, Nile perch and tilapia together accounted for 97% of the total Lake Victoria catch.

Although not directly a topic of this paper, it should be mentioned that the Kyoga fisheries have recently shown a marked decline in annual total yields from the range of 100,000 – 167,000 tonnes being reported during the period 1973 – 1982. The catches at that time were composed almost equally of Nile perch and Nile tilapia. From around 1983, a dramatic reversal of catch trends occurred as the combined result of several factors. Beginning in the mid-1970s, severe fishing input shortages developed in the country, and Kyoga operators resorted increasingly to the use of destructive fishing practices and illegal gear. By the early 1980s the effects of these developments were becoming apparent particularly in the case of Nile perch. Catch tonnages fell off quite sharply, and catch composition showed increasing proportions of smaller fish. Although recent input supply schemes have resulted in a greater availability of gear, there is still not an adequate number of large mesh nets for catching bigger Lates. Finally, two other important factors must be taken into account. First, the Kyoga fisheries have been heavily affected by a steady decline in water level over the last decade, due to prevailing climatic conditions. This drop, amounting to about 1.5 metres, has caused a reduction in breeding and nursery areas, thus diminishing the productivity of the lake. Secondly, large sections of the Kyoga complex have for some time not been open to normal fishing exploitation because of insecurity problems. Certain fishing grounds and landing sites have therefore not been contributing their usual share to overall catch levels. A total catch of about 68,000 tonnes was estimated for Lake Kyoga in 1988.

For Lake Albert, the data suggest that the role of Alestes in the fishery has declined very sharply. The catches of these fish dropped from a high of over 13,000 tonnes to a very low level of 2,000 tonnes within a twenty year period (Table 2). By 1988 only 500 tonnes were recorded. The Alestes decline coincides with rises in the catches of Lates, Oreochromis, Tilapia, Bagrus, and Hydrocynus. These increases stabilised in 1972 and 1973. It was not until 1983 that the catches went down quite drastically, with total yields dropping to a mere 2,300 tonnes in 1985. Catches of Nile tilapia, Hydrocynus, and Lates have however shown adequate recovery since that time. By 1988 total catches had increased once again to 12,532 tonnes, which is more than half the highest catch of 24,181 tonnes recorded in 1970.

Commercial catches in Lakes Edward and George have declined gradually from 13,000 tonnes in 1968 to a low figure of around 6,000 tonnes in 1988 (Table 3). Percentage composition of Bagrus, Barbus, Clarias, and Protopterus remained relatively constant from 1963 up to 1982. Catches of Bagrus and Protopterus then picked up in 1983, coinciding with continuing low returns for the popular Nile tilapia. This trend may be attributed to the effect of increased fishing effort over and above the legally permitted level of 480 canoes for the entire Edward/George complex. Recent aerial survey findings reveal that there are now some 900 canoes operating in the fishery (Dunn, 1989).

CONCLUSION

The overall upward trend in yield over time which can be documented through available Fishery Department statistical records has resulted from a complex interaction between aquatic environmental factors affecting the relative abundance of fishable stock, and changes in fishing effort associated with socio-economic factors. Both sets of influences are integral to the country's fishery production process (Orach-Meza, 1978).

As in all natural resource exploitation systems, there is an upper limit to the productivity of Uganda's fishery. Some observers now reckon that this limit may lie in the neighbourhood of 300,000 tonnes per year, a level that might be achieved without risk to the continued viability of the resource base. The present estimated national production of 214,000 tonnes is still well below this projected amount, though at the same time it represents a dramatic improvement on the some 60,000 tonnes which were being produced thirty years ago. In any event, closer study of the trends in each water body is advised before any new major investments are made to increase fish production even further.

Much of the heightened production now being realised from the national fishery owes to the upsurge in Nile perch catches in Lake Victoria. The introduction of Lates and its real and supposed impacts on the ecology and fishery of the Lake have occasioned a great deal of adverse criticism and expressions of alarm in certain quarters (e.g. Barel et al., 1985; Balon and Bruton, 1986). Whilst the presence of Nile perch has undoubtedly had profound effects on the aquatic environment, declines in the abundance of certain other species cannot necessarily be attributed solely nor even primarily to its predatory habits. The consistent heavy fishing pressure on favoured species and the use of destructive gear and methods over the years must also be taken into account in explaining changes in species composition of the catches (Acere, 1986). Furthermore, the wholesale censure of Lates does not appear to be justified in light of the tremendous nutritional and economic advantages it has brought to both fisherfolk and wider regional populations (Reynolds and Greboval, 1988).

Future production from Uganda national waters will also depend on new or expanded exploitation of other resources. Offshore species of fish such as Rastrineobola in Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, and Albert remain largely untapped, as do other aquatic resources like freshwater crustacea, molluscs, and edible water weeds (MAIF, 1984). In addition, little has been made thus far of the stocks of fish in the Victoria Nile, Albert Nile, and the numerous dams, swamps, and valley tanks throughout the country. Prospects for increasing fish production through the expansion of fish farming activities are quite considerable as well.

