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Appendix 8: ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO ESTIMATING THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN MESH SIZE 1/ /AUTRES STRATEGIES POSSIBLES POUR ESTIMER L’EFFET DES MODIFICATIONS DES DIMENSIONS DU MAILLAGE

1/ This Appendix was prepared in FAO HQ, Rome, after the working party meeting, to illustrate the application of alternative methods of assessment. It has not been discussed by the working group as a whole.
In the report of the working party, the effects of changes in mesh size were estimated using the yield-per-recruit tabulations of Beverton and Holt (1964), for different values of the size at fish capture (C, = lc/L¥). This approach makes use of the estimates of growth and mortality of the fish, but does not take account of possible variations in fishing mortality with age, (for fish above the selection range of the gear), or differences in the size composition between the catches of different fleets fishing the same stock. An alternative approach is that of Gulland (1961), in which the basic sets of information used are the size composition of the present catches, and estimates of the exploitation rate, E, i.e. the proportion of the fish in the sea that will ultimately be caught (= F/F + M in the case of constant mortality rates).

The importance of this to the hake fishery is shown by the differences between the sizes of hake apparently taken by Moroccan and Spanish fishermen. The greater part of the Moroccan catch is of fish less than 30 cm, which could be released by a 70 mm mesh. The fish caught by Spain are much larger, and most of the catch (at least in terms of weight) would be obtained by a 70 mm mesh. The effects of a larger mesh would therefore bear very unequally on the two fisheries, the benefits being much greater for the Spanish than for the Moroccan fishermen, and an analysis treating the fishery as a whole could be quite misleading.

The steps involved in calculating the immediate and long-term effects of a mesh-change, using the alternative method are as follows:

(i) Estimate the proportion of the present catch in each length-group which will be released if the mesh-size is increased (= Pi say).

(ii) Estimate (for each section of the fishery) the numbers NR and weight YR of fish released

(NR = S Pi Ni; YR = S Pi Ni Wi),

where Ni is the number of fish caught of length i, and Wi is the average weight of fish of that size.

(iii) Calculate the total numbers released (N’R = S NR, summing over all sections of the fishery), and the total numbers retained (N’K = S NK, where NK = C - NR, and C is the number caught at present with the original mesh-size).

(iv) Estimate the numbers of the fish released which will ultimately be caught, taking account of (a) natural mortality between the time at release, and the time at which they will have grown big enough to be retained by the new larger mesh, and (b) the proportion of those reaching the latter size that will ultimately be caught (= E). That is, the numbers caught will be equal to NA, where


NA = E N’R e-Mt

and

M = natural mortality coefficient


t = time between release and reaching the selection size of the larger mesh

(v) Calculate the proportion, Q, by which, in the long-run, the catches immediately after the change in mesh size, will be increased as a result of the capture of fish released by the larger mesh; this will be equal to the ratio of NA, the additional numbers caught, to N’K, the numbers caught immediately after the change i.e.

(vi) Calculate, for each element of the fishery separately, the immediate loss jL, and the long-term effects jG

where



(jY = initial weight caught by the jth element of the fishery = jYK + jYR)

and

1 + jG = (1 + Q) (1 - jL)


This has been done for data for the northern (M. merluccius) fishery, treating the Spanish and Moroccan catches as two distinct elements, and for the southern fishery, treating it as a homogeneous unit, with a size composition the same as that of the Portuguese fishery. The results were as set out below:
A. Northern Stocks (M. merluccius fishery) (Changes in percent)



Mesh Change from 30 mm to:


Immediate Loss


Long-Term Gain

E = .5

E = .7

E = .9

Total

40 mm

1.6

5.4

8.1

10.9

Fishery

50 mm

8.0

16.1

25.7

35.3

60 mm

17.6

34.3

55.1

75.8

70 mm

26.9

59.5

94.1

128.7

Morocco

40 mm

2.6

4.3

7.1

9.8

50 mm

17.3

4.2

12.9

21.5

60 mm

40.1

-2.4

12.7

27.7

70 mm

60.8

-14.4

4.2

22.8

Spain

40 mm

1.0

6.0

8.8

11.6

50 mm

2.0

23.6

33.9

44.1

60 mm

3.3

57.6

82.0

106.2

70 mm

5.4

106.4

156.9

202.7

B. Southern Stocks (M. spp.)

Mesh Change from 60 mm to:


Immediate Loss


Long-Term Gain

E = .5

E = .7

E = .9

70 mm

2.3

1.8

3.5

5.2

80 mm

6.3

3.1

7.2

11.4


Too much attention should not be paid to the precise figures, which depend on the length compositions used in the calculations. The true length compositions are not well known. In terms of the total catches there will be very considerable gains in the northern area, even if the stock is moderately exploited (E = 0.5, fishing mortality is equal to natural mortality; in fact the estimates determined by the group were F = 0.6, M = 0.2, E implying E = 0.75). However the immediate loss in going in one step is high (over 25 percent), and intermediate steps would be needed.

