GENERAL BACKGROUND DATA
Area of the country | 1994 | 1 240 190 |
km2 |
Cultivable land | 1992 | 437 000 |
km2 |
Cultivated land | 1996 | 28 000 |
km2 |
Total population | 1994 | 10 462 000 |
inh. |
Population density | 1994 | 8 |
inh/km2 |
Rural population | 1991 | 80 |
percent |
Fishery production, inland | 1995 | 100 000 |
t |
Aquaculture production | 1995 | 100 |
t |
Full or partial control irrigation, equipped | 1996 | 85 620 |
ha |
Surface irrigation | 1996 | 85 535 |
ha |
Irrigation by submersion (flood) | 1996 | 153 246 |
ha |
Equipped wetland/inland valley bottoms | 1996 | 2 257 |
ha |
Other cultivated wetland/inl.valley bottoms Small dams and others |
1989 1996 |
3 826 1 174 |
ha ha |
Total water managed area | 1996 | 242 298 |
ha |
Irrigation potential | 1997 | 1 600 000 |
ha |
...to be developed economically | 560 000 |
ha | |
Large irrigation schemes (>100 ha) | 1996 | 219 818 |
ha |
Total water control |
1996 | 75 561 |
ha |
Controlled submersion |
1996 | 143 767 |
ha |
Inland bottom valleys |
1996 | 490 |
ha |
Small irrigation schemes (<100 ha) | 1996 | 21 305 |
ha |
Total water control |
1996 | 10 059 |
ha |
Controlled submersion |
1996 | 9 479 |
ha |
Inland bottom valleys |
1996 | 1 767 |
ha |
2.2 Agricultural Development Strategy
3. INSTITUTIONS OF INTEREST INVOLVED MAINLY IN RESEARCH AND/ORTRAINING
4. INSTITUTIONS OF INTEREST INVOLVED MAINLY IN DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Direction Nationale de lAménagement et de lEquipement Rural
4.2 Direction Nationale de lAppui au Monde Rural
4.3 Projet de réhabilitation du périmètre hydro-agricole de Baguinéda
AfDB | African Development Bank |
AFVP | Association française des volontaires du progrès |
APCAM | Assemblée permanente des Chambres dAgriculture du Mali/Permanent Assembly fo the Agricultural Chambers of Mali |
AVB | Agent vulgarisateur de base/Grass-root extensionist |
CMDT | Compagnie malienne de développement des textiles/Malian textile development company |
CNRA | Commission nationale pour la recherche agronomique/National Commission for Agricultural Research |
COPAKA | Concertation paysanne de Kayes/Farmers Group of Kayes |
CPS | Cellule de planification et statistiques/Planning and Statistics Unit |
CRA | Chambre régionale dAgriculture/Regional Chamber of Agriculture |
CRCR | Comité régional de concertation des ruraux/Regional Advisory Committee of Rural Producers |
CRRA | Centre régional de recherche agronomique |
CRU | Commission régionale des utilisateurs/Regional Commission of Beneficiaries (Research) |
CTD | Collectivités territoriales décentralisées/Decentralized Territorial Communities |
DGRC | Direction générale de la réglementation et du contrôle |
DNAER | Direction nationale de laménagement et de léquipement rural |
DNAMR | Direction nationale de lappui au monde rural |
IER | Institut dEconomie Rurale |
IFRA | Institut de formation et de recherche appliquée/Institute for Training and Applied Research |
JICA | Japan International Cooperation Agency |
MDRE | Ministère du développement rural et de lenvironnement/Ministry of Rural Development and Environment |
ODRS | Office de développement rural de Sélingué |
ON | Office du Niger |
OPA | Organisation professionelle agricole/Professional Agricultural Organization |
OPM | Opération pêche Mopti |
PAMOS | Programme dappui à la mise en oeuvre du Schéma Directeur du développement rural/Support Programme for the Implementation of Rural Development Action Plan |
PNVA | Programme national de vulgarisation agricole/National Agricultural Extension Programme |
PPIV | Petit périmètre irrigué villageois/Small Village Irrigation Scheme |
PRB | Projet de réhabilitation du périmètre hydro-agricole de Baguinéda/Project for the Rehabilitation of the Baguineda Irrigation Scheme |
SPFS | Special Programme for Food Security (FAO) |
SWB | Small Water Body |
UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
USAID | United States Agency for International Development |
