PYRETHROIDS
| NRDC 161 | : | Procida; low solubility in paraffinic solvents but unlikely to be formulation problems as it can be used at low concentrations; mammalian toxicity high and similar to dieldrin, AO rats 25–63 mg/kg; available for field trials. |
| Permethrin (OMS-1821, NRDC 143) | : | Various licensees; generally high solubility so unlikely to be formulation difficulties; low mammalian toxicity, AO rats 1300 mg/kg; available for field trials. |
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
| Pirimetaphos (OMS-1504) | : | Sandoz; difficult to formulate as solution con- centrates; low mammalian toxicity AO rats 1500 mg/kg; available for field trials. |
| Azamethiphos (OMS-1825) | : | Ciba-Geigy; difficult to formulate as solution concentrates; low mammalian toxicity, AO rats 750–1400 mg/kg; available for field trials. |
| OMS-1283 (O-analogue of jodfenphos) | : | Ciba-Geigy; should be no formulation problems; moderate mammalian toxicity, AO rats 375 mg/kg; available for laboratory testing. |
| Fenthion (OMS-2) | : | Bayer; no formulation problems; AO rats 215 mg/kg; readily available. |
| chlorfenvinphos (OMS-1328) | : | Shell; formulation problems unlikely; high mammalian toxicity, AO rats 12–56 mg/kg; readily available. |
| Crotoxyphos (OMS-239) | : | Shell; formulation problems unlikely; moderate mammalian toxicity, AO rats 125 mg/kg; readily available. |
| Phosmet (OMS-232) | : | Stauffer; formulation problems unlikely; moderate mammalian toxicity, AO rats 230–300 mg/kg; readily available. |
| Dicrotophos | : | Shell; formulation problems unlikely; high mammalian toxicity, AO rats 16–20 mg/kg; readily available. |
| Naled (OMS-75) | : | Chevron; would only be used as technical material for ULV applications; very volatile; low mammalian toxicity, AO rats 430 mg/kg; readily available. |
| Tetrachlorvinphos (OMS-595) | : | Shell; difficult to formulate as solution concentrates; low mammalian toxicity, AO rats 2000 mg/kg; readily available. |
| Bromophos (OMS-658) | : | Cela-Merck; no formulation problems; low mammalian toxicity, AO rats 2000 mg/kg; readily available. |
| Jodfenphos (OMS-1211) | : | Ciba-Geigy; formulation problems unlikely; low mammalian toxicity, AO rats 2000 mg/kg; readily available. |
CARBAMATES
| Propoxur (OMS-33) | : | Bayer; may be some difficulty in formulating as high concentration solutions; moderate mammalian toxicity, AO rats 35–120 mg/kg; readily available. |
| Bendiocarb (OMS-1394) | : | Fisons; difficult to formulate as concentrated solutions; moderate to high mammalian toxicity, AO rats 35–100 mg/kg; readily available. |
| Habitat | Riverine gallery forest |
| Main Species | G. palpalis, G. tachinoides |
| Location | Nigeria |
| Insecticides | Two suitable insecticides; dieldrin as reference hydraulic energy equipment; motorized knapsack mistblowers |
| Costs | $ |
| 1 × entomologist 6 m/m | 14,000 |
| 1 × field officer 6 m/m | 4,500 |
| 12 × fly boys 72 m/m | 4,500 |
| Insecticides (2 candidates, 1 standard) | 1,000 |
| Supporting services (Land-Rovers, drivers, equipment) | 10,000 |
| Total | 34,000 |
A four-man spray team should cover about 2–3 km per day. Each experiment area will be approximately 5 km in length. A 1 km chemical or physical barrier will separate each experimental area. Nigeria is a suitable site since collaboration must be sought with operational ground spraying teams which have been there for many years.
