Information on the genera Moniezia, Thysanosoma, Avitellina, Stilesia and Anaplocephala of this cestode family is included in the data base. Generally, the pathogenic effects of these infections are considered to be of minor importance and only occasionally causing problems in young animal hosts.
The majority of the species show a cosmopolitan distribution.
The relevant references are presented in Annexes XI, XII and XIII.
AMERICA
Region 1. Central America and the Caribbean
Information on the presence of Moniezia expansa and M. benedeni in sheep and cattle in Mexico exist (04540, 03439). Moniezia has been recorded as a parasite in sheep in Jamaica (05994).
Thysanosoma actinoides infections are described in goats and sheep (04540).
Region 2. Equatorial America
In Colombia and Venezuela Moniezia infections in cattle are described (01352, 02485), and in goats and sheep in Brasil (00733, 06177). Anaplocephala perfoliata infections are present in horses in Colombia (02485).
Region 3. Southern Latin America
The information is limited. Thysanosoma actinoides infection of sheep have been recorded in Uruguay (00676), together with Moniezia infections in cattle and goats (04599, 03786). Anaplocephala perfoliata infections occur in horses in Chile (03563). In Argentina references show that cattle and sheep are infected with Moniezia (07183, 00724).
AFRICA
Region 4. Northern Africa
Moniezia infections were noticed in sheep in Morocco and Sudan (00634, 03595) and in cattle and buffaloes in Egypt (07135). Infections with M. expansa are described in Ethiopian cattle (06197).
Region 5. Equatorial Africa
The majority of the references concern Moniezia infections in cattle. Non specified observations on Moniezia were described from Senegal (02822), Uganda (06006) and Kenya (07199).
M. benedeni occurrence was noticed for cattle in Ghana (03149), in Togo (00773), in Congo (02731) and Uganda (03033). For cattle infections with M. expansa were only noticed in Gambia and Uganda (03033).
In sheep and goats M. expansa was observed in Congo (03609). Other publications describes the presence of Moniezia spp. in goats, sheep and camels in Kenya (03361, 03230) and Mozambique (02138).
Region 6. Southern Africa
The only reference concerns M. expansa infections in goats in Zambia (18 %, 03098).
ASIA
Region 7. South Western Asia and India
In the western part of the region only infections in sheep are described. In Syria and Afghanistan M. benedeni is incriminated (06478, 02285). Non specified Moniezia infections were observed in Iran (07070) and in Afghanistan (03733).
In Pakistan and India this group of cestodes have been recorded in cattle and buffaloes (M. expansa (03159, 05871) and by M. benedeni (03159, 05871, 04027). In addition to M. expansa observations in sheep (05871, 02198), Avitellina spec. was noticed in small ruminants (02873). Moniezia infections were described in goats in Sikkim (00809) and in sheep in Nepal (05622).
In this region Stilesia infections were observed in goats in Iran (06362) and in Sikkim (00809).
Region 8. Central East Asia
In China publications focus mainly upon M. expansa in cattle, goats and sheep (08908, 02751). M. benedeni was observed in Chinese sheep (03225) and in cattle in Korea (01123) and on Taiwan (05698). Interesting are the observations on Moniezia presence in the Yak (03461) and on Anaplocephala spp. in horses (03461).
Region 9. South East Asia
Non specified Moniezia infections have been described in the Philippines and Indonesia in cattle, buffaloes and goats (04033, 04034) and in cattle and sheep (00578, 01091). The presence of M. benedeni in buffaloes in Thailand is mentioned in 00074, and in Malaysian sheep in 07014. In Malaysia infections of sheep and goats with M. expansa were noticed as well (07014, 07132).
Because of its well known zoonotic importance legislative actions are in operation in many countries to control the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus. Although the hydatic cysts are localized in in a wide spectrum of organs of herbivorous animals, the direct pathogenic effects of the invasion are limited.
Safe disposal of condemned abattoir offals eliminate the possibility of infection of the definitive hosts (canine animals) effectively. The observations on the presence of hydatid infections are presented in the data base as an overall distribution. Therefore, no attempt has been made to describe the available material in details. In all situations where canine animals have access to offals of herbivorous animals, and share their grazing area prevalence figures are high.
The distribution of Echinococcus spp. is presented in figure 6.
AMERICA
Region 1. Central America and the Caribbean
Echinococcus cysts have been described in pigs (04547), cattle (03407) and horses (05994).
Region 2. Equatorial America
Infections are known all over the region in cattle sheep and pigs. A high incidence of 42–50 % was described in Peru (06906).
Region 3. Southern Latin America
Situation seems comparable to that in region 2. A high incidence was found in sheep in Argentina (47 %, 02906).
AFRICA
Region 4. Northern Africa
Infections have been described from nearly all countries within the region. Prevalence figures in camels are sometimes excessively high f.i. in Egypt 90 % (03221), in Sudan 30 % (05757) and in Somalia 15 % (03243). The infection hasnot been described in goats.
Region 5. Equatorial Africa
Picture is comparable to region 4, although the incidence in goats and pigs is higher. The Central African Republic and Congo claim to be free (01462).
Region 6. Southern Africa
In the data the only references concern infections of cattle in Zambia. Incidence is low (0–4 %, 07433, 00454).
ASIA
Region 7. South West Asia and India
With regard to the countries around Saudi- Arabia, nearly all helminthological information is limited to E. granulosus infections. Infections are common in all herbivorous animals including camels in Kuwait (39.6 %, 00869) and donkeys in Jordan (17 %, 00891). Estimated incidence figures in pigs in India are generally low, but percentages of 76 have been found as well (04119).
