0297-B4

Using Possibilities of Wildlings of Oriental Beech in Natural Regeneration Fields

ÖZPAY, Zehra ¹

Abstract

The aim of this research is to determine success of plantations by using bare-root wildlings of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.).

Using of wildling is a positive alternative for planting fields in beech stands where have an unsuccessful natural regenerations. Especially when good origin and quality seedlings can not find in the nurseries.

In this study bare-root wildlings were planted in Bolu-Düzce-Aydinpinar (that is high altitude site of beech) and Akçakoca-Cumayani (that is low altitude site of beech) experiment fields. These seedlings 3+0, 4+0 aged were lifted from dense natural beech regenerations and their heights were classified as more and less than 20.0-30.0 cm.

According to values one growing season later bare-root wildlings had 80-95 (%) survival percentage.

A natural seedling nursery which has 0,5-1 hectar should establish in a suitable place of natural regeneration field for production of healthier and more productive seedlings.

Introduction

Failure, with %15-20 ratio, can be seen in natural regeneration studies. If this failure take place at spesific points, replanting should not delay. Before study enough amount seedlings which have suitable origin should plan (Atay 1982).

If these seedlings for replanting do not find in nurseries using of wildlings will be important. Wildlings are natural regenerations. They can obtain soiled or bare rooted from;

1- Very dense natural beech regenerations which need thinning,
2- A small `natural seeding nursery' near the planting area for obtaining soiled seedlings.

Wildlings lifted from natural seeding nursery and spesific seeding field have more adaptation to light and growing performance (Saatçioglu 1952). Especially in Germany soiled wildlings have been using from past, but this application is more economical between short distance inside the forest.

Before a natural seeding nursery establishes soil analysis is necessary. Sandy clay or clay is a very suitable soil kind not to disperse of soil while lifting.

This study was carried out for evaluation of planting success using by bare root wildlings of oriental beech between 1990-1992.

Material And Methods

Study was carried out in oriental beech natural and artifical regeneration fields which have different altitudes of Düzce and Akçakoca Forest Enterprises belong to Bolu Forest Concervancy. Experiment field is 2 hectares.

Düzce-Aydinpinar Experiment Field

There was a successful sample of natural regeneration in this stand which has 1500 m altitude. There were 30 seedlings per m² and also Uludag fir seedlings. Soil preparing was done and rhododendron cut off in strings in 2 hectares of field. The field was divided two parts for winter and spring plantings.

Wildlings lifted were 3+0, 4+0 aged and were classified more than 20 cm heights and less than 20 cm heights. According to random block design 3 repetitions were used. So, there were three blocks; two strings in each block and total 43 plots. 16 wildlings, bare rooted or soiled, transplanted in each plot and as total 688 wildlings were transplanted. Planting spacing was 1.5mx1.0m. Before planting roots of seedlings were smoothed. Lifting and planting of seedlings were carried out in December and then in May.

Akçakoca-Cumayani Experiment Field

The experiment field in Cumayani working circle has 220 m altitude. Wildlings lifted were classified more than 30 cm heights and less than 30 cm, and were planted in December and in March.

An artificial regeneration field which was 2 km from this stand has 150 m altitude and covered partly rhododendrons. According to random block design 4 repetitions were used So, there were four blocks; 2 plots in each block and total 8 plots. 40 bare root wildlings transplanted in each plot and as total 320 wildlings were transplanted. Planting spacing was 1.5mx1.0m. Before planting roots of seedlings were smoothed. Lifting, hole planting works were done 2 hours 15 minutes by 8 workers.

Evalution Of Results And Discussion

One year later after planting survival percentages (Table 2) and seedling heights (Table 1) were measured. Variance analysis (a split plot factorial analysis of model ) was applied to values to find relation between growing and planting season, and survival and planting season.

Düzce-Aydinpinar Experiment Field

According to variance analysis results, there was no significant between survival state and planting season.

A separate analysis of variance showed that growing performance differed significantly (0.01%) and seedlings higher than 20 cm had greater performance in each planting season.

There was no significant between growing and planting season.

Akçakoca-Cumayani Experiment Field

As Düzce-Aydinpinar experiment field's results, growing performance also differed significantly (0.01%) and seedlings higher than 30 cm had greater performance. Survival was significantly (0.5%) greater in spring, according to planting season. General ratio was around 93%.

There was no significant between growing and planting season. However planting in spring of seedlings higher than 30 cm can be prefered.

Conclusions And Suggestions

If the natural regeneration is unsuccessful good origin and quality seedlings need appears. But seedlings can not be found in nurseries. Other wise understory flora for instance rhododendron, hollies, blackberries etc. covers the field strongly and cultured seedlings (1+0, 2+0 aged) usually lose fighting against to these vegetation cover. So, using of wildlings is a positive alternative.

In our study 3+0, 4+0 aged bare-root wildlings of oriental beech were lifted from very dense natural beech regenerations in Düzce and Akçakoca. Then these seedlings were transplanted in unsuccessful experiment fields close that stands in winter and spring season.