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Bathily, C.B. | Resident Representative a.i. | |
Fayinke, T. | National Coordinator, SPFS | |
Beernaerts, I. (Ms) | Associate Professional Officer, SPFS | |
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Kone, A. | Director | |
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Berthe, Y. | Director General | |
Samake, S. | Assistant Director General | |
Traoré, A. | Division Etudes/Planification | |
Traoré, N. | Division Aménagement/Gestion des Ressources Naturelles | |
Coulibaly, S. | Section Amén./Gestion des Ressources Halieutiques | |
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NDiaye, M. | Director General, a.i.; Scient. coord. Animal Sciences | |
NDiaye, I. | Scient. Coordinator Forestry/Fishery Productions | |
Kassambara, I. | Director, Reg. Centre Agric. Research, Mopti | |
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Coulibaly, M. | Director General | |
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Namaly, NTio | Lecturer, Rural Engineering/Waters and Forests | |
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Bouare, D. | Director General | |
Korté, M. | Chief, Agricultural Extension Division | |
Dembélé, L. | Responsable for Environment | |
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Keita, M. | Secretary General | |
Kienta, M. | Technical Adviser/Communication (Fisheries/Aquaculture/Forestry) |
A general reorganization of the public administration has recently been decided and is still being implemented. Main points of interest are as follows:
2.1.1 DecentralizationDefinition of "Collectivités territoriales décentralisées"(CTD - Decentralized territorial communities).
Decentralization at three levels:
Rem. "Arrondissement" (level between "Cercle" and "Commune") still existing but to be eliminated.
2.1.2 Reorganization of rural development institutionsWithin the Ministry of Rural Development and Environment (MDRE), rural development institutions have been completely reorganized according to the "Schema Directeur" (MDRE, 1992) and the follow-up Action Plan (1993). This reorganization based on production systems instead of production categories (crops, animals, forest, fish...) was officially accepted in September 1996 and implemented immediately afterwards (MDRE, 1997c) as follows:
(i) rural development and equipment (DNAER)
(ii) support to rural communities (DNAMR)
(iii) legislation, regulation and control (DNLRC)
Transfer of projects/programmes management to the regional level.
2.1.4 Reorganization of rural development support servicesIn 1992, the "Cellule de planification et statistiques" (CPS) was established and directly attached to MDRE Ministers Cabinet:
New producers organizations have emerged, such as syndicates, cooperatives, village associations, etc.
Recently, these organizations have started regrouping themselves on a local or regional basis, particularly either as in the Kayes (COPAKA) and Sikasso (CRCR) regions, or in a network of Chambers of Agriculture (Section 4.4), or as the coordination of rice producers at Office du Niger, or as the Mopti cooperatives of fishermen, vegetable producers, cattle breeders, etc.
Food security has been chosen as the central theme of the new agricultural development strategy (MDRE, 1992). This strategy includes:
A typical example is the reorganization of the "Office du Niger" (ON) and the reorientation of its responsibilities towards water management and maintenance of the main hydraulic structures, accompanied by the progressive transfer of other responsibilities to farmers associations with strong government support.
In all regions except in the southern areas where the Malian Textile Development Company (CMDT, mostly cotton culture) operates, the National Programme for Agricultural extension (PNVA, funded by the World Bank) has been implemented since 1992, after a three-year pilot phase for adopting the "training and visit" programme to Malian conditions (MDRE, 1997a).
