Edited by Chandra A. Madramootoo William R. Johnston and Lyman S. Willardson
Water Reports 13
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1997
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
M-56
ISBN 92-5-104058-3
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO 1997
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
List of symbols, abbreviations and acronyms
Need for artificial drainage
Agricultural, environmental and socio-economic benefits of drainage
Types of drainage systemsSurface drainage
Subsurface drainage
Secondary drainage treatmentsEnvironmental impact assessment
Water quality issues
Drainage water management and disposal optionsOn-farm source control
Re-use of drainage water
Disposal and management of drainage water in closed basins
Water table managementPlanning and designing drainage systems to protect and enhance water quality
Chapter 2 - Drainage water quality
Pesticides
Toxic trace elements
Nutrients
Sediment
Bacteria
Temperature
Salinity and major ions
Sulphurous compoundsDomestic and drinking water
Industrial supply
Agricultural supply
Aquatic life
Recreation
Chapter 3 - Water table management
Chapter 4 - Drainage water re-use
Effects of salinity on crop growth and yield
Agricultural management practices
Managing cycling and blending strategiesRe-use for saline agriculture and forestry
Concept of agriculture-forestry systems and solar evaporators
System design and planningRe-use of surface drainage water
Re-use of subsurface drainage water
Chapter 5 - Drainage water treatment
Physical, chemical and biological treatment processes
Selection of treatment process
Methods of treatment
Physical/chemical treatment
Biological treatment
A treatment exampleTreatment in constructed wetlands
Flow-through wetland functions
Planning and design of flow-through wetlands
Hydraulic and geohydraulic characteristics
Soils and geologic characteristics
Vegetative characteristics
Implementation, monitoring and management
Chapter 6 - Drainage water disposal
Disposal to natural hydrological systems
Land application and retirement
Evaporation pondsConstructed evaporation ponds
Pond hydrology
Pond water chemistry and mineralogy
Pond biology and toxicity
Biological, chemical and physical treatment optionsConcept and technology
Environmental considerations
Geological considerations
Case study
Chapter 7 - Health issues related to drainage water management
The interactions between drainage, water management and health
Water related diseases and their vectorsIncidence of diseases - cases and mortality
Vector-borne diseases: transmission by insects
Water-based diseases: transmission by aquatic and semi-aquatic snailsWater-borne excreta related infections
Health risks and chemical pollution
Integrated control of transmission of vector-borne diseasesComponents of integrated control approaches
Environmental management for vector controlEnvironmental management measures in drainage water management
Drainage water treatment, re-use and disposal
Environmental management measures applied to drainage structures
Chapter 8 - Institutional arrangements
Objectives and interest groups
Need for regulation, conservation and communication
Role of public and private agencies and water usersLaws and regulations
Corporate organizations
Participatory planning
Incentives for water quality enhancement
Monitoring
Institutional capacity