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REP. No | AGE y | SUBJ. No. | WEIGHT kg | ENERGY MJ/d. | REQUIREMENT | METHODOLOGY | COUNTRY & REGION | OCCUPATION & CHARACTERISTICS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
by age MJ/d. | by weight MJ/d. | |||||||||
P R E S C H O O L C H I L R E N - Combined sexes | ||||||||||
13 | 6m | 448 | 7.9 | 3.2 | - | 3.7 | 3 d. - measured food intake records: longitudinal study | U.S.A.,California Berkeley | multi-racial sample from Health Department Birth certificates | |
1 y | 382 | 10.0 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.2 | |||||
2 y | 312 | 12.6 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.3 | |||||
3 y | 270 | 14.6 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 6.1 | |||||
4 y | 242 | 16.5 | 5.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | |||||
6 y | 180 | 21.0 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 7.5 | |||||
15 | 3.9–5.8 y | 40 | - | 6.9 | 7.8 | - | 3 d. record in household units | U.S.A.,Ransas | middle and upper middle class | |
4 | 8 m | 44 | - | 3.8 | - | - | 5d. weighed inventory | U.K.,Newcastle | upper and lower socio-economic classes-represented | |
20 m | 61 | - | 5.0 | 5.0 | - | |||||
3 y | 83 | - | 5.8 | 6.1 | - | |||||
5 y | 26 | - | 6.8 | 7.4 | - | |||||
43 | 6–18 m | 23 | 9.8 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 7d. weighed inventory | U.K.,London | ‘lean’and‘overweight’ children | |
12–24 m | 21 | 11.2 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 4.9 | |||||
18–30 m | 18 | 12.6 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 5.3 | |||||
30 | 4–5 y | 17 | 19.2 | 5.5 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 5–7 d. duplicates hombed | U.K., London | normal and overweight parents | |
9 | 5 y | 108 | 19.5 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7 d. weighed inventory | France, Dijon | from different districts of the city | |
60 | >1 y | 12 | - | 5.0 | 3.4 | - | 1 d. ‘recall+weighing’ | Costa Rica, area of San Ramon | rural and urban | |
1 y | 36 | - | 4.6 | 4.9 | - | |||||
2 y | 31 | - | 4.4 | 5.7 | - | |||||
3 y | 31 | - | 4.5 | 6.5 | - | |||||
4–5 y | 41 | - | 5.0 | 7.4 | - | |||||
29 | 1 y | 58 | 9.5 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 3 d. precise weighing by ‘nutritionists’ who stayed all day with family | Iran, Teher | low-income district | |
2 y | 88 | 11.4 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 4.8 | |||||
3 y | 73 | 12.8 | 5.1 | 6.5 | 5.4 | |||||
4 y | 67 | 14.6 | 5.1 | 7.1 | 5.9 | |||||
P R E S C H O O L C H I L D R E N - Males | ||||||||||
27 | 3–6 m | 66 | 7.1 | 3.5 | - | 3.4 | 3 d. - Recording by mother under partial supervision | U.S.A., 12 North Central States | stratified multistage cluster of households | |
6–9 m | 35 | 8.9 | 4.0 | - | 4.1 | |||||
9–12 m | 79 | 10.2 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | |||||
1–2 y | 297 | 11.4 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 4.9 | |||||
2–3 y | 298 | 13.8 | 6.5 | 5.7 | 5.8 | |||||
3–4 y | 308 | 15.7 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.5 | |||||
4–5 y | 344 | 17.9 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.4 | |||||
5–6 y | 360 | 19.8 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.5 | |||||
50 | 3 y | 35 | - | 6.0 | 6.5 | - | 7 d. weighed inventory by mother, No supervision during week of survey Semi-longitudinal | U.S.A., Boston | twin pairs and their age-matched siblings | |
4 y | 47 | - | 6.0 | 7.2 | - | |||||
5 y | 64 | - | 6.6 | 7.8 | - | |||||
40 | 3–6 m | 39 | 7.2 | 2.9 | - | 3.5 | 5 d. weighed inventory with frequent supervision | U.K., Glasgow | random sample stratified to cover the different social groups in the community | |
6–9 m | 22 | 8.8 | 3.4 | - | 4.0 | |||||
9–12 m | 28 | 10.1 | 4.4 | - | 4.4 | |||||
12–18 m | 36 | 10.8 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | |||||
18–24 m | 37 | 12.3 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.2 | |||||