This programme is characterized by:
At present and on average, each AVB supports 16 to 24 contact groups composed of 30 to 40 farmers.
The PNVA responsibilities therefore include:
As mentioned later, the Rural Economics Institute (IER) is responsible for all aspects of agricultural research (Section 3.1).
In contrast with past practices, research evaluation and programming are closely related to producers problems as follows:
Aquaculture activities are relatively new in Mali where they initiated in 1979 when USAID built the first fry production station within a CMDT irrigation scheme, near San. But continuous problems with water supply lead to the closure of the station in the 1980s.
In 1986, the Organization for African Unity (OAU), provided a grant to promote rural aquaculture development in the ON zone, where the Kourouma fry production station was also built. This was followed in 1987-92 by the AFVP volunteers (France) project to integrate aquaculture into the large ON rice irrigation scheme at Niono. Although these efforts resulted in the construction of more than 200 ponds by the early 1990s, aquaculture both in ponds and in artificial small water bodies remained a low priority for local farmers. Collective exploitation was a total failure and very little interest was shown in on-farm fry production. Problems with land and water management were also numerous. Further socio-economic studies could not be implemented to better direct the aquaculture development.
From 1987 to 1992, a UNDP/FAO project (MLI/86/001) was implemented with some success:
Most project activities were suspended in 1993 after closure of the project.
Today, renewed interest of Government, farmers and fishermen in pond farming development (from extensive to semi-intensive) is shown in areas where:
Reasons for such renewed interest are production diversification, nutrition improvement and/or additional income.
In addition, in several areas such as Mopti, Segou, San, Sikasso and Dogon country (Figure 1), farmers and fishermen are annually stocking wild juvenile fish into seasonal small water bodies, such as small reservoirs, floodplain depressions (or "mares"), borrowing pits for earthen structures construction and banco or clay bricks making (respectively locally known as "emprunts", "bancottières" and "briquettières"). The production system is mostly extensive, although in some cases agricultural by-products and/or cattle manure may be used to increase fish production. Wild tilapias and African catfish juveniles caught from local water bodies are preferred for stocking.
Competition for fish feed ingredients would exist if aquaculture developed well. Nutritionally balanced fish feed can be obtained on request from an animal feed mill (HUICOMA, in Koulikoro, at 50 FCFA/kg). Unfortunately, until now no pelleting machine is available.
An AfDB project is being considered for the development of rice culture and fish production in water-filled depressions, in the San-Bla area.
Until recently, fishery/aquaculture administration has been represented at central level by the Fishery Division and its Aquaculture Development Section, within the Waters and Forests Department. Unfortunately, this previous administration has been, unfortunately, characterized by a general lack of technical, human, financial and logistic means (MDRE, 1997c).
The 1997 MDRE reorganization (Section 2.1) attempts to remove past constraints and to improve support services (Section 2.3) available to farmers/fishermen. But the general situation of aquaculture support in particular is still precarious, especially because of lack of trained personnel. In most regions, specialized aquaculture personnel are still to be recruited. Even within the various offices to be primarily involved with aquaculture development (ON, ORM, etc.), there is no staff properly trained in aquaculture.
Productions of tilapia and catfish juveniles in public stations are still relatively low, although simple technology exists and has been demonstrated on site. The National Training Centre at Molodo still functions, but at reduced level. The Mopti "Operation Pêche" (OPM) and IER research centre (Section 3.1) support extensive aquaculture in floodplain depressions and borrowing pits with limited means.
There is no aquaculture development project for the moment. Recently, the Support programme for implementation of the rural development action plan (PAMOS - UNDP/FAO) proposed an action programme for fishery and aquaculture development (DNAER, 1997). This programme includes project ideas for:
Irrigation development in Mali (MDRE, 1997a) consists of:
Potential areas for irrigation and areas of the various types of irrigation schemes are given in the tables below (MDRE, 1997a).