The scarce observations in yaks in India and Sikkim indicate a high prevalence (80 %, 03811, 03729)
Region 8. Central East Asia
Echinococcus infections have been described from China in yak, goat, sheep, horse and pig studies (07090, 01451).
Region 9. South East Asia
The information is restricted to one reference concerning buffaloes on the Philippines (03007)
Fig. 6 Distribution of Echinococcus spp. in developing countries
This chapter will concentrate on the geographical distribution of Cysticercus infections according to the literature survey.
With regard to C. cellulosae infections in pigs and Coenurus infections in sheep the distribution patterns within the area concerned are presented in figure 7.
AMERICA
Region 1. Central America and the Caribbean
C.bovis infections are described from cattle in Mexico, Cuba and Guatemala 07100, 01063 and 02459.
In Cuba infections with C. tenuicollis in goats and sheep are mentioned (01372).
Infections of pigs with C. cellulosae (prevalence figure 25%) are described in Mexico (01662, 03701, 03768, 04096).
Region 2. Equatorial America
C. bovis infections in cattle are noticed in Colombia (04245) and Brasil (1.8 %, 06111, 06504). In the latter country C. tenuicollis infections were described in sheep and goats (00733, 08565).
Prevalence of C. cellulosae infections in pigs in Ecuador were determined at 5.7 % (02207), in Peru at 3.5 % (02664) and in Brasil prevalence figures of 3 % resp. 12.4 % are mentioned (02596, 03009, 00511 and 02378).
Region 3. Southern Latin America
With regard to cattle, C. bovis infections are recorded from Chile (02302) and Argentina (0.2 %, 03732). Information on infections with C. ovis in sheep are available from Uruguay (02883). In a goats survey in Argentina the prevalence of C. tenuicollis was determined at 25 % (03953).
In Chile the presence of C. cellulosae and C. tenuicollis in pigs was described (02205, 06343).
AFRICA
Region 4. Northern Africa
C. bovis infections in cattle are widespread. The infection is described from Egypt (2 %, 03142), Sudan (01110), Ethiopia (01485, 06197) and Somalia (03167).
C. tenuicollis infections in cattle are known from Sudan (02913) and Ethiopia (06197), and the cysts of Taenia hyena were recorded from this country as well (06307).
In sheep and goats infections by several cysticerci species were noticed in Ethiopia (37 %, 01193; C. tenuicollis 16 %, 00922) and in Mauritania (01065). A non-specified cysticercus infection in camels was noticed in Somalia (03665).
Infections in pigs by C. cellulosae were described in Chad (09049).
Region 5. Equatorial Africa
Cattle infections by C. bovis are widespread. Prevalence figures from Senegal (20 %, 03739), Nigeria (0.2– 9 %; 03634, 05842), Cameroon ( 7.2 %, 00965), Tanzania (0–27 %, 02519) and Kenya (38 %, 05972; 62 %, 05530) illustrates this. In a certain region of Kenya a decline from 15 to 8 % during the last years, was described (04182). Sylvatic cycles are not present (05844, 03715).
In Cameroon and Congo C. cellulosae is present in pigs (01979; 0–8 %, 02656) and in the Central African Republic it is claimed that Cestode infections are absent (02335).
Region 6. Southern Africa
In Zambia a prevalence of 1.5 % of C. bovis infections in cattle has been determined (07433). In Botswana the incidence has increased to 13 %. Stringent control measures are necessary to save the meat export (01408).
In Zimbabwe the presence of C. bovis infections is stipulated in references 00858 and 00669 (2 %).
In this country the prevalence of C. cellulosae infections in pigs was 1 % (00858).
ASIA
Region 7. South West Asia and India
C. bovis infections in catle and buffaloes are recorded from most countries in the region. For cattle they were found in Israel (03950), Iraq (0.3 -2 %, 03808, 00565) and India (3.6 %, 03526; 1.7 %, 03496). In Turkey C. bovis was only found in 0.5 % of buffaloes (00973). It is claimed that the infection in buffaloes is absent from Iraq (00565). In India prevalence in buffaloes was 0.8 % (03526).
In India Coenurus infections, due to Taenia multiceps were described in buffaloes (07174). These cysts are however more common in sheep and goats, as indicated by the prevalence figures from Turkey (07173: 7 %, 03965), Iraq (3 %, 05831) and India (goats 22.6 %, 07056). However, in small ruminants the most common representative of this parasite group is C. tenuicollis, resulting in prevalence figures of 57 % in sheep in Turkey (03965) and of 37 % in India (04160). In goats in Iraq the incidence was determined at 9.4 % (00565) and in an Indian survey at 27 % (04160, 05424).
C. ovis information in this literature survey is restricted to sheep in Turkey (1 %, 03965) and India (03082).
Infections of C. cellulosae in pigs are described in Iran (02243) and India (21 %, 07056; 8 %, 03793). In this host infections by C. tenuicollis (8 %,04160; 05424) and with Coenurus spec. were described as well (03793).
Region 8. Central East Asia
The information is limited to C. cellulosae infections in pigs in China (00467) and Korea (00672, 00603, 06843). In Taiwan C. tenuicollis was described in the same host species (06020).
Region 9. South East Asia
In Thailand the presence of non specified Cysticercus in cattle has been described (01495). It is presumed that C. bovis is responsible. In Malaysia (03305) and on the Philippines (06461) C. bovis was described in cattle and buffaloes.
Infections of goats and sheep with C. tenuicollis are known from Malaysia (07131, 04210).
In the Philippines C. cellulosae infections in pigs were noticed with a prevalence of 0.3– 9 % (01184, 01185, 01186) and it has been recorded in Indonesia as well (06087).
Fig. 7 Distribution of Cysticercus cellulosae in pigs and Coenurus spp. in sheep in developing countries