16 | 12–23 m | 149 | - | 5.1 | 4.9 | - | 7 d. weighed inventory with supervision | U.K., Country - wide | random selection | |
24–35 m | 206 | - | 5.7 | 5.7 | - | |||||
36–47 m | 276 | - | 6.4 | 6.5 | - | |||||
57 | 2–3.9 y | 16.6 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 7-100 days precise weighing | Germany, Dortmund | different social classes | ||
4–5.9 y | 2 | 19.3 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.6 | |||||
24 | 1–2.9 y | 10 | 11.1 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 5 d. weighed inventory with frequent supervision | New Guinea | - Kaul - Lufa | coastal area highland area |
3–4.9 y | 18 | 13.0 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 5.4 | |||||
5–6.9 y | 16 | 16.3 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 6.0 | |||||
1–2.9 y | 12 | 10.4 | 3.9 | 5.3 | 4.4 | |||||
3–4.9 y | 21 | 14.4 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 5.9 | |||||
5–6.9 y | 25 | 17.9 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 7.6 | |||||
SCHOOL CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS - Males | ||||||||||
50 | 6 | 78 | - | 7.2 | 8.4 | - | 7 d. weighing | U.S.A.,Hoston | see no. 50 | |
7 | 83 | - | 7.8 | 9.0 | - | |||||
8 | 101 | - | 8.3 | 9.5 | - | |||||
9 | 96 | - | 8.3 | 10.0 | - | |||||
10 | 85 | - | 8.3 | 10.5 | - | |||||
11 | 77 | - | 8.5 | 10.9 | - | |||||
12 | 67 | - | 8.8 | 11.3 | - | |||||
16 | 10–11 | 163 | - | 9.1 | 10.7 | - | 7 d. weighing | U.K., Sheffield Hristol | children not qualifying for free school-meals | |
12 | 8–11 | 159 | - | 9.6 | 10.3 | - | 7 d. weighing | U.K., Kent | various social classes | |
57 | 6–7.9 | - | 22.5 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 8.0 | 7-100 days precise weighing | Germany Dortmund | see no. 57 | |
8–9.9 | - | 28.0 | 8.1 | 9.8 | 9.1 | |||||
10–11.9 | - | 32.2 | 9.2 | 10.7 | 9.8 | |||||
50 | 13 | 58 | - | 8.9 | 1.7 | - | 7 d. weighing | U.S.A., Boston | see no. 50 | |
14 | 42 | - | 9.0 | 12.1 | - | |||||
15 | 26 | - | 9.9 | 12.6 | - | |||||
16 | 17 | - | 9.9 | 12.8 | - | |||||
17 | 10 | - | 9.8 | 13.0 | - | |||||
18 | 14.5 | 102 | 51.1 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 7 d. weighed inventory supervised | U.K., Glasgow | 1964 | various socio-economic backgrounds |
14.5 | 198 | 50.8 | 10.9 | 12.1 | 11.9 | 1971 | ||||
16 | 14.5 | 92 | - | 11.2 | 12.1 | - | 7 d. weighed | U.K., Newcastle | see above | |
16 | 14–15 | 390 | - | 10.3 | 12.4 | - | 7 d. weighed supervised 7 d. weighed | U.K., Birmingham Australia, | random sample | |
41 | 16–20 | 5 | 71.0 | 12.2 | 13.0 | 14.5 | supervised | Melbourne | students and trainees | |
57 | 12–14.9 | 2 | 39.1 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 9.7 | precise weighing | Germany, Dortmund | see no. 57 | |
49 | 14–16 | 18 | 52.3 | 10.5 | 12.6 | 11.6 | 7 d. weighed with supervision | U.K., Coventry | Asian boys with and without biochemical evidence of rickets | |
24 | 7.8 | 16 | 20.0 | 5.7 | 9.3 | 6.8 | 5 d. weighing with supervision | New Guinea | - Kaul | see no. 24 |
9–10 | 18 | 22.4 | 6.4 | 10.3 | 7.1 | |||||
11–12 | 16 | 25.0 | 6.4 | 11.1 | 7.2 | |||||
7–8 | 10 | 20.7 | 6.7 | 9.3 | 7.1 | - Lufa | ||||
9–10 | 8 | 24.8 | 7.1 | 10.3 | 7.8 | |||||
11-12 | 17 | 29.0 | 7.3 | 11.1 | 8.4 | |||||
2 | 12–14 | 16 | 31.3 | 8.8 | 11.7 | 8.1 | 7 d. weighed ‘by warden’ | Singapore | Indian students | |
24 | 13–14 | 10 | 29.0 | 7.3 | 11.9 | 7.1 | 5 d. weighed | New Guinea | - Kaul | see no. 24 |
15–18 | 11 | 42.7 | 7.7 | 12.9 | 9.1 | - Lufa | ||||
13–14 | 8 | 31.0 | 7.1 | 11.9 | 7.6 | |||||
15–17 | 15 | 44.2 | 8.6 | 12.9 | 9.5 | |||||
A D U L T S - Males | ||||||||||
Light Activity | ||||||||||
47 | 36 | 38 | 75.6 | 12.7 | 13.2 | 7 d. weighed, supervised | Italy, Trieste | different sedentary jobs in shipyard | ||
3 | 20–39 | 13 | 75.9 | 10.2 | 13.2 | 7 d. weighed, supervised | U.K., Cambridge village | ramdom sample of village | ||
40–59 | 12 | 9.9 | 12.2 | |||||||