As mentioned earlier, Mali participates in the regional FAO project, GCP/RAF/340/JPN, with Niger and Burkina Faso where it has its headquarters (see Chapter 3, Section 3.2).
Irrigation potential in Malia/
Hydrological Region |
Gross Area (ha) |
||
1 |
Senegal Valley Térékolé-Kolimbiné |
45 000 25 000 |
Floodplains and terraces |
20 000 |
IVB | ||
2 |
Upper Niger Valley | 100 000 |
Floodplains and terraces |
10 000 |
IVB | ||
3 |
Niger Office (ON) | 250 000b/ |
Old alluvium |
4 |
Segou | 150 000 |
Floodplains |
5 |
San-Mopti Central Niger Delta | 900 000 |
800 000 ha alluvium (floodplain) and 100 000 ha old alluvium |
6 |
Southern Mali | 300 000 |
Inundated valleys and IVB |
7 |
Lakes region | 280 000 |
of which 100 000 ha of interdunal plains |
8 |
Gao - Niger loop | 110 000 |
30 000 ha of valleys and 80 000 ha alluviums (floodplains) |
9 |
Miscellaneous/Dogon country | 10 000 |
Absence of geographical identification |
TOTAL | 2 200 000c/ |
a/ According to SCET-AGRI/GERSAR study in 1985
b/ Earlier studies propose a 960 000-ha area
c/ If one takes into account easily mobilized water resources only, the total irrigation potential is reduced to about 1 600 000 ha
Inventory of hydro-agricultural schemes by type (in ha)
Total water control |
Controlled submersion |
Inland Valley Bottoms |
Small dams and others |
Total area irrigated |
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Region |
LIS |
SIS |
LIS |
SIS |
LIS |
SIS |
||
Kayes | 0 |
266 |
400 |
0 |
0 |
431 |
8 |
1 105 |
Koulikoro | 5 000 |
165 |
10 181 |
0 |
350 |
75 |
122 |
15 893 |
Sikasso | 999 |
45 |
4 683 |
164 |
140 |
1 203 |
3 |
7 237 |
Ségou | 66 773 |
1 405 |
36 568 |
0 |
0 |
58 |
63 |
104 867 |
Mopti | 0 |
1 556 |
35 919 |
661 |
0 |
0 |
978 |
39 114 |
Tombouctou | 2 789 |
5 732 |
46 433 |
3 928 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
58 882 |
Gao | 0 |
890 |
9 583 |
4 726 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
15 199 |
Total, partial | 75 561 |
10 059 |
143 767 |
9 479 |
490 |
1 767 |
1 174 |
242 298 |
Total, type | 85 620 |
153 246 |
2 257 |
1 174 |
242 298 |
Rem. LIS - large irrigation scheme (more than 100 ha); SIS - small irrigation scheme (<100 ha)
The Rural Economics Institute (IER) is a public institution with financial autonomy, part of the Ministry of Rural Development and Environment (Institut dEconomie Rurale, 1997a). In Mali, it is responsible for all aspects of agricultural research (vegetal, animal, forestry and fishery productions; natural resources management; socio-economic aspects of production systems).
Bamako headquarters houses the Direction Générale which includes, among others:
There are six Regional Centres for Agricultural Research located throughout the country, of which two are of particular interest:
Research is also carried out on-farm and with rural development institutions, with the involvement of the Hydrobiological Laboratory in Mopti also.
The 1995-2005 Strategic Plan for Agricultural Research in Mali (Institut dEconomie Rurale, 1997b) includes research on fishery resources, but only capture fisheries in the Central Niger Delta and in Selingue Reservoir are mentioned.
Research activities concerning aquaculture have been until now limited to:
Small-scale farmers have requested IER assistance to initiate rizipisciculture.
