2. OVERALL SCOPE OF THE 1973 FISHERY CENSUS IN INDONESIA

The fishery census approach in Indonesia consists of two components: one is the CBS fishery census and the other the DGF fishery census. The overall scope of these censuses (Tables 1 and 2) is illustrated herein.

2.1 CBS FISHERY CENSUS

As the CBS fishery census was undertaken within the framework of the 1973 CBS agriculture census, its overall structure must first be mentioned. Like many other censuses, the agriculture census followed two steps, i.e., (i) complete enumeration and (ii) sample census.

During the course of the complete enumeration, all agriculture holdings and fishing establishments/households were identified. This means that the identification of agriculture and fishing households were done simultaneously, whereas, the sample census was undertaken for the agriculture sector and fishery sector separately. The sample census of the fishery sector was undertaken for the marine fishery and brackishwater culture separately.

Besides the above censuses, which were the mainstay of the 1973 agriculture census, in order to obtain fishery data which are not covered by the fishery sample census, a marine village survey was undertaken supplementary to the said census.

2.1.1 Complete Enumeration of 1973 Agriculture Census

Owing to the limitation of funds available to the agriculture census, the complete enumeration was confined to all provinces in Sumatra, Java and Bali plus four provinces outside these islands. The enumeration took place in August 1973. Yet, this gave a great advantage to the fishery sample census, as it provided the total number of fishing households at least for areas covered by the fishery sample census.

2.1.2 CBS Fishery Sample Census

This sample census covered marine fishery and brackishwater culture in Sumatra, Java and Bali with the following objectives:

1. to clarify the basic economic structure of marine fishery and brackishwater culture,

2. to clarify various economic characteristics of marine fishery and brackishwater culture undertaking, and

3. to provide data concerning socioeconomic aspects of fishing households and fishermen.

This sample census constituted the mainstay of the 1973 fishery census, and it took place in December 1973 and January 1974. A census block established as the area unit in the 1971 population census was also used as a sampling unit in the fishery census. Further detail will be illustrated in Section 3.1.

¹ Area coverage for each survey is seen in Table 2
² This is, of course, part of the objectives of Agriculture Census proposed by FAO

¹ Done for agriculture and fishery together
² Limited to fishing household/establishment with powered boat

The sample census was featured particularly in terms of its coverage. Normally a fishery census covers only fishing establishments and fishing operator's households which actually engage in their own fishing. In the present sample census not only (i) fishing establishments/ fishing operator's households but also (ii) fishing labourer's households, whose family members are employed by the former merely as fishing labourers, were covered. This made it possible to clarify the difference in socioeconomic status between fishing operator's households and fishing labourer's households. With the above coverage it was also possible to estimate the actual number of fishermen without making a double counting.

2.1.3 CBS Marine Village Survey

This village survey covered marine fishery and brackishwater culture in Sumatra, Java and Bali. The survey was undertaken concurrently with the above sample census. Items of information were obtained by contacting mainly the heads of the villages.

As is noted from 2.1.2 above, fishery data obtainable from the sample census are confined to those relating to the primary phase of a fishing industry, i.e., fishing or fish culture activities. Whereas, in the village survey, an attempt was made to clarify the general status of a fishing industry as a whole. Thus, the marine village survey covered not only the primary phase of a fishing industry but also its secondary phase: fish processing and its third phase: fish marketing, activities of fishery cooperatives and the fishery infrastructure. Survey items covered by this survey can be seen in Form H5, which is given in Appendix 3.

2.1.4 CBS Agriculture Sample Census

The agriculture sample census, which was the mainstay of the 1973 CBS agriculture census, covered in principle the entire area of the country. Only West Irian Province was excluded, due to administrative difficulties. Actual implementation of the agriculture sample census took place in September 1973.

According to the FAO programme of the World Agriculture Census, only fishing activity which took place within the boundary of agriculture holdings is to be enumerated. Such a principle is acceptable in many advanced countries, where normally a holding is extremely large in area and its farm land is clearly demarcated by a fence. Such a holding is, however, hardly seen in Asian countries, including Indonesia.

It was, therefore, decided that fishing activities to be covered by the agriculture sample census of Indonesia should be those which took place regardless of whether they were inside or outside of the boundary of a holding. Fishery survey items covered by the agriculture sample census can be seen in Form C9, which is given in Appendix 3.

2.2 DGF FISHERY CENSUS

In Indonesia, a fishing household using a non-powered boat or without using any boats and a fishing labourer's household are quite dominant and are found in every fishing village. Whereas, owing to the lesser development of fishing boat mechanization, fishing establishments/ households using powered boats are found only in particular fishing villages. Apparently, a stratification was needed in the design of the CBS fishery sample census.

There were few fishing establishments/households with powered boats and so it was not a difficult task to prepare a complete list for them. However, owing to the late decision to take a fishery census, it was not possible to prepare such a list. As a result, the CBS marine fishery sample census was designed without any stratification. For this reason, the number of sample fishing establishments/households with powered boats which were enumerated by the CBS marine fishery sample census was too small for useful data analysis (incomplete coverage).

Apart from this, a new national fishery production survey which was to be initiated immediately after the 1973 fishery census needed a sampling frame for provinces which were not covered by the complete enumeration of the 1973 CBS agriculture census. Also, some basic fishery statistics which become available from the CBS marine fishery sample census were needed for the remaining area of Indonesia.

To remedy these shortcomings of the CBS fishery census, the DGF undertook the following two surveys:

2.2.1 Additional Fishery Census (DGF Fishery Sample Census)

This additional fishery census, which is mentioned hereunder as the DGF fishery sample census, was undertaken but limited to marine fishing establishments/households with powered boats in Sumatra, Java and Bali. The DGF fishery sample census which consisted of (i) complete enumeration and (ii) sample census took place in April and May 1975.

In the complete enumeration of the DGF fishery sample census, a complete list of fishing establishments/households with powered boats was prepared. Such a complete list was needed for the new national fishery production survey as well. Therefore, as seen in Table 2, the complete enumeration of the DGF sample census was made for the entire area of the country.

To compare data collected by the CBS sample census and the DGF sample census, the same questionnaire used by the former was used for the latter. There was a time lag between the two, but this was unavoidable to remedy the incomplete coverage of the CBS sample census.

2.2.2 DGF Marine Village Survey

To establish a sampling frame for a new national production survey and at the same time to secure some basic fishery statistics, the DGF village survey was undertaken for the areas which were not covered by the CBS sample census. For comparison of data collected by both the CBS village survey and the DGF village survey, the same questionnaire was used by both surveys.