This Appendix deals with the definitions of the following statistical terms:
Definition of a fishery
Broad classification of a fishery and the definitions
Survey items and the definitions
3.1 Fishing establishment
3.2 Fishing operator's household
3.3 Fishing labourer's household
3.4 Fishing boat
3.5 Fishing unit
3.6 Number of trips
3.7 Area of fish pond
3.8 Fishermen
3.9 Catch yield in quantity
Note: For various classifications established for the new survey, see Appendix 3.
1. Definition of a fishery
Fishery refers to the economic activities of capture or culture of aquatic animals and plants.
Capture refers to the catching or gathering of aquatic animals and plants which grow naturally in public waters. Normally, capture involves living aquatic animals and plants, although gathering of shells, corals, etc., which are already dead, is also considered as capture.
Culture refers to the rearing of aquatic animals and plants with artificially constructed facilities. Normally, culture is undertaken in a water area which is surrounded by a dike, fence, etc., however, the culture of oyster, pearl oyster, etc., is often done with a raft or similar facilities. A distinction between capture and culture is that, in the former, aquatic animals and plants do not belong to anyone until they are caught, whereas in the latter, those under culture belong to a person or a group of persons who manage a culture enterprise.
Note:Any fishing, including culture, which is undertaken purely for research purposes is not considered as a fishery.
Any fishing, including culture, which is undertaken purely for home consumption is not considered as a fishery, unless the survey instructions specifically define its inclusion.
Sport fishing, undertaken purely for leisure, is not considered as a fishery.
2. Broad classifications of a fishery and the definitions
For statistical purposes in Indonesia, a fishery is classified into the following sectors and subsectors:
Marine fishery
1.1 Capture
1.2 Culture
Inland fishery
2.1 Capture in open waters
2.2 Culture in inland waters
2.2.1 Brackishwater culture
2.2.2 Freshwater culture
Fish pond culture
Cage and fence culture
Paddy field culture
For establishing the name of sectors or subsectors of a fishery, terms such as “marine”, “inland”, “brackishwater” and “freshwater”, which are closely related to the salinity of water, are used. It may be possible to define the nature of these different waters in terms of salinity. However, for day-to-day collection of fishery statistics, it is not possible to use salinity as the criteria to classify different sectors or subsectors of a fishery as established above, since the salinity of a water area always fluctuates due to tides and many other factors. Therefore, the definitions of sectors or subsectors of a fishery are defined without reference to the salinity of water where capture or culture takes place.
1.1 Capture in Marine Fishery refers to all types of capture activities undertaken by fishermen who are from fishing villages identified as “Marine Fishing Village” in the 1973 Fishery Census. There are many instances where large marine fishing villages are located near the mouth of a river, a lagoon, swamp, etc., and fishermen in such villages quite often conduct fishing operations not only at sea but also in waters within the mouth of a river, lagoon, swamp, etc. In the latter case, the water may sometimes be fresh but all capture activities performed by fishermen from such marine villages are considered as “Capture in marine fishery”, regardless of the salinity of water where the capture took place.
1.2 Culture in Marine Fishery refers to any type of culture activity performed in the sea or in waters located within the mouth of a river, lagoon, swamp, etc., which are all public waters, therefore, such a water area for culture is normally leased by a local government unit. (At present, with the exception of pearl culture, there is no culture in the marine fishery which has been developed on a commercial basis).
2.1 Capture in Open Waters refers to all capture activities performed in inland public waters, such as river, lakes, reservoirs, etc., which do not belong to any person. However, as mentioned above, all capture activities undertaken within the mouth of a river, lagoon, swamp, etc., by fishermen from marine fishing villages are not considered as capture in open water.
2.2 Culture in Inland Waters refers to any type of culture activities performed with the use of culture facilities, such as a fish pond, cage and fence, paddy field, etc., which were artificially constructed in an inland area.
Brackishwater culture refers mainly to culture of milkfish and shrimp with the use of the “tambak”, which is a fish pond constructed with the aim of culturing the above species. Water in the tambak is usually brackish, however, since milkfish can live even in fresh water, the nature of the water in the tambak may not be always brackish.
Freshwater Culture refers to fish culture with the use of fresh water. Species used for culture include carp, tilapia, gouramy, catfish and eel. One of these species or a combination of several are cultured. Freshwater culture, is further classified into “Fish pond”, “Cage and fence” and “Paddy field” culture, in accordance with the different structure of culture facilities.
3. Survey items: concepts and definitions
3.1 Fishing establishment
Fishing establishment is defined as an economic unit that has the intention of capturing or culturing aquatic resources.
A fishing establishment is limited to the unit which is directly responsible for the management of a fishing or culture operation. For example, when a fishing company has a head office and one or more branches and only a branch is responsible for the management of a fishing operation, only the branch is regarded as a fishing establishment. This is quite often seen in the case of a joint venture company. However, if both the head office and its branch are responsible for the management of a fishing operation, both are regarded as a fishing establishment.
The term fishing establishment covers the following categories:
1 Limited to a government fisheries institution which sells its catch. A good example is the
Fisheries Training Centre at Tegal.
2 Limited to a fisheries cooperative society that operate a fishery. Thus, a fisheries
cooperative society which handles fish sales, sales of fishing materials to fishermen,
fishing credit, etc., without its own fishing operation is excluded.