One growing season later survival state was determined and heights of seedlings were measured. A split plot factorial analysis of model was applied to test effected planting season and height classification on survival and growing performance of oriental beech seedlings.

According to results and observations;

Bare-root wildlings of oriental beech had high survival percentage (84% in Düzce, 93% in Akçakoca). The effect of falling of rain in April was very evident on this.
Both spring and winter season for planting of wildlings were successful. The effect of planting season on survival state was not found very significantly in Düzce-Aydinpinar which has 1500m altitude. However survival was significantly (0.5%) greater in spring in Akçakoca-Cumayani (220m).
Negative effects were normal because of lifting bare rooted and smoothing of roots (especially cutting of tap root) before transplanting. It was noticed that the leaves of transplanted seedlings became smaller and grooves were formed between leaf veins.
Sample seedlings were lifted in each plot and roots were examined. It seemed that lateral roots up 5-10 cm from cutting place of tap root developed speeder. New fasciculate roots which had 7-8 cm heights developped but fasciculate roots on cutting place did not have good and enough grown.
Riedacker&Dusek (1967) who study on root morphology of beech and oak species, told that if diameter of cutting place of tap root is bigger than 6-7 mm tap root can be rarely renewed for beech, tap root can be very good renewed for oak (Tosun, 1987).
Growing performance of wildlings which were heigher than 20-30 cm were better.
To obtain bare-root or soiled wildlings of oriental beech natural seedling nurseries should be established and soil characteristics must be determined for using of soiled beech seddlings.

Table 1. Height values of seedlings in experiment fields.

Region		DÜZCE		(1500m				AKÇAKOCA		(150m)
Planting	Season	Spring		Autumn			Spring		Autumn
	Height	First Height	o.g.s.l.*	First Height	o.g.s.l.*	Height	First Height	o.g.s.l.*	First Height	o.g.s.l.*
Block No	Class.	(cm)	(cm)	(cm)	(cm)	Class.	(cm)	(cm)	(cm)	(cm)
I	<20.0	23.50	42.40	31.13	37.26	<30.0	45.60	53.74	40.10	52.86
	>20.0	15.60	17.10	12.61	16.03	>30.0	23.30	30.96	21.10	30.05
II	<20.0	23.00	33.27	30.12	31.08	<30.0	45.50	55.62	36.90	43.81
	>20.0	14.80	18.90	14.78	19.38	>30.0	23.50	30.71	20.0	27.94
III	<20.0	24.60	33.55	40.10	38.02	<30.0	45.20	52.78	32.50	39.47
	>20.0	14.20	20.70	16.50	23.32	>30.0	16.60	32.11	18.22	25.85
IV						<30.0	38.58	48.52	34.85	45.55
						>30.0	25.00	31.97	18.70	26.45

* One growing season later

Table 2. Survival percentages of seedlings in experiment fields.

Region		DÜZCE	(1500m)		AKÇAKOCA	(150m)
Planting	Season	Spring	Autumn		Spring	Autumn
	Height	Survival	Percentages	Height	Survival	Percentages
Block No	Class.	%		Class.	%
I	<20.0	80.0	91.06	<30.0	100.0	90.0
	>20.0	63.64	83.16	>30.0	88.89	92.5
II	<20.0	70.0	84.48	<30.0	89.66	92.5
	>20.0	74.36	92.06	>30.0	100.0	82.5
III	<20.0	83.33	96.30	<30.0	100.0	100.0
	>20.0	92.86	92.98	>30.0	93.55	84.62
IV				<30.0	100.0	86.49
				>30.0	94.44	95.45

Literature

PAMAY, B. 1990. Dursunbey Alaçam Orman Mintikasindaki Yangin Sahalarinin Agaçlandirilmasi Imkanlari, Istanbul.

SAATÇIOGLU, F. 1952. Toprakli Fidan Dikimi ve Teknigindeki Gelismeler, Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 1952, Cilt 2, Sayi 2, Istanbul.

SAATÇIOGLU, F. 1990. Suni Orman Gençlestirme ve Agaçlandirma Teknigi, I.Ü. Or. Fak. Yayini, Istanbul.

TOSUN, S., GÜLCAN, E. 1984. Dogu Kayininin Yapay Yolla Gençlestirilmesi Üzerine Arastirmalar, Ormancilik Aras. Enstitüsü Teknik Bülten Seri No: 133, Ankara

TOSUN, S. 1987. Kayin ve Mese Kök Kesimleri Üzerine Fransa'da Sonuçlandirilmis Bazi Morfogenetik Arastirmalar, Or. Aras. Ens. Dergisi, 1987.

¹ Tree Breeding Division Chief, The Western Blacksea Forestry Research Institute,
P.K. 83 14001 BOLU- TÜRKIYE
Tel: +90-374-2703562
E-mail: [email protected]