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FIGURE 1. Worldwide distribution of acid sulfate soils
World Fish Production 1977–82
(106 mt)
1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | |
World Total of which: | 68.5 | 70.2 | 71.2 | 72.3 | 75.1 | 76.8 |
Inland waters | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 8.6 |
Marine areas | 61.4 | 63.2 | 64.0 | 64.7 | 66.8 | 68.2 |
Source: FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Vol.54, 1984
TABLE 2
Overview of Fish and Shellfish Resources
Status (1981) (in million tons) | Potential (Additional) | |||||
Food | Reduction | Not used | Total | Not Landed | ||
CONVENTIONAL | ||||||
Freshwater (capture) | 5.6 | 5.6 | 4.5 | |||
Freshwater (culture) | 3.5 | 3.5 | (?)4 | |||
MARINE | ||||||
Cultured | 0.5 | 0.5 | (?)4 | |||
Demersal | 14.0 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 22.0 | 4–52 | 55 |
Small pelagic | 18.8 | 14.6 | 33.4 | 5–15 | ||
Others | 3.2 | + | 3.2 | 23 | ||
Crustaceans | 2.7 | 2.7 | 0.7 | |||
Molluscs (mainly culture) | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4 | |||
UNCONVENTIONAL | ||||||
Cephalopods | 1.3 | 0.1 | + | 1.4 | 4 | |
Mesopelagic | ? | + | + | 100+ | ||
Euphausids | + | 0.4 | 0.4 | 50+ | ||
WORLD TOTAL1 | 53.0 | 22.1 | 1.0 | 76.1 | 4–5 | 18–285 |
of which aquaculture | 7.4(14%) | |||||
of which capture | 45.6 (86%) |
1 Excludes seaweed, aquatic plants and residuals.
4 Aquaculture potentials are not resource dependent to a large extent.
6 A substantial spoilage loss has not been included in this category.
Note: For the purpose of this Table, “Marine Fish” unspecified has been divided between demersal and pelagic (50/50).
Updated from: FAO/NORAD, 1982, Fishery products and the consumer in developing countries. Report of the FAO/NORAD Round Table Discussion on fishery products and the consumer in developing countries. Frazer's Hill, Malaysia, 11–16 January 1982. FAO Fish.Rep., (271):37 p., p.15
TABLE 3
Daily Protein Supply and Proportion of Fish Protein in Daily Intake1
(Average values for 1979–1981)
Total Protein | of which | Animal Protein | of which | Fish Protein | Fish Protein as a Percentage of | ||
Grams per caput per day | Total Protein | Animal Protein | |||||
N. America | 104.9 | 70.6 | 3.6 | 3.4% | 5.1% | ||
W. Europe | 98.1 | 56.3 | 4.9 | 5.0% | 8.6% | ||
Oceania | 94.7 | 61.5 | 3.3 | 3.5% | 5.3% | ||
E. Europe & USSR | 100.6 | 51.4 | 7.2 | 7.2% | 14.0% | ||
Other developed m.econ. | 86.5 | 43.1 | 19.2 | 22.2% | 44.5% | ||
TOTAL DEVELOPED | 98.9 | 56.2 | 7.5 | 7.6% | 13.3% | ||
Africa | 55.0 | 11.4 | 2.8 | 5.0% | 24.6% | ||
Latin America | 67.2 | 27.7 | 2.6 | 3.9% | 9.4% | ||
N. East | 78.0 | 18.8 | 1.3 | 1.7% | 7.0% | ||
Far East | 51.1 | 7.9 | 2.5 | 4.9% | 31.3% | ||
Other developing m.ec. | 50.4 | 20.2 | 6.6 | 13.0% | 32.3% | ||
Asian centrally planned econ. | 58.6 | 11.2 | 1.9 | 3.2% | 17.0% | ||
TOTAL DEVELOPING | 57.5 | 12.3 | 2.3 | 4.0% | 20.7% | ||
WORLD | 68.3 | 23.2 | 3.7 | 5.4% | 15.9% |
1 Source: FAO, 1984. Food Balance Sheets, 1979–81 Average
TABLE 4
World Landings of Shrimps by Major Producing Countries a
(103t - Live Weight)
Country | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 |
China | 102 | 33 | 40 | 29 | 125 | 197 | 234 | 131 | 167 | 193 |
India | 160 | 208 | 246 | 246 | 198 | 233 | 187 | 183 | 250 | 176 |
United States | 176 | 173 | 169 | 157 | 184 | 216 | 192 | 152 | 162 | 161 |
Indonesia | 65 | 60 | 58 | 68 | 121 | 146 | 150 | 155 | 136 | 160 |
Thailand | 67 | 113 | 92 | 105 | 111 | 138 | 143 | 131 | 133 | 121 |
Malaysia | 60 | 65 | 78 | 48 | 58 | 64 | 82 | 86 | 84 | 95 |
Brazil | 57 | 49 | 43 | 43 | 38 | 51 | 55 | 79 | 74 | 79 |
Mexico | 75 | 73 | 74 | 69 | 72 | 72 | 67 | 74 | 77 | 72 |
Vietnam | 40 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 |
Japan | 57 | 62 | 79 | 69 | 61 | 54 | 60 | 53 | 51 | 55 |
Norway | 10 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 25 | 26 | 32 | 34 | 45 | 41 |
Greenland | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 13 | 23 | 36 | 40 |
Philippines | 33 | 32 | 36 | 40 | 41 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 26 | 37 |
Pakistan | 18 | 21 | 16 | 17 | 22 | 20 | 19 | 24 | 26 | 30 |
Australia | 18 | 17 | 24 | 16 | 19 | 22 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 27 |
Spain | 33 | 35 | 32 | 41 | 37 | 26 | 28 | 15 | 18 | 26 |
Korea, Rep.of | 10 | 21 | 18 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 24 |
Ecuador | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 18 | 20 |
Panama | 10 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 15 |
Canada | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 15 |
Subtotalb | 1 010 | 1 070 | 1 120 | 1 090 | 1 240 | 1 430 | 1 420 | 1 310 | 1 440 | 1 450 |
WORLD TOTAL b | 1 220 | 1 290 | 1 350 | 1 330 | 1 500 | 1 670 | 1 690 | 1 570 | 1 700 | 1 700 |
b Data rounded to nearest 104 t.
TABLE 5
Exports of Shrimps from World's 30 Largest Exporters a
(103t - Live Weight Equivalent) b
Country | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 |
India | 71 | 80 | 87 | 74 | 82 |
Mexico | 60 | 63 | 58 | 59 | 54 |
Indonesia | 47 | 51 | 56 | 53 | 44 |
China | 12 | 22 | 32 | 35 | 40 |
Denmark | 24 | 25 | 26 | 38 | 39 |
Greenland | 15 | 9 | 16 | 30 | 38 |
Thailand | 23 | 26 | 32 | 32 | 34 |
Malaysia | 36 | 37 | 39 | 34 | 34 |
Norway | 21 | 16 | 17 | 23 | 22 |
Netherlands | 12 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 20 |
Hong Kong | 20 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Taiwan, Province of China | 11 | 13 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
Ecuador | 6 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 18 |
Australia | 12 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 18 |
Pakistan | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 16 |
United States | 24 | 28 | 24 | 15 | 15 |
Panama | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 12 |
Brazil | 5 | 7 | 12 | 11 | 12 |
Bangladesh | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 9 |
Faeroe Islands | 19 | 15 | 11 | 13 | 7 |
Canada | 3 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 |
Senegal | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
Cuba | 8 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 6 |
Mozambique | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 6 |
Philippines | 4 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 5 |
Madagascar | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
El Salvador | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
Burma | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
Japan | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
Honduras | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
TOTAL | 478 | 506 | 563 | 585 | 605 |
a Derived from: International Shrimp Market, UNCTAD/GATT, 1983.
b Data rounded to nearest 104t.
TABLE 6
Imports of Shrimps into Major Markets a
(103t - Live Weight Equivalents) a
Country | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 |
Japan | 192 | 222 | 244 | 223 | 251 |
United States | 157 | 137 | 155 | 151 | 154 |
France | 29 | 30 | 37 | 41 | 42 |
United Kingdom | 18 | 34 | 35 | 41 | 36 |
Hong Kong | 24 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 26 |
Netherlands | 13 | 16 | 18 | 23 | 23 |
Sweden | 18 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 17 |
Canada | 17 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 16 |
Germany, F.R. | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 14 |
Spain | 11 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 13 |
BLEU | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 13 |
Italy | 4 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 10 |
Australia | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 10 |
Singapore | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 7 |
Switzerland | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
TOTAL | 521 | 553 | 613 | 616 | 635 |
a Derived from: International Shrimp Market, UNCTAD/GATT, 1983.
TABLE 7
Milkfish Production in the Philippines a
Year | Area (×1000 ha) | Production (×1000 t) | Yield kg/ha/yr |
1952 | 89 | 31 | 350 |
1953 | 96 | 33 | 350 |
1954 | 100 | 35 | 350 |
1955 | 105 | 37 | 350 |
1956 | 110 | 38 | 350 |
1957 | 113 | 39 | 350 |
1958 | 117 | 60 | 510 |
1959 | 120 | 58 | 490 |
1960 | 123 | 60 | 490 |
1961 | 126 | 61 | 480 |
1962 | 129 | 61 | 480 |
1963 | 132 | 62 | 470 |
1964 | 134 | 63 | 470 |
1965 | 137 | 63 | 460 |
1966 | 139 | 64 | 460 |
1967 | 140 | 64 | 460 |
1968 | 163 | 87 | 530 |
1969 | 164 | 95 | 580 |
1970 | 168 | 96 | 570 |
1971 | 171 | 98 | 570 |
1972 | 174 | 99 | 570 |
1973 | 176 | 100 | 570 |
1974 | 176 | 113 | 640 |
1975 | 176 | 106 | 610 |
1976 | 176 | 113 | 640 |
1977 | 176 | 116 | 660 |
1978 | 176 | 119 | 670 |
1979 | 176 | 134 | 760 |
1980 | 176 | 136 | 770 |
TABLE 8
Ages of Philippines Milkfish Ponds, 1978 and 1980 and pH of pond soils 1983
(Data originate from three different surveys) a
Province | pH | 1978 Average age (years) | 1980 Average age (years) |
Cagayan | - | 5 | - |
Pangasinan | - | 22 | - |
Bulacan | 6.5 | 44 | 41 |
Quezon | - | - | 18 |
Mindoro Oriental | 5.5 | - | 15 |
Masbate | - | 13 | - |
Iloilo | - | 30 | - |
Capiz | 5.9 | - | 20 |
Negros (Oriental) | 6.1 | - | 27 |
Bohol | 5.3 | 10 | 15 |
Lanao del Norte | 5.5 | - | 15 |
Zamboanga del Sur | - | 15 | - |
Sample average | - | 20 | 23 |
TABLE 9
Estimated Capital Costs and Annual Operating Costs and Break-even
Production for Tidal and Pump-Operated Systems per 1 ha of Water Area a
Tidal pond | Pumped pond | ||
Natural ground elevation | 0.9–1.2 m | 1.5–1.8 m | 1.8–2.7 m |
Capital cost | US$ 35 752 | US$ 51 233 | US$ 27 293 |
US$ 6 405 | US$ 9 067 | US$ 5 931 | |
Break-even production of shrimp | 1 143 kg | 1 618 kg | 1 059 kg |
a Source: Cook, Pongsuwana and Wechasitt, 1984
1 A 12% interest rate on loan is assumed
TABLE 10
Areas of Tropical Forest (1980) a
Region | Mangrove Areas (×1000 ha) | Mangrove Areas (×1000 ha) | Total b Tropical “Forest” (×1000 ha) |
Central America and Mexico | 1 490 | ||
CARICOM | 240 | ||
Other Caribbean | 600 | ||
Tropical South Latin America | 3 460 | ||
Tropical America (23 countries) | 5 780 | 900 000 | |
Northern Savanna Region | 230 | ||
West Africa | 1 650 | ||
Central Africa | 610 | ||
East Africa and Madagascar | 920 | ||
Tropical Africa (37 countries) | 3 400 | 700 000 | |
South Asia | 850 | ||
Continental Southeast Asia | 1 130 | ||
Insular Southeast Asia | 3 420 | ||
Centrally planned tropical Asia | 330 | ||
Papua New Guinea | 550 | ||
Tropical Asia (16 countries) | 6 280 | 340 000 | |
TOTAL (76 countries) | 15 500 | 1 940 000 |
b Lanly, 1982; Table 1f, tree cover not affected by agriculture.
TABLE 11
World's Major Mangrove Areas, Population Densities and Per Capita GNP a
Country | Area of Mangroves (103ha) | Population Density (n/km2) | Per Capita GNP (US$) |
Brazil | 2 500 | 14 | 2 220 |
Indonesia | 2 180 | 78 | 530 |
Australia | 1 160 | 2 | 11 080 |
Nigeria | 970 | 95 | 870 |
Venezuela | 670 | 17 | 4 220 |
Mexico | 660 | 36 | 2 250 |
Malaysia | 650 | 43 | 1 840 |
Burma | 520 | 50 | 190 |
Senegal | 500 | 30 | 430 |
Panama | 490 | 25 | 1 910 |
Colombia | 440 | 23 | 1 380 |
Bangladesh | 420 | 630 | 140 |
Papua New Guinea | 410 | 7 | 460 |
India | 360 | 210 | 260 |
Malagasy | 320 | 15 | 330 |
Vietnam | 290 | 169 | - |
Gabon | 250 | 3 | 2 420 |
Pakistan | 250 | 105 | 350 |
Philippines | 250 | 165 | 790 |
Ecuador | 220 | 30 | 1 180 |
United States | 210 | 25 | 12 820 |
Cameroon | 200 | 18 | 880 |
TOTAL OF MAJOR MANGROVE AREAS | 13 900 |
a Source: Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984.
TABLE 12
World Distribution of Some Problem Soils a
(106ha)
Region | Acid Sulfate Soils | Peat Soils | Planasols | Saline and Sodic Soils |
Asia and Far East | 6.7 | 23.5 | 2.7 | 19.5 |
Africa | 3.7 | 12.2 | 15.9 | 69.5 |
Latin America | 2.1 | 7.4 | 67.2 | 59.4 |
North America | 0.1 | 117.8 | 12.3 | 16.0 |
Near and Middle East | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 53.1 |
Australia | 0.0 | 4.1 | 49.3 | 84.7 |
Europe | 0.0 | 75.0 | 4.0 | 20.7 |
WORLD TOTAL | 12.6 | 240.0 | 151.4 | 322.9 |