32 | 28 | 10 | 53.9 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 7 d. weighed | Philippines, Manila | clerk-typists | ||
Moderate Activity | ||||||||||
47 | 39 | 37 | 77.9 | 13.3 | 15.1 | 7 d. weighed | Italy, Trieste | shipyard workers, see no. 47 | ||
34 | 26 | 10 | 56.3 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 7 d. weighed | Philippines, Marikina | shoemakers | ||
35 | 32 | 10 | 54.8 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 7 d. weighed | Philippines | jeepney drivers | ||
36 | 25 | 25 | 54.8 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 7 d. record unsupervised | Philippines | textile-mill workers | ||
31 | ? | 33 | (56.0) | 9.9 | 10.8 | 7 d. weighed | Philippines | fishermen | ||
31 | ? | 32 | 54.0 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 7 d. weighed | Philippines | sugar cane workers | ||
23 | 43 | 24 | 74.3 | 15.5 | 13.6 | 7 d. precise weighed | Italy, Canino (Central Italy) | farmers | ||
25 | 40–59 | 20 | 14.6 | 13.1 | 7 d. weighed | Italy, Crevalcore (Northern Italy) | longitudinal study at farmers 5 y. intervals on CHD risk factors | |||
45–64 | 20 | (75.0) | 10.9 | 13.1 | 3 d. weighed | |||||
40–59 | 20 | 12.8 | 13.1 | 7 d. weighed | Italy, Montegiorgi (Central Italy) | |||||
45–64 | 20 | 11.7 | 13.1 | 3 d.weighed | ||||||
23 | 42 | 29 | 81.4 | 13.8 | 15.1 | 7 d. weighed | Finland | farmers | ||
Moderate activity | ||||||||||
23 | 44 | 21 | 83.9 | 13.9 | 15.4 | 7 d. weighed | U.S., Beltsville | farmers | ||
33 | 28 | 9 | 51.5 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 7 d. weighed | Philippines | rice farmers | ||
8 | 45 | 11 | 56.5 | 9.0 | 10.4 | 6 d. weighed | Upper Volta | farmers: end of harvest | ||
48 | 18–29 | 19 | 57.4 | 8.9 | 11.1 | 5–6 d. weighed supervised | New Guinea | - Kaul | farmers, see no. 24 | |
30 + | 32 | 55.1 | 7.7 | 10.4 | ||||||
18–29 | 28 | 58.3 | 10.4 | 11.3 | - Lufa | |||||
30 + | 15 | 56.0 | 10.9 | 10.5 | ||||||
Heavy activity | ||||||||||
47 | 37 | 75 | 76.1 | 13.9 | 17.1 | 7 d. weighed | Italy, Trieste | shipyard workers. see no. 47 | ||
19 | 19 | 159 | 63.3 | 36.1 | 14.3 | 7 d. weighed | U.K. | army recruits, initial training | ||
60 | 30 | 18 | 60.1 | 14.9 | 13.5 | l d. record + weighing | Guatemala | agricultrual labourers | ||
Elderly | ||||||||||
3 | 60–79 | 7 | (76.0) | 9.9 | 10.6 | 7 d. weighed | U.K. Cambridge village | see no. 3 | ||
38 | 62–74 | 158 | 67.8 | 10.4 | 9.4 | dietary history plus some 2 d. weighing | U.K. Edinburgh | random sample | ||
75–90 | 54 | 69.2 | 9.1 | 8.4 | ||||||
25 | 50–69 | 20 | (75.0) | 12.3 | 11.6 | 3 d. weighed | Italy | - Crevalcore | farmers see no. 25 | |
50–69 | 20 | (75.0) | 10.4 | 11.6 | - Montegiorgi | |||||
45 | 60–69 | 10 | 58.9 | 12.0 | 8.2 | 2 d. weighed by ‘dietitians’ | Nigeria | urban + rural low income | ||
70–79 | 9 | 54.1 | 11.0 | 6.6 | ||||||
80–89 | 4 | 52.3 | 12.2 | 6.4 | ||||||
P R E S C H O O L C H I L D R E N - Females | ||||||||||
27 | 3–6 m | 61 | 6.6 | 3.2 | - | 3.2 | see ‘males’ no.27 | U.S.A., 12 North Central States | ||
6–9 m | 50 | 8.3 | 4.2 | - | 3.8 | |||||
9–12 m | 59 | 9.2 | 4.2 | - | 4.0 | |||||
1–2 y | 200 | 10.8 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 4.8 | |||||
2–3 y | 253 | 13.0 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.4 | |||||
3–4 y | 302 | 15.0 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.2 | |||||
4–5 y | 347 | 17.4 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 7.0 | |||||
5–6 y | 268 | 19.1 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.2 | |||||
50 | 3 y | 17 | - | 5.0 | 6.4 | - | see ‘males’ no. 50 | U.S.A.,Boston | ||
4 y | 39 | - | 5.6 | 7.0 | - | |||||
5 y | 50 | - | 6.0 | 7.5 | - | |||||
6 y | 76 | - | 6.6 | 7.9 | - | |||||
40 | 3–6 m | 31 | 6.6 | 2.7 | - | 3.2 | 5 d. weighed inventory see ‘males’ no. 40 | U.K., Glasgow | ||
6–9 m | 21 | 8.1 | 3.1 | - | 3.7 | |||||
9–12 m | 20 | 9.0 | 3.6 | - | 4.0 | |||||
12–18 m | 40 | 10.2 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | |||||
18–24 m | 30 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 5.1 | |||||