Looking at the individual countries, Spanish catches would be increased very considerably, for all values of E, and their immediate losses are comparatively small. Moroccan fishermen would gain less, and if the rate of fishing is lower than expected, they might even lose in the long term. In any case the mesh-size that would give them the largest catch (but at the expense of reduced total catch) are less than 70 mm. These are, as underlined in the table, 40 mm if E = 0.5, 50 mm if E = 0.7 and 60 mm if E = 0.9.

Reference

Gulland, J.A., 1961 The estimation of the effect on catches of changes in gear selectivity. J. Cons. CIEM, 26 (2): 204-14

Tableau 1: MERLUCCIUS MERLUCCIUS: CAPTURES (EN TONNES), CAPTURES PAR UNITE D’EFFORT ET DONNEES D’EFFORT TOTAL POUR LE SECTEUR NORD DE LA ZONE COPACE

C1 =Captures espagnoles (BAKAS)
C2 = Captures marocaines
C3 - Captures espagnoles (TRIOS)
E1 = Effort espagnol (BAKAS), tjb
E2 = Effort marocain, tjb
CPUE1 =
CPUE2 =
CPUE3 =
Tableau 2: MERLUCCIUS spp. 1/: CAPTURES (EN TONNES), CAPTURES PAR UNITE D’EFFORT ET DONNEES D’EFFORT TOTAL POUR LE SECTEUR NORD DE LA ZONE COPACE
C1 = Captures portugaises (tonnes)

C2 = Captures espagnoles (tonnes)

C3 = Captures soviétiques (tonnes)’

E1 = Effort portugais (milliers d’heures de pêche)

C1/E = CPUE de la flottille portugaise (kg/heure de pêche)

1/Y compris petites quantités de M. cadenati

2/Captures totales pour 1964 non disponibles. De 1965 à 1969: Bulletin statistique COPACE. Captures de 1973-75: Estimations scientifiques

3/Captures espagnoles non incluses

Tableau 3: M. MERLUCCIUS: COMPOSITION DES LONGUEURS DES TRAITS DE CHALUTS EXPLORATOIRES DANS LES EAUX MAROCAINES (1973-76) AVEC DES CHALUTS DE TYPE COMMERCIAL (Toutes zones (profondeurs en mètres))

Tableau 4

M. MERLUCCIUS: ESTIMATIONS DE LA COMPOSITION DES LONGUEURS DES CAPTURES MAROCAINES ET ESPAGNOLES (SUR LA BASE DU TABLEAU 3) (milliers)

cm

Maroc

Espagne

Totaux


6-7


143

143


8-9

62

300

362


10-11

362

956

1 318

1 823

12-13

1 557

1 539

3 096


14-15

1 896

1 459

3 355


16-17

7 298

714

8 012

14 463

18-19

9 575

712

10 287


20-21

8 625

333

8 958


22-23

5 310

672

5 982

25 227

24-25

3 240

649

3 889


26-27

1 962

527

2 489


28-29

1 234

522

1 756

8 134

30-31

600

665

1 265


32-33

539

890

1 429


34-35

361

834

1 195

3 889

36-37

247

981

1 228


38-39

109

693

802


40-41

53

876

929

2 959

42-43

47

796

843


44-45

23

586

609


46-47

23

396

419

1 871

48-49

22

288

310


50-51

14

159

173


52-53

11

159

170

653

54-55

5

108

113


56-57

5

98

103


58-59

8

98

106

322

60-61

2

63

65


62-63

8

82

90


64-65

5

68

73

228

66-67

3

54

57


68-69

-

75

75


70-71

-

49

49

181

72-73

3

54

57


74-75

-

23

23


76-77

2

14

16

96

78-79


9

9


80-81


5

5


82-83


2

2

16

84-85


-

-


86-87


7

7


88-89


35

35

46

94-95


2

2


104-105


2

2



43 211

16 697

59 908


Poids (kg)

4 095

5 422

9 517


Tableau 5

MERLUCCIUS spp.: ESTIMATION DE LA COMPOSITION DES LONGUEURS DES CAPTURES ESPAGNOLES, PORTUGAISES ET SOVIETIQUES DE MERLUCCIUS spp., POUR LA PERIODE 1970-76, SUR LA BASE D’ECHANTILLONS CAPTURES PAR DES NAVIRES PORTUGAIS (cf. Annexe 4) (milliers)

Longueurs (cm)