Costs as at June 1975.
| Habitat | Riverine |
| Main Species | G. palpalis, G. tachinoides |
| Location | Nigeria |
| Insecticides | Two suitable non-persistent insecticides formulated in oils or as ULV |
| Application Equipment | Motorized knapsack mistblowers (modified for ULV application), fogging machines, manual aerosol producers |
| Costs | $ |
| 1 × entomologist 1-½ m/m | 4,000 |
| 1 × application expert 1-½ m/m | 4,100 |
| Insecticides | 500 |
| Application equipment (machines & Accessories) | 1,000 |
| Supporting services (transport lab. | 5,000 |
| facilities, etc.) | |
| Local staff 9 m/m | 4,000 |
| Total | 18,600 |
Effectively a short-term exercise to evaluate the efficiency of single treatments of candidate insecticides. The need to collaborate with an operational tsetse fly control unit is vital and they would provide supervisors, spraymen, fly boys, etc. Approximately 2 km of riverine thicket will be sprayed per insecticide treatment.
| Habitat | Riverine |
| Main Species | G. palpalis, G. tachinoides |
| Location | OCP area (November-April, e.g. the dry season) |
| Insecticides | Two suitable insecticides, dieldrin as reference |
| Application Equipment | Bell 47 G4 or 206A fitted with rotary atomizers |
| Costs | $ |
| 1 × entomologist 4 m/m | 9,400 |
| 1 × application specialist, 1-½ m/m | 4,000 |
| Insecticides | 3,600 |
| 1 × field officer 4 m/m | 3,000 |
| 12 × fly boys 48 m/m | 3,000 |
| Supporting services 13 DR/m | 11,050 |
| Helicopter 65 hours (@ $1,200 per hour) | 78,000 |
| Total | 112,050 |
The OCP area is suggested because of the availability of facilities, staff and equipment. Approximately 10 km of riverine habitat must be sprayed per treatment. Using 20 m swaths = 20 ha per treatment. 3 insecticides at 4 rates of application = 12 treatments = 240 ha at 1 kg/ha = 240 kg required at $10/kg = $2,400 + 50% allowance for possible spraying of both sides of the river = $3,600.
| Habitat | Riverine gallery forests |
| Main Species | G. palpalis, G. tachinoides |
| Location | West Africa |
| Insecticides | Endosulfan and one alternative non-persistent insecticide |
| Application Equipment | Bell 47G4 or 206 helicopter fitted with electrically powered rotary atomizers |
| Costs | $ |
| Entomologist 2 m/m | 5,200 |
| Application expert 1 m/m | 2,500 |
| 1 field officer 2 m/m | 1,500 |
| 12 fly boys 24 m/m | 1,500 |
| Supporting services 7 LR/m | 5,950 |
| Other costs | 2,000 |
| Insecticides | 500 |
| Helicopter (65 hours @ $1,200 per hour) | 78,000 |
| Total | 97,150 |
Endosulfan to be used in preliminary trials to establish viability of technique. Approximately 5 km of river to be treated in each trial. This technique is only to be considered in emergency situations because repeated applications by helicopter are economically prohibitive.
| Habitat | Savanna woodland |
| Main Species | G. m. morsitans |
| Location | Botswana (Okavango area) |
| Insecticides | Two suitable non-persistent insecticides, endosulfan as reference |
| Application equipment | Medium twin-engine fixed wing aircraft fitted with rotary atomizers |
| Costs | $ |
| 1 × entomologist 2-½ m/m | 7,750 |
| 1 × application expert 1-½ m/m | 5,650 |
| Insecticides | 7,000 |
| Supplies and services 40 IR/m | 3,400 |
| Equipment (lab facilities, etc.) | 3,000 |
| Entomological Assessments | |
| 1 field officer | 2,000 |
| 1 resistant field officer | 1,300 |
| 12 fly boys | 1,500 |
| Land-Rovers 6 LR/m | 5,100 |
| Aircraft (50 hours flying @ $500 per hour) | 25,000 |
| Total | 61,700 |
Each treatment block would be at least 4 km × 4 km = 16 km2. Tsetse fly populations would be monitored pro- and post-treatment.