16 | 12–23 m | 154 | - | 4.7 | 4.9 | - | 7 d. weighed see ‘males’ no. 16 | U.K., Countrywide | ||
24–35 m | 201 | - | 5.4 | 5.6 | - | |||||
36–47 m | 262 | - | 5.8 | 6.4 | - | |||||
57 | 2–3.9 y | 14.8 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 6.2 | precise weighing see ‘males’ no. 57 | Germany, Dortmund | |||
4–5.9 y | 20.1 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 7.8 | ||||||
24 | 1–2.9 y | 13 | 9.5 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 5 d. weighing see ‘males’ no. 24 | New Guinea | - Kaul | |
3–4.9 y | 22 | 12.7 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 5.2 | |||||
5–6.9 y | 18 | 15.6 | 5.8 | 7.7 | 5.4 | |||||
1–2.9 y | 3 | 10.9 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 4.7 | - Lufa | ||||
3–4.9 y | 21 | 13.3 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 4.7 | |||||
5–6.9 y | 22 | 16.8 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 5.9 | |||||
SCHOOL CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS - Females | ||||||||||
50 | 6 | 76 | - | 6.6 | 7.9 | - | 7 day weighing see ‘males’no. 50 | U.S.A., Boston | ||
7 | 93 | - | 7.1 | 8.4 | - | |||||
8 | 107 | - | 7.4 | 8.8 | - | |||||
9 | 108 | - | 7.8 | 9.2 | - | |||||
10 | 97 | - | 7.7 | 9.6 | - | |||||
11 | 89 | - | 7.8 | 9.8 | - | |||||
12 | 73 | - | 7.7 | 10.0 | - | |||||
16 | 10-11 | 158 | - | 0.8 | 9.7 | - | 7 d. weighing see ‘males’ no.16 | U.K., Sheffield | ||
57 | 6–7.9 | 24.0 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 8.3 | see ‘males’ no.57 | Germany, Dortmund | |||
8–9.9 | 27.2 | 7.9 | 9.0 | 8.4 | ||||||
10–11.9 | 31.2 | 8.0 | 9.7 | 8.5 | ||||||
50 | 13 | 56 | - | 8.0 | 10.3 | - | 7 d. weighing see ‘males’no. 50 | U.S.A., Boston | ||
14 | 40 | - | 7.7 | 10.5 | - | |||||
15 | 24 | - | 7.7 | 10.5 | - | |||||
16 | 15 | - | 7.2 | 10.1 | - | |||||
17 | 6 | - | 8.1 | 9.8 | - | |||||
18 | 14.5 | 90 | 51.8 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 7 d. weighing see ‘males’ no. 18 | U.K., Glasgow | 1964 | |
14.5 | 221 | 50.7 | 8.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 1971 | ||||
36 | 14.5 | 85 | - | 8.6 | 10.5 | - | 7 d. weighed see ‘males’no. 16 | U.K., Newcastle | ||
14–15 | 401 | - | 8.0 | 10.5 | - | U.K., Birmingham | ||||
41 | 18–19.9 | 4 | 56.0 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.6 | 7 d. weighed see ‘males’ no.41 | Australia. Melbourne | ||
47 | 12–14.9 | 42.6 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 9.3 | precise weighing see ‘males’ no. 57 | Germany, Dortmund | |||
24 | 7–8 | 19 | 18.5 | 5.5 | 8.6 | 6.1 | 5 d. weighing see‘males’no.24 | New Guinea | - Kaul | |
9–10 | 22 | 24.0 | 6.4 | 9.4 | 7.0 | |||||
11–12 | 15 | 25.6 | 6.4 | 9.9 | 6.3 | |||||
7–8 | 9 | 21.5 | 6.4 | 8.6 | 7.0 | - Lufa | ||||
9–10 | 14 | 23.8 | 6.8 | 9.4 | 7.0 | |||||
11–12 | 18 | 28.3 | 7.6 | 9.9 | 7.0 | |||||
24 | 13–14 | 15 | 35.3 | 6.9 | 10.5 | 7.6 | 5 d. weighed see ‘males’ no. 24 | New Guinea | - Kaul | |
15–17 | 21 | 45.0 | 5.7 | 10.1 | 8.5 | |||||
13–14 | 10 | 36.8 | 8.2 | 10.5 | 7.9 | - Lufa | ||||
15–17 | 9 | 44.1 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 8.3 | |||||
17 | 13–15 | 6 | 41.6 | 8.0 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 3 d. weighing + chemical analyse | India, Coimbatore | students | athletes non athletes |
16–18 | 6 | 43.9 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 7.9 | |||||
13–15 | 6 | 40.9 | 7.7 | 10.5 | 8.5 | |||||
16–18 | 6 | 46.4 | 7.8 | 9.8 | 8.4 | |||||
A D U L T S - Females non-pregnant, non-lactating | ||||||||||
Light activity | ||||||||||
3 | 20–39 | 9 | 9.2 | 9.7 | 7 d. weighed | U.K., Cambridge village | see ‘males’ no.3 | |||
40–59 | 14 | 63.5 | 8.3 | 9.2 | ||||||
34 | 34 | 10 | 54.0 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 7 d. weighed | Philippines, Manila | housewives | see ‘males’no. 34 | |
32 | 25 | 10 | 46.9 | 9.0 | 7.1 | 7 d weighed | Philippines, Manila | typists | see ‘males’ no. 32 | |
Moderate activity | ||||||||||