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

16-17

1

0

-

-

-

-

-

18-19

27

39

2

-

731

-

-

20-21

536

200

33

-

6 107

1 271

-

22-23

1 991

966

105

164

16 499

2 442

-

24-25

5 094

1 302

221

3 876

16 307

11 787

4

26-27

7 068

2 632

503

19 590

8 275

17 245

132

28-29

9 263

4 354

1 051

26 061

7 044

17 643

849

30-31

10 056

5 798

2 317

17 268

9 186

14 728

2 829

32-33

6 832

6 483

3 462

14 301

18 475

14 528

9 675

34-35

4 856

6 841

4 369

22 426

33 794

13 382

19 501

36-37

4 566

5 588

4 446

37 153

44 546

13 706

20 746

38-39

4 804

4 577

6 354

40 187

40 864

21 680

19 369

40-41

5 280

5 158

7 587

33 168

27 520

29 455

20 407

42-43

3 993

4 661

7 609

19 119

18 488

24 945

18 917

44-45

3 021

3 165

8 041

11 684

13 561

14 503

16 238

46-47

2 014

2 229

6 144

7 545

11 598

13 058

11 995

48-49

1 433

1 660

4 363

4 084

7 813

11 837

9 128

50-51

1 089

1 466

2 511

2 343

4 375

10 118

7 073

52-53

702

985

1 200

1 445

1 925

6 753

5 149

54-55

437

672

647

865

821

3 140

3 979

56-57

236

439

525

613

475

1 620

2 339

58-59

124

262

382

503

462

573

962

60-61

89

242

276

515

346

374

792

62-63

67

120

249

263

218

299

321

64-65

37

110

77

120

154

199

321

66-67

37

116

17

11

103

50

207

68-69

25

113

66

33

90

100

75

70-71

10

87

77


38

50

75

72-73

15

84

28


38

50

38

74-75

2

29

11


38

2

38

76-77

1

32

44


26

25

19

78-79

5

6

11


13

-

-

80-81

1

3

17


-


19

82-83

2

0

-


13


-

Nombre total

73 763

60 420

62 745

263 340

289 945

245 564

171 196

Capture (tonnes)

23 682

23 540

37 947

101 623

112 066

99 322

88 643

Poids (g)

320

390

600

390

390

400

520

Tableau 6

M. MERLUCCIUS: FICHE D’ANALYSE DES COHORTES DE LA COMPOSITION DES LONGUEURS

Groupe de longueur
(cm)

Captures
(milliers)

Estimations du nombre
(milliers)

Taux d’exploitation
E = F/Z


6-12

1 823

79 431

(0,33)


12-18

14 463

73 826

0,70

=.74

18-24

25 227

53 309

0,85

24-30

8 134

23 722

0,79

30-36

3 889

13 482

0,76

36-42

2 959

8 357

0,78

42-48

1 871

4 553

0,81

48-54

653

2 238

0,70

54-60

322

1 310

0,64

60-66

228

806

0,67

66-72

181

468

0,74

72-78

96

223

0,73

78-84

16

92

(0,47)


84 +

46

58

(0,80)


Tableau 7

MERLUCCIUS spp.: FICHE POUR DETERMINER LA COMPOSITION DE LONGUEUR PAR L’ANALYSE DES COHORTES

Groupe de longueur

Nombre moyen
(1973, 1974, 1975)

Nombre moyen
(classes de 6 cm)

Nombre en mer

Taux d’exploitation
E = F/Z

18-19

244


539 756,8


20-21

2 459




22-23

6 368

9 071


(0,10)

24-25

10 657




26-27

15 037




28-29

16 916

42 610

445 230,6


30-31

13 794



0,37

32-33

15 768




34-35

23 201

52 763

329 222,8


36-37

31 802



0,48

38-39

34 244




40-41

30 048

96 094

219 183,8


42-43

20 851



0,73

44-45

13 249




46-47

10 734

44 834

87 765,3


48-49

7 911



0,75

50-51

5 612




52-53

3 374

16 897

27 965,6


54-55

1 609



0,77

56-57

903




58-59

513

3 025

6 063,0


60-61

412



0,69

62-63

260




64-65

158

830

1 689,6


66-67

55



0,65

68-69

63




70-71

29

147

417,3


72-73

29



0,50

74-75

13




76-77

17

59

124,5


78-79

4



0,54

80-81

0

8

16,0


82-83

4





Tableau 8: M. MERLUCCIUS: FICHE DE CALCUL DU RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE - VARIATIONS DE L’EFFORT

Valeurs utilisées
M =0,20
lc = 14 cm
Valeur actuelle de E = 0,70
(a) M/K =1,75 c = 0,11
(b) M/K = 2,00 c = 0,11
(c) M/K = 2,50 c = 0,11
(d) M/K = 2,50 c = 0,18
Tableau 9: M. MERLUCCIUS: FICHE DE CALCUL DU RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE - VARIATIONS DE L’AGE EN DEBUT DE CAPTURE
1/ Niveau actuel