A seven-year World Bank project (Banque mondiale, 1995) started in late 1994 to assist Mali in implementing the first six-year phase of the Strategic Plan for the Rural Economics Institute (IER). It consists of the following components:
The Institute for Training and Applied Research (IFRA) depends on the Ministry of Secondary, Higher Education and Scientific Research. Part of the University of Mali, IFRA is located in Katibougou near Koulikoro, 60km east of Bamako. It includes 380ha of land extending along River Niger.
One of the oldest agricultural training centres in Africa (1897), it took its actual name in 1996. Its missions are:
A quota of 25 percent of the total number of students is reserved for foreigners.
Fishery and aquaculture sciences are part of the IFRA curriculum for the Waters and Forests specialization. A small pond farm exists, water-fed by pumping from River Niger, but non-functional at the time of the visit. Study of local tilapia species is planned on a limited scale by one of the lecturers specialized in fisheries (formerly at the IER Mopti research centre).
The National Directorate for Rural Development and Equipment (DNAER) is responsible for natural resources development planning, elaboration of methodologies and management systems, study for and follow-up of the implementation of investment projects/programmes directed at rural development and equipment.
The Division for development/management of natural resources supports regional structures and territorial communities to reinforce their capacities in managing fishery and aquaculture resources, through its Section for development/management of fishery resources.
At regional level, a Regional Directorate for rural development and equipment takes over, with a similar administrative structure.
Most efforts are oriented towards capture fisheries development in the Central Niger Delta and in the large Selingue (409 km2) and Manantali (about 500 km2) reservoirs from which up to 120 000 t of fresh fish are captured annually.
DNAER manages three fry production stations (Nile tilapia and Clarias) at Sélingué, Kourouma and Molodo/Niono (also National Training Centre). All together these stations can produce 250 000 juveniles annually.
Past experience includes fish farming in the Sélingué irrigated scheme, with UNDP/FAO Project MLI/86/001, but all activities have ceased since project closure. More experience exists with the stocking of small depressions annually filled during the rainy season, such as clay pits and floodplain depressions in the Mopti, Ségou and San regions. Stocking material mostly consists of wild fry (tilapia/catfish) captured by local fishermen.
The mission of the National Directorate for Support of Rural Communities (DNAMR) consists in agricultural extension, training, information and communication, as well as in the organization and animation of rural communities.
At regional level, a Regional Directorate for support of rural communities takes over.
Again, most efforts are directed today towards capture fishery development, in particular through the Operation Pêche Mopti (OPM) in the Central Niger Delta.
A five-year National Programme for Agricultural Extension, supported by the World Bank, is to be evaluated in November 1997 and possibly extended. One contact farmer per village is weekly visited/advised by a polyvalent extensionist; this contact farmer provides advice to ten other selected farmers in the village. Little experience with fish exists.
Since mostly cereals are produced, diversification into small animal husbandry and aquaculture is considered to be of great interest for future development.
The project for the Rehabilitation of the Baguinéda Irrigation Scheme (PRB) is located 30km south of Bamako. Administratively, it depends on the DNAMR (Section 4.2). Created in 1989, it is responsible for rural development in an old "Office du Niger" polder, water-fed since 1929 by gravity from River Niger through a 44-km primary irrigation canal, downstream from a hydro-electric plant. Part of a potentially irrigated area of 4000ha, the actual third phase of the project is developing 2536ha with financial support from AfDB and the Mali Government. An additional non-irrigated area of 17819ha exists, of which 2623ha are now exploited (PRB, 1997).
In total, 21 villages (18060 inhabitants) are involved in the development activities, with the support of 19 AVB and two technicians. PRB activities include:
The project consists of two technical divisions (agricultural extension; exploitation/maintenance), one Administrative/Financial Bureau and a Planning/Statistics Unit. It has a total of 64 staff.
Major constraints which are being faced are:
Some farmers/fishermen are present on the project, capturing fish from River Niger as a secondary activity. One proposal to develop a fish farm has been filed by one of them at the National Bank for Agricultural Development (BNDA) without success.