17 | 19–22 | 6 | 46.4 | 9.5 | 7.8 | 3 d. weighed+analysis | India, Coimbatore | students | athletes | |
19–22 | 6 | 47.1 | 8.1 | 7.9 | non-athletes | |||||
54 | 23 | 6 | 49.0 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 24h recall on 4 separate days | Guatemala, village | peasants | ||
8 | 31 | 14 | 49.9 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 6 d. weighed | upper Volta | farmers - end of harvest | ||
48 | 18–29 | 29 | 49.0 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 5–6 d. weighed see ‘males’ no.48 | New Guinea | - Kaul | coastal area subsistence farmers highland area | |
30 + | 31 | 44.4 | 6.0 | 7.2 | ||||||
18–29 | 28 | 51.3 | 9.0 | 8.6 | - Lufa | |||||
30 + | 6 | 45.8 | 8.3 | 7.5 | ||||||
36 | 33 | 14 | 48.7 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 7 d. record unsupervised | philippines | textile-mill workers see‘males’ no. 36 | ||
Pregnancy | ||||||||||
6 | 26 | 13 | 63.7 | 8.6 | 10.7 | 7 d. household measures and servings | U.S.A., Berkeley | stage of pregnancy | 20–28 weeks | |
12 | 70.4 | 7.5 | 10.7 | 29–36 weeks | ||||||
14 | 77.0 | 8.4 | 10.7 | 37–40 weeks | ||||||
55 | - | 179 | - | 8.2 | - | 7 d. weighed supervised | U.K., Leeds | self-selected, of various social classes | 8–12 weeks | |
28 | 18 | 20 | 58.0 | 6.4 | 9.3 | 2 d. weighed (Energy results so peculiar not commented on) | Ethiopia. Addis Abeba | ‘non-privileged’ ‘privileged’ | 3rd trimester | |
23 | 10 | 58.8 | 12.4 | 9.3 | ||||||
48 | 27 | 9 | 51.7 | 5.9 | 9.1 | 5–6 d. weighed supervised see‘males’no. 48 | - Kaul | subsistence farmers | probably mostly 1st and 2nd trimester | |
New Guinea | ||||||||||
25 | 7 | 53.5 | 8.4 | 9.5 | ||||||
- Lufa | ||||||||||
Lactation | ||||||||||
0 | 27 | 12 | 62.0 | 7.5 | 11.7 | 3d. household measures and servings | U.S.A., Berkeley | 8–12 weeks | ||
51 | 31 | 27 | 57.0 | 9.7 | 11.0 | 7 d. ‘measured portions’ | Australia, Perth | fully or partially breast-feeding | 1–15 months | |
1 | - | 100 | 53.7 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 24 h recall for 3 day+3 validation | Nigeria | 75 rurals and 25 urbans of poor socio-economic status | 3 weeks to 6 months | |
54 | 28 | 18 | 49.2 | 8.1 | 10.5 | 24h recall for 4 days | Guatemala-village | farmers see no.54 | 6 months or more | |
48 | - | 32 | 47.6 | 6.1 | 10.3 | 5–6d. weighed supervised see‘males’no 48 | - Kaul | up to 2y | ||
New Guinea | ||||||||||
- | 20 | 48.3 | 9.1 | 10.4 | - Lufa | |||||
Elderly | ||||||||||
3 | 60–79 | 8 | (64.0) | 6.4 | 7.7 | 7 d. weighed see ‘males’ no. 3 | U.K., Cambridge | |||
38 | 62–74 | 190 | 62.9 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 7 d. weighed see ‘males’no. 38 | U.K., Edinburgh | |||
75–90 | 73 | 57.7 | 6.9 | 6.2 | ||||||
45 | 60–79 | 19 | (56.0) | 10.5 | 6.8 | 7 d. weighed see ‘males’no. 45 | Nigeria | |||
81 + | 12 | (51.0) | 6.6 | 5.4 |
REF No | AGE y | SU BJ. No. | WEIGHT kg | ENERGY MJ/d. | REQUIREMENT | METHODOLOGY | COUNTRY & REGION | OCCUPATION & CHARACTERISTICS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
by age MJ/d. | by weight MJ/d. | |||||||||
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN - Combined sexes | ||||||||||
54 | 1.5–3.0 | 5 | - | 0.41/kg | - | - | modified diary + published values of energy costs | Uganda, Kampala | Europeans, children of professionals | |
30 | 4–5 | 12 | 19.1 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 7.8 | 4–7 d. integrated heart rate + calibration line (‘at least 2 points’) by air flow diapherometry | Great Britain, London (?) | normal parents overweight parents | |
8 | 19.5 | 4.9 | 7.1 | 7.9 | ||||||
53 | 1.5–3.0 | 20 | - | 0.33/kg | - | - | see no. 53 | Uganda, Kampala | African children | |
SCHOOL CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS - Males | ||||||||||
22 | 9.1 | 12 | 35.2 | 8.1 | 9.8 | 11.5 | 7 d. diary by observer calibrated KM44 +Douglas bag Sleep =BMR (Fleisch)26 | Italy, Salerno | school boys | rurals |