Valeurs utilisées

M =0,20
F =0,60
Facteur de sélection =3,6
Valeur actuelle de c = 14
(a) E = 0,75 M/K = 2,00
(b) E = 0,75 M/K = 1,75
(c) E = 0,75 M/K = 2,50
(d) E = 0,50 M/K = 2,50

Tableau 10

MERLUCCIUS spp.: FICHE DE CALCUL DU RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE - VARIATIONS DE L’EFFORT

E

F

Rendement par recrue
(tire des tableaux)

Rendement par recrue
(en % de E = 0,70)

a

b

c

a

b

c

0,10

0,03

10,3

8,2

5,3

27

26

25

0,15

0,05

15,0

11,9

7,7

39

38

36

0,20

0,07

19,2

15,2

9,9

50

49

46

0,25

0,09

23,0

18,3

11,9

60

59

56

0,30

0,12

26,4

21,0

13,7

69

68

64

0,35

1,50

29,4

23,4

15,4

77

75

72

0,40

0,19

32,0

25,5

16,8

84

82

79

0,45

0,23

34,1

27,2

18,0

89

87

85

0,50

0,28

35,8

28,7

19,0

94

92

89

0,55

0,34

37,0

29,8

19,9

97

96

93

0,60

0,42

37,9

30,5

20,5

99

98

96

0,65

0,52

38,2

31,0

21,0

100

100

99

0.701/

0,65

38,2

31,1

21,3

100

100

100

0,75

0,84

37,7

30,9

21,4

99

99

100

0,80

1,12

36,9

30,5

21,4

97

98

100

0,85

1,59

35,8

29,8

21,2

94

96

100

0,90

2,52

34,3

28,9

20,9

90

93

98

1/Niveau actuel

Valeurs utilisées

M = 28
Valeur actuelle de E = 0,70
(a) M/K = 1,75 c = 0,44
(b) M/K = 2,00 c = 0,44
(c) M/K = 2,50 c = 0,44
Tableau 11: MERLUCCIUS spp.: FICHE DE CALCUL DU RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE - VARIATIONS DE L’AGE EN DEBUT DE CAPTURE
Valeurs utilisées

Valeur actuelle de c = 0,44

(a) E = 0,70 M/K = 1,75
(b) E = 0,70 M/K = 2,00
(c) E = 0,70 M/K = 2,50
(d) E = 0,60 M/K = 2,50
Figure 1: ATLANTIC, EASTERN CENTRAL (Major Fishing Area 34) - ATLANTIQUE. CENTRE-EST (Zone de Pêche Principale 34) - ATLANTICO, CENTRO-ORIENTAL (Area de Pesca Principal 34)

Figure 2: DISTRIBUTION DES MERLUS DANS LE SECTEUR NORD DE LA ZONE COPACE (d’après Bravo de Laguna, sous presse)

Figure 3: M. MERLUCCIUS; CAPTURES TOTALES ET TAUX D’EFFORT DE PECHE TOTAL, EXPRIME EN UNITES DE “BAKAS” ESPAGNOLS, DE NAVIRES MAROCAINS ET POUR LES DEUX CATEGORIES DE NAVIRES COMBINEES

Figure 4: M. MERLUCCIUS: TAUX D’ABONDANCE, SUR LA BASE DES CAPTURES PAR UNITE D’EFFORT DES “BAKAS” ESPAGNOLS ET DES NAVIRES MAROCAINS

Figure 5: MERLUCCIUS spp.: CAPTURES TOTALES DANS LE SECTEUR NORD DE LA ZONE COPACE ET TAUX D’EFFORT TOTAL

Figure 6: M. MERLUCCIUS: RAPPORT EXISTANT ENTRE RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE ET TAUX DE MORTALITE (F)

Figure 7: M. MERLUCCIUS: RAPPORT EXISTANT ENTRE RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE, AGE EN DEBUT DE CAPTURE (tc) ET DIMENSION DU MAILLAGE

Figure 8: MERLUCCIUS spp.: RAPPORT EXISTANT ENTRE RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE ET TAUX DE MORTALITE PAR PECHE (F)

Figure 9: MERLUCCIUS spp.: RAPPORT EXISTANT ENTRE RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE ET AGE EN DEBUT DE CAPTURE (tc)

Figure 10: M. MERLUCCIUS: RAPPORT EXISTANT ENTRE CAPTURES PAR UNITE D’EFFORT DES “BAKAS” ESPAGNOLS ET EFFORT TOTAL, EXPRIME EN UNITES DE CHALUTIERS MAROCAINS


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