Because of the relatively high demographic pressure, it is planned to intensify and to diversify production systems. It is believed that aquaculture has a role to play, wild juvenile fish being easily available locally from River Niger and its floodplain.
The Mali Chambers of Agriculture (CAM) were created in 1993, following the approval of the new Action Plan for rural development (MDRE, 1992). At all administrative levels they represent: agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry and fishery (including aquaculture) producers. The latter are automatically "Ressortissants" of their local Chamber of Agriculture at village/town level, public servants not being accepted into such structure.
The general CAM organization varies according to the administrative level at which they operate:
- a Consular Assembly to debate problems/programmes, consisting of three representatives at "cercle" level and five representatives of the Professional agricultural organizations (OPA) present in the region (for example, cooperatives, syndicates, mutualities, etc.); all representatives are elected by secret ballot;
- a Bureau in charge of management, consisting of one President and four vice-presidents (all elected);
- a General Secretariat: services staffed by permanent employees in charge of CRA administrations;
- working commissions
according to needs.
- a Consular Assembly consisting of the nine CRA Bureau Presidents (8 regions plus Bamako), two members of each CRA Consular Assembly and five members of OPA regional representatives, all elected. Five resource persons (of which three are women) also participate in the Assembly activities;
- a Bureau in charge of APCAM management, consisting of one President and eight vice-presidents, all elected;
- a General Secretariat to administer APCAM, with various specialized services staffed by permanent employees.
CRA and APCAM are independent public institutions with financial autonomy. Their functions are specifically:
Financing of CRAs and APCAM originates from public funds and from foreign partners such as Belgium, Canada, Japan, UNDP and the Franche-Comté region in France, with which APCAM can negotiate directly. It is planned that, in the long term, government funds be replaced by taxation ensuring the perennity of these institutions.
PAMOS (UNDP/FAO) has been assisting APCAM for the last four years with, for example, a national expert, institutional support, equipment and publication of a quarterly newsletter (Paysan aujourdhui).
Twenty-one private radio stations broadcast APCAM and producers messages one hour a month, throughout the country. The national television is also called in to record special CRA/APCAM events, such as agricultural fairs, field visits and World Days activities (rural women, food, etc.).
APCAM has been showing great interest in integrating aquaculture into agricultural development whenever water is present. Various initiatives have been taken:
For these reasons, APCAM is most interested in becoming involved in a research network which could effectively support the future aquaculture activities of the Chambers of Agriculture.
Interest to participate in an FAO Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS) was confirmed by Government in early 1996. A national coordinator was nominated and formulation of the SPFS Pilot/preparatory Phase was initiated in May 1996 with financial support of the Netherlands (NL). A Coordination Committee was formed. Formulation was finalized by a Mali/NL/China/FAO joint mission in November 1996 for a three-year (1997-99) pilot phase (MDRE, 1997a and b).
The main objectives of this pilot phase are:
The main components of the programme are:
Recently, production diversification has been added:
The main activities of the pilot phase should be:
Preparatory activities are progressing primarily aimed at the selection of SPFS pilot sites. Because of their high potential, these sites have been selected in three regions: Mopti, Koulikoro and Kayes (Figure 1). Participatory socio-economic surveys have then been carried out and, within each of these regions, a few potential pilot sites have been selected based on the following fundamental criteria:
Finally, two to three village communities have been selected in each region as pilot sites, as shown in the table below. Farmers organizations to be involved in the SPFS pilot phase have been identified in each community. In total, the pilot area extends over 700ha exploited by 600 producers among a population of 9000 inhabitants.