20 | 9.4 | 11 | 32.2 | 9.1 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 48 h heart rate count with intermittent readings. Calibration by‘open circuit’ technique. Sleep=BMR (Talbot)58 | Canada, Alberta | school boys | Iree-living |
41 | 16.7 | 3 | 65.7 | 10.7 | 12.8 | 13.9 | 7 d. diary by subjects; little supervision. IMP Sleep = BMR (Robertson & Reid)52 | Australia, Melbourne | school boys | |
2 | 13 | 16 | 31.3 | 7.6 | 11.7 | 8.1 | 7 d. supervision by warden; KM | Singapore | boy's hostel residents | Dravidian Indians |
A D U L T S - Males | ||||||||||
Light activity | ||||||||||
47 | 36 | 38 | 75.6 | 11.9 | 13.2 | 7 d. diary by observer + supervision Calibrated KM + Douglas bag Sleep = BMR (Fleisch) | Italy, Trieste | shipyard workers | different sedentary jobs | |
32 | 28 | 10 | 53.9 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 7.d diary Calibrated KM Sleep = BMR (measured twice) | Philippines, Manila | Clerk-typists | ||
Moderate activity | ||||||||||
47 | 39 | 36 | 77.9 | 13.1 | 15.0 | 7 d. diary see no. 47 | Italy, Trieste | shipyard workers | moderately heavy jobs | |
46 | 21.7 | 6 | 64.0 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 14 d. diary of activity with supervision Calibrated KM + Douglas bag | U.K., Glasgow | students, overfeeding experiment | normal | |
overfeeding | ||||||||||
70.0 | 11.4 | 13.6 | 42 d. diary | |||||||
41 | 20 | 2 | 80.1 | 10.9 | 15.5 | 7 d. diary by subject + supervision; IMP | Australia, Victoria, | 1 trainee and 1 engineer | ||
34 | 26 | 10 | 56.3 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 7 d. diary by observer ? Calibrated KM Sleep = BMR (Fleisch) | Philippines, Marikina | shoemakers | ||
35 | 32 | 10 | 54.8 | 10.4 | 10.6 | 7 d. diary, by observer? Calibrated KM Sleep = BMR (Fleisch) | Philippines, Rizal | jeepney drivers | ||
36 | 25 | 26 | 54.8 | 10.4 | 10.6 | 7 d. diary, by observer + KM | Philippines | textile-mill workers | ||
31 | 20–50 | 33 | 56.0 | 10.0 | 10.8 | 7 d. diary, by observer + KM | Philippines | fishermen | ||
33 | 28 | 9 | 51.5 | 13.8 | 10.8 | 7 d. diary, by10.0 Sleep = BMR (Fleisch) | observer + KM Laguna | Philippines, rice farmers | ||
31 | 20–50 | 32 | 54.0 | 12.7 | 10.4 | 7 d. diary, by observer + KM | Philippines | sugar cane workers | ||
20 | - | 32 | - | 12.8 | - | 1 d. diary, by observer + 2-5d. interviews. Some energy measures by KM. Mostly, values from literature or unpublished | - Yemenite | Mostly farm workers | Summer Winter Summer Winter | |
- | 27 | - | 12.6 | - | ||||||
Israel, | ||||||||||
- | 48 | - | 12.8 | - | Negev | |||||
- | 51 | - | 13.0 | - | - Kurdish | |||||
10 | 39 | 10 | 56.0 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 1 d. diary, by observer, with supervision Calibrated KM | Iran, plain of Varanin | Agricultural workers | Spring Summer Autumn Winter | |
38 | 14 | 56.0 | 14.4 | 12.6 | ||||||
35 | 10 | 59.0 | 15.2 | 13.3 | ||||||
38 | 12 | 59.0 | 11.0 | 11.4 | ||||||
11 | 36 | 23 | 58.5 | 10.1 | 11.3 | 2 d. diary by observer KM Sleep = 85% of RMR | Upper Volta, Mossi plateau | farmers | dry season wet season | |
16 | 14.5 | 13.2 | ||||||||
8 | 45 | 11 | 56.5 | 8.9 | 10.4 | 6 d. diary by observer + KM Group mean costs | Upper Volta, Mossi plateau | farmers | dry season, end of harvest | |
60 | 29.7 | 18 | 60.1 | 15.5 | 13.5 | 3 d. diary by observer + KM Schoelander & amperometry Sleep = BMR | Guatemala | agricultural labourers (considered ‘very active’) | ||
48 | 18–29 | 17 | 57.7 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 5–7 d. diary by observer with supervision, Calibrated KM and Douglas bag. Sleep = BMR (Fleisch) (Kaul = 90% BMR) | - Kaul | subsistence | coastal area | |
30–48 | 25 | 55.3 | 9.0 | 10.4 | highland area | |||||
18–29 | 25 | 58.8 | 10.7 | 11.4 | New Guinea | |||||
- Lufa | ||||||||||
30–49 | 15 | 56.0 | 10.8 | 10.5 | ||||||
42 | 30 | 15 | 53.9 | 12.1 | 10.0 | Random visits through 1 y(3.500 for time allocation) | Peru, Upper Amazonian tributaries | Machiguenga Indians huntergatherer, horticulturalist | dry season | |