REFERENCES CITED

Acere, T.O., 1986. Nile perch, Lates niloticus (Linne); the scapegoat for the decline/disappearance of the indigenous fish species of Lake Victoria. Paper presented at the UFFRO Seminar on the Current State and Planned Development Strategies of the Fisheries of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga. Jinja, October 1986: 37p (mimeo).

Balarin, J.D., 1985. National reviews for aquaculture development in Africa. 10. Uganda. FAO Fish.Circ., (770.10): 109p.

Balon, E.K., and M.N. Bruton, 1986. Introduction of alien species or why scientific advice is not heeded. Environ. Biol. Fishes 16: 225–30.

Barel, C.D.N., et al., 1985. Destruction of fisheries in Africa's lakes. Nature, Lond., 315(6014): 19–20.

Basasibwaki, P. (Fisheries Biologist, Uganda Freshwater Fisheries Research Organisation) 1989. Personal communication.

Bernacsek, G.M., 1987. Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda: evaluation of statistical services of Lake Victoria fisheries. Mission report. Accra, Ghana, FAO, Regional Office for Africa. Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa, Sub-Committee for the Development and Management of the Fisheries of Lake Victoria, (mimeo).

Dunn, I.G., 1989. Fisheries management study in the Queen Elizabeth National Park. Mission report for EEC Project No. 4100.037.42.44, Conservation of Natural Resources. Rome, AGRICONSULTING: 35p.

Dunn, I.G., M.J. Burgis, G.G. Ganf, L.M. McGowan, & A.B. Viner, 1969. Lake George, Uganda: a limnological survey. Verh.Internat.Verein. Limnol., (17): 284–288.

FISHIN (Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems), 1989. Bio-Statistical (BIOSTAT) Reports, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007, (mimeo).

FISHIN (Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems), 1989. Socio-Economic (SEC) Field Reports, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007, (mimeo).

Garrod, D.J., 1960. Fish population studies on Lake Victoria. Annu.Rep.E.Afr.Freshwat.Fish.Res.Org., Appendix A: 12–17.

Graham, M., 1929. The Victoria Nyanza and its fisheries. London, Crown Agenst for the Colonies, 255p.

Greenwood, P.H., 1966. The fishes of Uganda (2nd Revised Ed). Kampala, The Uganda Society, 131p.

MAIF (Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries, Uganda), 1984. Blueprint for fisheries development in Uganda. Kampala, MAIF: 25p.

Orach-Meza, F.L., 1978. Functional dependence of fish yields on several components of bioeconomic variables. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms (Ph.D Dissertation).

Orach-Meza, F.L., 1986. Statistical sampling method for improving the catch assessment of lake fisheries. Paper presented at the UFFRO Seminar on the Current State and Planned Development Strategies of the Fisheries of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga. Jinja, October 1986: 21p (mimeo).

Reynolds, J.E., and D.F. Greboval, 1988. Socio-economic effects of the evolution of Nile perch fisheries in Lake Victoria: a review. CIFA Tech.Pap., (17): 148p.

Sastry, K.V.R., 1957. Interim report to the Government of Uganda on improvement of fisheries statistics. Rome, FAO, Report FAO/58/1/188: 91p.

Stoneman, J., 1969. Fisheries catch statistics. Uganda Fish.Dept.Occ.Pap., No. 2: 25–27.

Twongo, T., 1988. Recent trends in the history of Lake Kioga-Uganda. In D. Lewis (ed.), Predator-prey relationships, population dynamics, and fisheries productivities of large African lakes. CIFA Occ.Pap., (15): 140–51.

UFD (Uganda Fisheries Department), 1988. Annual report.

Walker, R.S., 1971. On the methodology of statistical surveys to be carried out on Lake Victoria in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Entebbe, Uganda Fisheries Dept., (mimeo).

Welcomme, R.L., 1972. The inland waters of Africa. Les eaux interieures d'Afrique. CIFA Tech.Pap./Doc.Tech.CPCA, (1): 117p.

Wetherall, J.A., 1974. On the catch assessment survey (CAS) of Lake Victoria. EAFFRO Occ.Pap., No. 14: 58p.

Witte, F., and M.J.P. van Oijen, 1988. Taxonomy, ecology, and fishery of haplochromine trophic groups. In HEST, 1988. Fish stocks and fisheries in Lake Victoria. A handbook to the HEST/TAFIRI & FAO/DANIDA regional seminar. Mwanza, January/February 1989. Report of the Haplochromis Ecology Survey Team (HEST) and the Tanzanian Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI) No. 53. Leiden, The Netherlands.

TABLE 1: EVOLUTION OF THE CATCH (tonnes) FOR LAKE VICTORIA (UGANDA), 1965–88.

TABLE 2: EVOLUTION OF THE CATCH (tonnes) FOR LAKE ALBERT (UGANDA), 1963–88.