Selected sites for the SPFS pilot phase in Mali
Region |
Arrondissement/Cercle |
Villages |
Site size (ha) |
Main crop |
Irrigation systema/ |
Mopti (Central Niger Delta) 39000 ha equipped for irrigation | Arrond. Konna; Cercle Mopti | Gnimitongo Dagowomina Koubi II |
20 20 57 |
Rice | PPIV (floodplain) |
Koulikoro 16 000 ha eq. for irrigation |
Cercle Kangaba | Kéniégué Koblani |
280 270 |
Rice Maize |
Floodplain |
Kayes 497 ha eq. for irrigation |
Cercle Kita | Founia-Moribougou Kodialan |
- - |
Rice Maize |
IVB |
a/ PPIV: small irrigation village scheme, with water pumping;
IVB: irrigation from small reservoirs/wells, with pumping, in inland valley bottoms
Mali is a typical Sahelian country where most agricultural production depends on the wise use of available water resources, mostly surface water, to fight drought for a good part of the year. Agricultural irrigation schemes of all types and sizes are well developed contributing to a vast national programme for water security down to the level of the populations themselves. A great number of small reservoirs, natural depressions and earth-borrowing pits exist, but water presence is generally seasonal and limited to the rainy season. Exceptionally, a few of these are permanently under water, either by design or with the assistance of a solar pump, and mostly for livestock watering.
Aquaculture development has been overwhelmingly neglected in the past, even if since the 1980s some sporadic efforts have demonstrated the potential positive impacts of some well adapted practices. As a result, trained man-power is practically inexistent and research programmes of limited value to support future aquaculture development.
Following the recent reorganization of the public administration responsible for agriculture, forestry and fishery development and the increased decentralization in favour of rural producers, a renewed interest in multiple use of water resources, including fish production, is progressively emerging from the rural communities themselves. Local government entities should gradually recognize that whenever water is present, some form of aquaculture can be envisaged to improve rural food security, nutrition and income at reduced additional costs.
This explains the interest shown in our proposed research network, not only by the Special Programme for Food Security, but also by all people directly involved in rural development, in particular APCAM.
Therefore, it is suggested that not only the Institute of Rural Economics (IER) be involved in the proposed network as the institution responsible in Mali for all agricultural research and the design of technological packages, but that development structures be also closely associated to support IER, in particular:
Local and international communication systems are functioning rather well, but are relatively expensive to use. Electronic mail is available. Access to Internet is still under discussion, but should become available soon, for a relatively high monthly fee.
Banque mondiale, 1995. Programme de la coopération Mali-Banque mondiale 1995. Bamako, Banque mondiale, 145 p.
DNAER, 1997. Mali. Schéma directeur de développement de la pêche et de la pisciculture. Bamako, DNAER/MDRE, 61 p.
Institut dEconomie Rurale, 1997a. Présentation. Bamako, IER/Serv. Documentation, Information, Publication, 12 p.
Institut dEconomie Rurale, 1997b. Plan Stratégique de la Recherche Agronomique au Mali. Objectifs quantifiés 1995-2005. Bamako, IER/Serv. Doc. Info. Publ., 14 p.
MDRE, 1992. Schéma directeur du secteur développement rural. Bamako, MDRE, 3 vol.
Vol.1 - Stratégie générale, 45 p.
Vol.2 - Stratégie de développement, 223 p. + tabl.
Vol.3 - Plan daction, 40 p.
MDRE, 1997a. Programme Spécial pour la production vivrière en appui à la sécurité alimentaire (PSSA). Programme spécial national (Document 1). FAO/Centre Investissement, Rome, 48 p. + tabl.
MDRE, 1997b. Programme Spécial pour la production vivrière en appui à la sécurité alimentaire (PSSA). Plan dopérations de la phase préparatoire (Document 2). FAO/Centre Investissement, Rome, 27 p. + tabl./ann.
MDRE, 1997c. Plan dAction du MDRE. Document de présentation des nouvelles structures du MDRE. Bamako, MDRE/CAMOPA, 25 p.
PRB, 1997. Note de présentation du PRB. Baguinéda, PRB, 5 p.
Figure 1. Mali: administrative regions and selected SPFS pilot sites