3 A fishing business run jointly by two fishing households or more who share its capital
or fishing boat and fishing gears. Unlike (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) above, such a
fishing establishment is not registered to any government organization.
4 See the definition in paragraph 3.2.
3.2 Fishing operator's household
The majority of fishing establishments in Indonesia are fishing operator's households. A fishing operator's household is defined as a household which engages in its own fishing. Normally the fishing operation is carried out by the members of the household. However, when the size of the fishing business becomes larger, the fishing operation is carried out by employed labour together with the household members or by employed labour only.
A fishing household which engages in its own fishing and also provides fishing labourers to others is also considered as a fishing operator's household.
3.3 Fishing labourer's household
A fishing labourers household is defined as a household which never engages in its own fishing and its household members are always employed by others as fishing labourers.
It often happens that a fishing labourer's household is mixed up with a fishing operator's household. However, it is important that a distinction between these two categories of household be clearly made during the course of the field survey.
3.4 Fishing boat
Nonpowered boat refers to a boat which does not use any engine for propulsion, thus the propulsion is either by sail or by oars.
1.1 Dugout boat refers to a boat, the hull of which is made of a log with the center dug out and shaped like a boat. A dugout enlarged with planks attached to both sides is also considered as a dugout boat.
1.2 Plank-built boat has the basic structure formed by a keel and a number of pairs of ribs attached to it. To form the shape of the boat a number of planks are attached to the ribs. Normally, the plank-built boat is made all of wood.
There may also be boats wholly or partly made of steel, fibreglass or ferro-cement. Such boats are also considered as plank-built boats.
Outboard-powered boat refers to a boat using an outboard engine attached to the outside of the boat either at the stern or at one side. The outboard engine is designed for easy removal at any time. The outboard engine can be installed either on a dugout or a plank-built boat.
Inboard-powered boat refers to a boat using an inboard engine which is firmly installed (fixed) inside the boat. The majority of the inboard-powered boats are made of wood. However, as the size of a boat becomes larger, it may be built of steel. A boat wholly or partly made of fibreglass or ferro-cement may also appear.
3.5 Fishing Unit
A fishing unit is a technical unit to operate in a certain fishery, and which normally consists of fishing boat, fishing gear and fishermen. Fishing units are classified in categories according to the type of fishing gear employed. Hence, when the same fishing boat employs two different types of gear or uses more than one type of gear at different times of a year, the number of fishing units is counted for each gear employed separately, although the same fishing boat is used.
A fishing unit normally consists of a single fishing boat, several fishermen and several units of fishing gear. However, there may be a case where a fishing unit is formed by two fishing boats or more, although this is seldom seen at present. For example a “boat liftnet” may be used by two boats or more to stretch the liftnet in every direction.
In the case of stationary or stationary-like gear, such as bagan, sero, kelong, etc., there may be a case where a fisherman works with two units or more than one unit of this gear with the same boat. In such a case, as an exception, one fishing unit is counted for each gear unit.
3.6 Number of trips
The number of trips is the number of trips made with the intention of fishing. Normally a trip is completed within the same day by leaving a village in the morning and returning there in the evening of the same day. There are also cases when a trip is made overnight by leaving a village in the evening and returning there in the morning of the following day. In either case such a trip is counted as one.
There are some fisheries such as the beach seine, scoopnet, sero, jermal, shellfish, or seaweed collection, etc., where several trips are made within the same day. For these, the number of days engaged in the fisheries is considered as the number of trips.
3.7 Area of fish pond
Gross area: The gross area of a pond normally refers to the area of pond registered to the government. It include not only the water area in a pond but also area for dikes, cottage, etc.
Net area: The net area of a pond refers to the water area surrounded by dikes. The area of land in the pond which is always exposed is excluded.
Area of cage or fence: Such areas refer to the water area surrounded by cage or fences.
3.8 Fisherman
Fisherman refers to a person who engages in fishing at sea or on inland open water. A person who works on land for net repairing, loading fishing material, unloading catch, etc. is excluded.
In the case of culture, only a person who directly engages in a culture operation, such as stocking fish seeds, feeding, fertilizing, replacing water, harvesting, etc., is counted.
In either of the above two cases, the owner of a boat or fish pond who is not involved in actual fishing/culture operation is excluded.
3.9 Catch/yield in quantity
Catch/yield refers to the total quantity of aquatic animals and plants which are caught from public waters or grown in culture facilities. It includes not only the portion of catch which was sold to others but also the rest of the catch or yield which was directly consumed by fisherman or given to employed workers as part of their wage or salary. However, catch which is discarded immediately after each fishing operation is not regarded as catch.
The term “catch” refers to the nominal catch, i.e., the live weight equivalent of the landings. Hence, when catch is processed before landing, the quantity of catch processed should be converted into the live weight in reporting the catch.
Catch of shellfish and aquatic plants should also be surveyed in terms of live weight. For shellfish, the weight of the shell is included. For aquatic plants, the live weight of seaweed should be used and if the dried weight of seaweed was obtained during the course of a survey, it should be converted into the live weight before reporting.
Fish caught by government research/training boats are regarded as catch when such fish were sold. Fish caught by sports fishermen are excluded.