25 | 8 | 51.8 | 13.9 | 11.7 | Indirect calorimetry (no description given) | wet season | ||||
very active occupations | ||||||||||
19 | 19.2 | 35 | 63.3 | 15.8 | 14.3 | 24 h diary by observer and subject; IMP worn for 24 h; BMR by Benedict-Roth repeated over 3 weeks | Great Britain, 6 centres | army recruits infantry | initial training | |
14 | 20.5 | 15 | 70.2 | 15.6 | 15.8 | 24 d. diary, on group or on individuals, by observer, | Malaya | British army jungle training | low energy diet (7.8 MJ) | |
21.8 | 14 | 71.2 | 15.9 | 16.0 | KM only during acclimatization period (pre-experimental) | control diet (15.0 MJ) | ||||
47 | 37 | 75 | 76.1 | 13.9 | 17.1 | 7 d. diary by observer see no. | Italy, Trieste | shipyard workers | heavy occupation | |
39 | - | - | 64.2 | 15.4 | 14.5 | 15 d. diary, repeated thrice over 3 months, by subjects; no supervision, no energy cost measurement | India | Indian army training | ||
SCHOOL CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS - Females | ||||||||||
56 | 9.5 | 10 | 31.6 | 7.2 | 9.2 | 9.6 | 48 h heart rate see ‘males’ no. 56 | Canada, Alberta | school girls | free living |
A D U L T S - Females non pregnant non-lactating | ||||||||||
Light activity | ||||||||||
34 | 34 | 0 | 54.0 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 7 d. diary +KM see ‘see males’ no. 34 | Philippines, Marikina | housewives | ||
32 | 24.7 | 10 | 46.9 | 7.9 | 7.1 | 7 d. diary + KM see ‘males’ no. 32 | Philippines, manila | clerck-typists | ||
Moderate activity | ||||||||||
41 | 19 | 4 | 56.3 | 8.8 | 9.6 | see ‘males’ no. 41 | Australia, Victoria | students trainee | ||
36 | 33 | 14 | 48.7 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 7 d. diary + KM see ‘males’ no.36 | Philippines | texile-mill workers | ||
42 | 25 | 20 | 44.5 | 8.3 | 7.4 | random visits for activity profile | Peru | Machiguenga Indians | wet season | |
27 | 8 | 44.3 | 8.2 | 7.4 | ‘indirect calorimetry’ see ‘males’ no. 42 | Indians | dry season | |||
48 | 18–29 | 23 | 49.8 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 5–7 d. diary + KM and Douglas bag see ‘males’ no. 48 | - Kaul | farmers | coast | |
30–48 | 17 | 45.9 | 7.1 | 7.5 | ||||||
New Guinea | ||||||||||
18–29 | 31 | 51.1 | 9.5 | 8.6 | - Lufa | highlands | ||||
30–49 | 7 | 46.3 | 9.0 | 7.5 | ||||||
8 | 30.6 | 14 | 49.9 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 6 d. diary + KM see ‘males’ no. | Upper Volta, Mossi plateau | dry season, end of harvest;‘some’ lactating women | ||
7 | 30.6 | 1 | 50.6 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 2 d. diary + KM Sleep = 85 % RMR | Upper Volta, Mossi plateau | farmers | rainy season dry season | |
11.1 | 10.0 | |||||||||
20 | - | 21 | - | 9.6 | - | 1 d. diary & 2–5 interviews + KM and published values of energy costs see ‘males’ no. 20 | - Yemenite | farmers | summer winter | |
- | 24 | - | 10.0 | - | ||||||
Israel | ||||||||||
- | 23 | - | 9.4 | - | - Kurdish | summer winter | ||||
- | 28 | - | 10.0 | - | ||||||
54 | 23 | 6 | 49.0 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 48 h Heart rate read hourly. Individual regressions with 6 points Sleep = BMR (lowest of 2 measures) | Guatemala, village | farmers | ||
Pregnancy | ||||||||||
5 | 16 | 12 | 66.5 | 9.3 | 12.5 | 1 d. diary in 5-min blocks, Douglas bag | black students black, except one (in metabolic ward) | 4–9 month pregnant 8 month pregnant | ||
17 | 15 | 63.2 | ||||||||
6 | 26 | 13 | 63.7 | 8.8 | 10.7 | 3 d. diary in 5-min block;some measures of energy costs | U.S.A., Berkeley | stage of pregnancy | 24 week pregnant | |
26 | 12 | 7.4 | 9.6 | 10.7 | 32 week pregnant | |||||
26 | 14 | 77.0 | 9.9 | 10.7 | 38 week pregnant | |||||
48 | - | 7 | 51.0 | 7.8 | 9.1 | see ‘males’ no. 48 | - Kaul | probably mostly 1 st and 2 nd trimester | ||
New Guinea | ||||||||||
- | 7 | 53.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | - Lufa | |||||
Lactation | ||||||||||
6 | 26 | 12 | 62.4 | 7.7 | 11.8 | 3 d. diaries see no. 6 | U.S.A., Berkeley | 10 week post partum | ||
54 | 28 | 18 | 49.2 | 8.4 | 10.5 | 48 h Heart rate see no. 54 | Guatemala, village | peasants | breast feeding 10 months post partum |
WEIGHT kg | E N E R G Y | ||
---|---|---|---|
Intake MJ/d. | Requirement MJ/d. | Expenditure MJ/d. | |
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | |||
76 | 12.7 | 13.2 | 11.9 |
76 | 10.2 | 13.2 | - |
9.9 | 12.2 | - | |
78 | 13.3 | 15.0 | 13.1 |
74 | 15.5 | 13.6 | - |
75 | 14.6 | 13.1 | - |
75 | 12.8 | 13.1 | - |
81 | 13.8 | 15.0 | - |
84 | 13.9 | 15.4 | - |
76 | 13.9 | 17.1 | 13.9 |
63 | 16.1 | 14.3 | 15.8 |
71 | - | 15.9 | 15.7 |
64 | - | 12.4 | 11.8 |
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | |||
54 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 9.2 |
56 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.3 |
55 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 10.4 |
56 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 10.0 |
55 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 10.4 |
52 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 13.8 |
57 | 9.0 | 10.4 | 8.9 |
59 | - | 11.3 | 10.1 |
- | 13.2 | 14.5 | |
56 | - | 12.6 | 13.7 |
56 | - | 12.6 | 14.4 |
59 | - | 13.3 | 15.2 |
59 | - | 11.4 | 11.0 |
57 | 8.9 | 11.1 | 11.0 |
55 | 7.7 | 10.4 | 9.0 |
58 | 10.4 | 11.3 | 10.7 |
56 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 10.8 |
54 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 11.7 |
60 | 14.9 | 13.5 | 15.5 |
52 | - | 10.0 | 12.1 |
- | 11.7 | 13.9 |
WEIGHT kg | ENERGY | ||
---|---|---|---|
Intake MJ/d. | Requirement MJ/d. | Expenditure MJ/d. | |
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | |||
64 | 9.2 | 9.7 | - |
8.3 | 9.2 | - | |
56 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 8.8 |
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | |||
54 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 8.5 |
47 | 9.0 | 7.1 | 7.9 |
47 | 8.1 | 7.2 | - |
46 | 9.5 | 7.8 | - |
49 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 8.2 |
50 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 8.1 |
- | 8.5 | 8.9 | |
51 | 10.0 | 11.1 | |
49 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 8.1 |
44 | 6.0 | 7.2 | - |
46 | - | 7.5 | 7.1 |
51 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 9.5 |
46 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 9.0 |
49 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 8.5 |
- | 7.4 | 8.2 | |
44 | 7.4 | 8.2 |
Fig. 1: Energy requirement by age (21) and relationship between mean daily energy intake and age, for male children from developed and developing countries
r = 0.922 p<0.001 log Y = 0. 6130 + 0.2957 log X
Fig. 2: Energy requirement by age (21) and mean daily energy intake of male children from developed countries.
Fig 3: Energy requirement by age (21) and mean daily energy intake of male children from developing countries.
Fig. 4: Energy requirement (21) and daily energy intake on weight basis for male children from developed and developing countries.
Fig. 5: Energy intake and expenditure, expressed as percent of energy requirement (21) of adult men in developed and developing countries. Arrows link the data of intake and expenditure obtained on the same group of subjects.
Fig. 6: Energy requirement by age (21) and relationship between mean daily energy intake and age, for female children from developed and developing countries.
r = 0.932 P < 0.001 log Y = 0.6047 + 0.2597 log X
Fig. 7: Energy requirement by age (21) and mean daily energy intake of female children from developed countries.
Fig. 8: Energy requirement by age (21) and mean daily energy intake of female children from developing countries.
Fig. 9: Energy requirement (21) and daily energy intake on weight basis for female children from developed and developing countries.
Fig. 10: Energy intake and expenditure, expressed as percent of energy requirement (21) of adult women in developed and developing countries. Arrows link the data of intake and expenditure obtained on the same group of subjects.