Previous PageTable Of Contents

References

Alexander, M. 1977. Introduction to soil microbiology (2nd edition), 467 pp. New York, the United States, Wiley & Sons.

Al-Kanani, T. & MacKenzie, A.F. 1992. Effect of tillage practices and hay straw on ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizer solutions. Can. J. Soil Sci., 72: 145-157.

Ambus, P. & Christensen, S. 1994. Measurements of N2O emission from a fertilized grassland: an analysis of spatial variability. J. Geophys. Res., 99: 16549-16555.

Ambus, P. & Robertson, G.P. 1998. Automated near-continuous measurement of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes from soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62: 394-400.

Asman, W.A.H. 1992. Ammonia emission in Europe: updated emission and emission variations. Report 228471008, Bilthoven, the Netherlands, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment.

Aulakh, M.S., Khera, T.S. & Doran, J.W. 2000. Mineralization and denitrification in upland, nearly saturated and flooded subtropical soils. II. Effect of organic manures varying in N content and C:N ratio. Biol. Fert. Soils, 31: 168-174.

Bacon, P.E. & Freney, J.R. 1989. Nitrogen loss from different tillage systems and the effect on cereal grain yield. Fert. Res., 20: 59-66.

Bacon, P.E., Hoult, E.H., Lewin, L.G. & Mcgarity, J.W. 1988. Ammonia volatilization from drill sown rice bays. Fert. Res., 16: 257-272.

Ball, B.C., Horgan, G.W., Clayton, H. & Parker, J.P. 1997. Spatial variability of nitrous oxide fluxes and controlling soil and topographic properties. J. Env. Qual., 26: 1399-1409.

Batjes, N.H. 1997. A world data set of derived soil properties by FAO-UNESCO soil unit for global modelling. Soil Use Man., 13: 9-16.

Beyrouty, C.A., Sommers, L.E. & Nelson, D.W. 1988. Ammonia volatilization from surface-applied urea as affected by several phosphoroamide compounds. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52: 1173-1178.

Black, A.S., Sherlock, R.R., Smith, N.P., Cameron, K.C. & Goh, K.M. 1985. Effects of form of nitrogen, season, and urea application rate on ammonia volatilisation from pastures. N.Z. J. Ag. Res., 28: 469-474.

Bouwman, A.F. & Van der Hoek, K.W. 1997. Scenarios of animal waste production and fertilizer use and associated ammonia emission for the developing countries. At. Env., 31: 4095-4102.

Bouwman, A.F. & Van Vuuren, D. 1999. Global assessment of acidification and eutrophication of natural ecosystems. Report UNEP/DEIA&EW/TR.99-6; RIVM/4002001012, Nairobi, United Nations Environment Programme; and Bilthoven, the Netherlands, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment.

Bouwman, A.F. 1996. Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 46: 53-70.

Bouwman, A.F. 1998. Nitrogen oxides and tropical agriculture. Nature, 392: 866-867.

Bouwman, A.F., Boumans, L.J.M. & Batjes, N.H. 2001a. Estimation of global NH3 volatilization loss from mineral fertilizers and animal manure applied to arable lands and grasslands. Submitted to Glob. Bio. Cyc..

Bouwman, A.F., Boumans, L.J.M. & Batjes, N.H. 2001b. N2O and NO emissions from fertilized fields. Summary of available measurement data. Submitted to Glob. Bio. Cyc..

Bouwman, A.F., Lee, D.S., Asman, W.A.H., Dentener, F.J., Van der Hoek, K.W. & Olivier, J.G.J. 1997. A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia. Glob. Bio. Cyc., 11: 561-587.

Bouwmeester, R.J.B., Vlek, P.L.G. & Stumpe, J.M. 1985. Effect of environmental factors on ammonia volatilization from a urea-fertilized soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49: 376-381.

Bowmer, K.H. & Muirhead, W.A. 1987. Inhibition of algal photosynthesis to control pH and reduce ammonia volatilization from rice floodwater. Fert. Res., 13: 13-29.

Breitenbeck, G.A., Blackmer, A.M. & Bremner, J.M. 1980. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide from soil. Geophys. Res. Lett., 7: 85-88.

Bremner, J.M. 1997. Sources of nitrous oxide in soils. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 49: 7-16.

Bremner, J.M., Breitenbeck, G.A. & Blackmer, A.M. 1981a. Effect of anhydrous ammonia fertilization on emission of nitrous oxide from soils. J. Env. Qual., 10: 77-80.

Bremner, J.M., Breitenbeck, G.A. & Blackmer, A.M. 1981b. Effect of nitrapyrin on emission of nitrous oxide from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 8: 353-356.

Bremner, J.M., Robbins, S.G. & Blackmer, A.M. 1980. Seasonal variability in emission of nitrous oxide from soil. Geophys. Res. Lett., 7: 641-644.

Bronson, K.F., Neue, H.U., Singh, U. & Abao, E.B. 1997a. Automated chamber measurements of methane and nitrous oxide flux in a flooded rice soil: 1. Residue, nitrogen and water management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61: 981-987.

Bronson, K.F., Neue, H.U., Singh, U. & Abao, E.B. 1997b. Automated chamber measurements of methane and nitrous oxide flux in a flooded rice soil: 2. Fallow period emissions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61: 988-993.

Brumme, R. & Beese, F. 1992. Effects of liming and nitrogen fertilization on emissions of CO2 and N2O from a temperate forest. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 12851-12858.

Bundy, L.G. & Oberle, S.L. 1988. Evaluation of methods for control of ammonia volatilization from surface-applied urea containing fertilizers. J. Fert. Issues., 5: 24-30.

Burton, D.L., Bergstrom, D.W., Covert, J.A., Wagner-Riddle, C. & Beauchamp, E.G. 1997. Three methods to estimate N2O fluxes as impacted by agricultural management. Can. J. Soil Sci., 77: 125-134.

Bussink, D.W. & Oenema, O. 1998. Ammonia volatilization from dairy farming systems in temperate areas: a review. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 51: 19-33.

Cai, G.X., Zhu, Z.L., Trevitt, A.C.F., Freney, J.R. & Simpson, J.R. 1986. Nitrogen loss from ammonium bicarbonate and urea fertilizers applied to flooded rice. Fert. Res., 10: 203-215.

Cai, Z., Xing, G., Yan, X., Xu, H., Tsuruta, H., Yagi, K. & Minami, K. 1997. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from paddy rice fields as affected by nitrogen fertiliser and water management. Plant & Soil 196: 7-14.

Cardenas, L., Rondon, A., Johansson, C. & Sanhueza, E. 1993. Effects of soil moisture, temperature, and inorganic nitrogen on nitric oxide emissions from acidic tropical savannah soils. J. Geophys. Res., 98: 14783-14790.

Chang, C., Janzen, H.H., Cho, C.M. & Nakonecchny, E.M. 1998. Nitrous oxide emission through plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62: 35-38.

Chantigny, M.H., Prevost, D., Angers, D.A., Simard, R.R. & Chalifour, F.P. 1998. Nitrous oxide production in soils cropped to corn with varying N fertilization. Can. J. Soil Sci., 78: 589-596.

Christensen, S., Ambus, P., Arah, J.R.M., Clayton, H., Galle, B., Griffith, D.W.T., Hargreaves, K.J., Klemedtsson, L., Lind, A.-M., Maag, M., Scott, A., Skiba, U., Smith, K.A., Welling, M. & Wienhold, F.G. 1996. Nitrous oxide emission from an agricultural field: Comparison between measurements by chamber and micrometeorological techniques. At. Env., 30: 4183-4190.

Clemens, J., Schillinger, M.P., Goldbach, H. & Huwe, B. 1999. Spatial variability of N2O emissions and soil parameters of an arable silt loam - a field study. Biol. Fert. Soils, 28: 403-406.

Cochran, V.L., Sparrow, E.B., Schlenter, S.F. & Knight, C.W. 1997. Long-term tillage and crop residue management in the subarctic: fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide. Can. J. Soil Sci., 77: 565-570.

Colbourn, P. & Harper, I.W. 1987. Denitrification in drained and undrained arable clay soil. J. Soil Sci., 38: 531-539.

Colbourn, P., Iqbal, M.M. & Harper, I.W. 1984. Estimation of the total gaseous nitrogen losses from clay soils under laboratory and field conditions. J. Soil Sci., 35: 11-22.

Crill, P., Keller, M., Weitz, A., Grauel, B. & Veldkamp, E. 2000. Intensive field measurements of nitrous oxide emissions from a tropical agricultural soil. Glob. Bio. Cyc., 14: 85-96.

Davidson, E.A. & Kingerlee, W. 1997. A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 48: 37-50.

Davidson, E.A. and Verchot, L.V. 2000. Testing the hole-in-the-pipe model of nitric and nitrous oxide emissions from soils using the TRAGNET database. Glob. Bio. Cyc., 14: 1035-1043.

Davidson, E.A. 1991. Fluxes of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from terrestrial ecosystems. In J.E. Rogers and W.B. Whitman, eds. Microbial production and consumption of greenhouse gases: methane, nitrogen oxides and halomethanes, p. 219-235. Washington, DC, American Society of Microbiology.

Davidson, E.A. 1992. Sources of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide following wetting of dry soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56: 95-102.

Davidson, E.A., Matson, P.A. & Brooks, P.D. 1996. Nitrous oxide emission controls and inorganic nitrogen dynamics in fertilized tropical agricultural soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60: 1145-1152.

De Datta, S.K., A.C.T. Trevitt, J.R. Freney, W.N. Obcemea, J.G. Real & J.R. Simpson. 1989. Measuring nitrogen losses from lowland rice using bulk aerodynamic and nitrogen-15 balance methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53: 1275-1281.

de Pauw, E., Nachtergaele, F.O., Antoine, J., Fisher, G. & Velthuizen, H.T.V. 1996. A provisional world climatic resource inventory based on the length-of-growing-period concept. In N.H. Batjes, J.H. Kauffman & O.C. Spaargaren, eds. National soil reference collections and databases (NASREC), p. 30-43. Wageningen, the Netherlands, International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC).

de Preez, C.C. & Burger, R.d.T. 1987. Effect of application methods on ammonia volatilization from soils in a controlled environment. S.A. J. Plant & Soil, 4: 57-60.

Denmead, O.T. 1983. Micrometeorological methods for measuring gaseous losses of nitrogen in the field. In J.R. Freney & J.R. Simpson, eds. