FAO FORESTRY PAPER 93
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1990
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
M-30
ISBN 92-5-102912-1
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© FAO 1990
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1. Descriptions of manufacturing processes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sawmilling1.2.1 Log sorting and barking
1.2.2 Log sawing or breakdown
1.2.3 Sorting and grading
1.2.4 Drying
1.2.5 Regrading and surfacing1.3.1 Log sorting, conditioning and barking
1.3.2 Peeling, reeling and clipping
1.3.3 Veneer drying
1.3.4 Assembly
1.3.5 Pressing
1.3.6 Finishing1.4.1 Particle preparation
1.4.2 Particle drying and screening
1.4.3 Blending and mat forming
1.4.4 Pressing
1.4.5 Board finishing
2.1 Energy consumed by the industry
2.2 Energy supply
2.2.1 Electric power
2.2.2 Heat
2.2.3 Heat applications
2.2.4 Secondary energy2.4 Specific energy consumption
2.4.1 Factors which influence energy consumption
2.4.2 Specific energy requirements2.5 Proportional energy utilization in the manufacturing process
3. Government energy conservation policies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Common policy aims
3.3 A selection of adopted national energy policies
3.4 Energy policies of selected developed countries
3.4.1 United Kingdom
3.4.2 Canada
3.4.3 Sweden
3.4.4 Finland
3.4.5 United States
3.4.6 France
3.4.7 Germany
3.4.8 Greece3.5 Suggested recommendations for Government action
4. Managing an energy conservation programme
4.1.1 Fuel price increases
4.1.2 Benefits of energy conservation
4.1.3 Some examples of reasons held for caution4.3 Staff development, training and motivation
4.4 Investment appraisal
4.5 Strategic approach to planning
5. The role of design and equipment selection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Plant layout, building design and equipment selection
5.2.1 Wood-yard and plant layout
5.2.2 Buildings
5.2.3 Equipment selection5.3.1 Log handling, washing and barking
5.3.2 Raw materials for particleboard manufacture
5.3.3 Conveying systems
5.3.4 Importance of buffer stocks
5.3.5 Mobile equipment5.4 Log breakdown, peeling and particle reduction
5.4.1 Sawing
5.4.2 Veneer peeling
5.4.3 Peeler-log conditioning
5.4.4 Particle reduction5.5.1 Kiln drying of lumber
5.5.2 Air drying and pre-drying
5.5.3 Veneer drying
5.5.4 Particle drying
5.5.5 Heat recovery5.7 Primary finishing
5.8 Services
5.8.1 Boiler plant
5.8.2 Steam and condensate system
5.8.3 Electrical power
5.8.4 Lighting
5.8.5 Compressed air
6. The potential use of wood residues for energy generation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sources of available wood residues
6.2.1 Forest residues
6.2.2 Mill-site generated wood waste
6.2.3 Integrated production
6.2.4 Alternative uses of residues6.3 The fuel value of wood residues
6.3.1 Heating value
6.3.2 Effect of moisture content and particle size on heat values6.4 The preparation of wood waste fuel
6.4.1 Collection and handling
6.4.2 Storage
6.4.3 Size reduction and screening
6.4.4 Fuel drying
6.4.5 Densification6.5 Applications for waste-based energy
6.6 Combustion
6.6.1 Firetube and watertube boilers
6.6.2 Pile burners
6.6.3 Suspension and cyclone burners
6.6.4 Fluidized-bed combustors6.7.1 Restrictive regulations and penalties
6.7.2 Economic considerations