TABLE 3: EVOLUTION OF THE CATCHES (tonnes) FOR LAKES GEORGE/EDWARD, 1963–88.

Fig. 1: Total Annual Catch (Uganda).

Fig. 2: Percentage Weight Distribution

Fig. 3: Percentage Weight Distribution

Fig. 4: Percentage Weight Distribution

Fig. 5: Percentage Weight Distribution

Fig. 6: Percentage Weight Distribution

FISHIN NOTES & RECORDS

LIST OF DOCUMENTS
(To Dec. 1989)

BIOSTATISTICAL (BIOSTAT) FIELD REPORTS

Coenen, E., 1988. Mission report, Tororo District, 29/11 – 1/12/88. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Dec. 1988).

Wadanya, J., 1989a. Report on the tour of Kichwamba Region: the area of Lakes George - Edward and Kazinga Channel Complex. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 2, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Feb. 1989)

Wadanya, J., 1989b. Report of the visit to Kigungu Landing. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Feb. 1989).

Coenen, E., & F.L. Orach-Meza, 1989. Mission report to Mwanza (15–26/2/89): HEST/TAFIRI and DANIDA Regional Seminar on Lake Victoria. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 4, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (March 1989).

Tumwebaze, R., 1989a. Mission report to Kasenyi Fish Landing (20/01/1989). BIOSTAT Field Report No. 5, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1989).

Tumwebaze, R., 1989b. Report on the tour of Masaka Region - Lake Victoria. BIOSTAT Field Report. No. 6, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1989).

Nyeko, D., 1989. Report on the tour of south-western lakes: George and Edward landings. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 7. FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).

Ikwaput, J., 1989. Report on the mission to Iganga District, 29/5 – 2/6/1989. BIOSTAT Field Report No. 8, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).

SOCIO-ECONOMIC (SEC) FIELD REPORTS

Odongkara, O.K., 1989a. Visit to Kasenyi Landing: 20th January, 1989. SEC Field Report No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989).

Odongkara, O.K., 1989b. Preliminary report on Kichwamba Region landings: 4th – 7th February, 1989. SEC Field Report No. 2, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989)

Reynolds, J.E., C.T. Kirema-Mukasa & O.K. Odongkara, 1989. Trip to Jinja Town and UFFRO. SEC Field Report No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989).

Reynolds, J.E. & C.T. Kirema-Mukasa, 1989a. Visit to Kampala markets. SEC Field Report No. 4, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (May 1989).

Reynolds, J.E. & O.K. Odongkara, 1989a. Preliminary notes on Iganga District landings. SEC Field Report No. 5, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (June 1989).

Reynolds, J.E. & C.T. Kirema-Mukasa, 1989b. Notes on Kichwamba Region. SEC Field Report No. 6, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).

Reynolds, J.E. & O.K. Odongkara, 1989b. Fish marketing and distribution in Tororo and Mbale Regions: a brief survey. SEC Field Report No. 7, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Aug. 1989).

Reynolds, J.E., F.L. Orach-Meza, & E.J. Coenen, 1989. Moyo District fisheries conditions and prospects. SEC Field Report No. 8, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).

Reynolds, J.E. & F.L. Orach-Meza, 1989. Management of Lake Victoria fisheries -- deliberations of the CIFA Meeting, Mwanza, Sept. 1989. SEC Field Report No. 9, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).

Reynolds, J.E. & O.K. Odongkara, 1989c. Socio-economic aspects of fisheries development in Uganda: The ‘FISHIN’ Project. SEC Field Report No. 10, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Nov. 1989).

Kirema-Mukasa, C.T., & J.E. Reynolds, 1989. Brief notes on fisheries production, marketing and credit facilities in Uganda. SEC Field Report No. 11. FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Nov. 1989).

OTHER DOCUMENTS

Nyeko, D., 1989. Past and present fisheries statistical systems in Uganda -- a bibliographic study. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (April 1989).

Wadanya, J., 1989. Fisheries statistical training needs: initial assessment. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 2, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (July 1989).

Ikwaput, J. & R. Tumwebaze, 1989. The present status of fisheries data collection and analysis in Uganda. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 3, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).

Wadanya, J., & D. Nyeko, 1989. Fisheries statistical systems in Uganda. BIOSTAT Working Paper No. 4, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Sept. 1989).

Orach-Meza, E.J. Coenen & J.E. Reynolds, 1989. Past and recent trends in the exploitation of the Great Lakes fisheries of Uganda. Occasional Paper No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Resource Use and Conservation of the Great Lakes. Bujumbura, 29/11 – 2/12/89. (Nov. 1989).

Reynolds, J.E., J. Wadanya, & D. Nyeko, eds., 1989. Fisheries statistics and information management in Uganda: past approaches, current status, and future prospects. Field Document No. 1, FISHIN Notes and Records. Fisheries Statistics and Information Systems, FAO/UNDP Project UGA/87/007. (Nov. 1989).

FISHIN PROJECT - UGA/87/007
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