Table of Contents

Preparation of this document

Abstract

Users guide

RATIONALE

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE GUIDELINES

TARGET AUDIENCE

STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT

THE PLACE OF THE FAO GUIDELINES WITHIN OTHER INITIATIVES

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PART A: ISSUES, PERSPECTIVES POLICY AND PLANNING PROCESSES FOR INTEGRATED COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT

1. The need for integrated coastal area management

1.1 DEFINING COASTAL AREAS

1.2 THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL AREAS

1.2.1 Economic role

1.2.2 Environmental role

1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO COASTAL AREAS

1.4 DEMOGRAPHIC AND OCCUPATIONAL PRESSURES

1.5 SECTORAL INTERDEPENDENCIES IN COASTAL AREAS

1.6 CAUSES OF ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION AND NATURAL RESOURCE LOSS IN COASTAL AREAS

1.6.1 Market failure and property rights

1.6.2 Policy failure

1.6.3 Information failure

1.7 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES IN COASTAL AREAS

1.7.1 Agriculture

1.7.2 Forestry

1.7.3 Fisheries

2. The process of integrated coastal area management

2.1 PURPOSE OF INTEGRATED COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT

2.2 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK

2.2.1 The role of law in ICAM

2.2.2 Rights to own and use coastal resources

2.2.3 Evaluating regulatory frameworks for ICAM

2.2.4 Legal principles to support ICAM

2.2.5 Legal mechanisms used to achieve ICAM objectives

2.3 THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.3.1 Definition of the boundaries of ICAM

2.3.2 Types of governance and institutional arrangements

2.3.3 Prerequisites for ICAM

2.3.4 Institutional coordination for ICAM

2.3.5 Building capacities for ICAM

2.3.6. Sustainability indicators

2.4 THE POLICY AND PLANNING PROCESS IN ICAM

2.4.1 Inception

2.4.2 Performance review

2.4.3 Data collection and research

2.4.4 Analysis

2.4.5 Strategy formulation

2.4.6 Plan formulation/absorption into sectoral plans

2.4.7 Plan implementation

3. Summary guidelines

3.1 PREMISE

3.2 GENERAL ICAM PRINCIPLES

3.3 ICAM CHARACTERISTICS

3.4 POLICY AND PLANNING PREREQUISITES FOR ICAM

3.5 MAIN STEPS IN DEVELOPING ICAM PLANS

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PART B: INTEGRATION OF AGRICULTURE INTO COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT

Executive summary

1. The role of agriculture in coastal areas

2. The interactions of agriculture with other coastal economic activities and ecosystems

2.1 OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR AGRICULTURE IN COASTAL AREAS

2.1.1 Opportunities

2.1.2 Constraints

2.2 THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURE ON THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT

2.2.1 Potential harmful effects of agriculture on the coastal environment

2.2.2 Potential benefits of agricultural development for the coastal environment

3. Agricultural planning in integrated coastal area management

3.1 INFORMATION GATHERING AND ANALYSIS

3.1.1 The biophysical environment

3.1.2 The socio-economic environment

3.1.3 Governance characteristics

3.1.4 Interactions of agriculture with coastal ecosystems and other economic sectors

3.1.5 Constraints, opportunities and possible alternatives

3.2 POLICY ISSUES IN COASTAL AGRICULTURAL PLANNING

3.2.1 Aims and objectives

3.2.2 Interventions and strategic issues

4. Conclusions

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PART C: INTEGRATION OF FORESTRY INTO COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT

Executive summary

1. Forests and forestry activities in coastal areas

1.1 COASTAL FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

1.1.1 Mangroves

1.1.2 Beach forests

1.1.3 Peat swamp forests

1.1.4 Periodic swamps

1.1.5 Freshwater swamp forests

1.1.6 Riparian forests

1.1.7 Other coastal forest ecosystems

1.2 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL FORESTS

1.2.1 Direct use values of coastal forests

1.2.2 Indirect use values of coastal forests

1.2.3 Option value of coastal forests

1.3 SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FORESTS AND FORESTRY ACTIVITIES IN COASTAL AREAS

1.3.1 Diverse natural and human-incurred ecosystems

1.3.2 Links with other terrestrial and marine ecosystems

1.3.3 Large risks and pervading uncertainty

1.3.4 The long time-frame needed in forest planning and management

1.3.5 Irreversibility of certain actions

1.3.6 Issues related to tenure and usufruct

1.3.7 Institutional issues

1.3.8 Lack of awareness of benefits and their economic value

1.3.9 Implications for the management of coastal forests

2. Interactions

2.1 POSITIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE COASTAL FORESTRY SECTOR AND OTHER SECTORS

2.1.1 Overall economic development

2.1.2 Fisheries sector

2.1.3 Agriculture and food security

2.1.4 Tourism and recreation

2.1.5 Human settlements

2.1.6 Infrastructure

2.1.7 Environment

2.2 NEGATIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE COASTAL FORESTRY SECTOR AND OTHER SECTORS

2.2.1 Competitive interactions

2.2.2 Antagonistic interactions

2.3 INTERACTIONS WITHIN THE COASTAL FORESTRY SECTOR

3. Information requirements

3.1 INFORMATION ON THE RESOURCE BASE

3.1.1 Information requirements

3.1.2 Tools for information collection, analysis and presentation

3.2 INFORMATION RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND INTERACTIONS

3.2.1 Information requirements

3.2.2 Tools for information collection, analysis and presentation

3.3 ORGANIZATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL INFORMATION

3.3.1 Information requirements

3.3.2 Tools for information collection, analysis and presentation

4. Policy and planning for integrated coastal area management

4.1 POLICY DIRECTIONS

4.1.1 Sustainable development

4.1.2 Land-use policy

4.1.3 Sustainable management of coastal forest ecosystems

4.1.4 Institutional matters

4.1.5 Social issues

4.1.6 Fiscal policies

4.2 POLICY INSTRUMENTS

4.2.1 Direct government investment

4.2.2 Institutional and organizational arrangements

4.2.3 Command and control measures

4.2.4 Economic instruments

4.3 PLAN DEVELOPMENT

5. Conclusions

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PART D: INTEGRATION OF FISHERIES INTO COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT

Executive summary

1. The fisheries sector in coastal areas

1.1 MAIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL FEATURES

1.1.1 Food security and employment

1.1.2 Productive habitats

1.2 SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CAPTURE FISHERIES

1.2.1 Open access

1.2.2 Economic and ecological consequences of overexploitation

1.3 SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE

1.4 DIFFICULTIES IN IMPROVING MANAGEMENT

2. Interactions

2.1 POSITIVE IMPACTS OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR

2.1.1 Regional and national economic development

2.1.2 Coastal area management

2.1.3 Ecosystem monitoring and rehabilitation

2.2 COMPLEMENTARY INTERACTIONS PERTAINING TO FISHERIES

2.2.1 Market linkages

2.2.2 Non-market linkages

2.2.3 Use of collective goods and services

2.3 NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES GENERATED BY FISHERIES

2.3.1 Negative externalities generated by capture fisheries

2.3.2 Negative externalities generated by aquaculture

2.4 NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES GENERATED BY OTHER ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECT FISHERIES

2.4.1 Pollution

2.4.2 Perturbation of critical habitats

3. Information requirements

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE RESOURCE BASE

3.1.1 Information requirements

3.1.2 Identification of research requirements

3.1.3 Tools for collecting information

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

3.2.1 Information requirements

3.2.2 Research requirements

3.2.3 Tools for collecting information

3.3 INSTITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

3.3.1 Information requirements

3.3.2 Tools for collecting information

4. Policy and planning for integrated coastal area management

4.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

4.1.1 Integration

4.1.2 Allocation of rights

4.1.3 Conflict resolution

4.2 POLICY MEASURES

4.2.1 Public awareness and participation

4.2.2 Valuation of resources

4.2.3 Reduction of risk

4.2.4 Indicators and monitoring

4.3 PLAN FORMULATION

4.3.1 Negotiation of trade-offs

4.3.2 Capacity building

4.3.3 Integrating fisheries plans into national plans

5. Conclusions

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PART E: CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN INTEGRATED COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT

Executive summary

1. Introduction

2. A conceptual framework for conflict resolution

2.1 THE NATURE OF CONFLICT

2.1.1 Actors

2.1.2 Resources at stake

2.1.3 The stake

2.1.4 The time dimension

2.1.5 Environmental issues

2.2 THE MEANING OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION

2.3 THE RATIONALE BEHIND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

3. The trend towards collaborative methods of conflict resolution

3.1 THE LIMITATIONS OF LITIGATION

3.2 THE ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) TECHNIQUES

3.3 INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS

4. Alternative dispute resolution techniques

4.1 THE MAIN TECHNIQUES

4.1.1 Direct negotiation

4.1.2 Conciliation

4.1.3 Facilitation

4.1.4 Mediation

4.1.5 Arbitration

4.1.6 Negotiated rule-making

4.2 CHOOSING THE MOST APPROPRIATE STRATEGY

5. The process of alternative dispute resolution

5.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROCESS

5.1.1 Voluntariness

5.1.2 Opportunity for mutual gain

5.1.3 Participation by all interested parties

5.1.4 Identification of interests

5.1.5 Development of possible solutions and options

5.1.6 Capability of parties to enter into and carry out an agreement

5.2 TYPICAL ISSUES

5.2.1 Representation of interests

5.2.2 Enforcement of the agreement

5.2.3 Power imbalances

5.2.4 Funding

5.2.5 Involvement of third parties

6. Legal and institutional mechanisms for conflict resolution in ICAM

6.1 MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED

6.2 INSTITUTIONALIZING NEGOTIATED RULE-MAKING

6.3 INCENTIVES AND COMPENSATION

7. Conclusions

Glossary

References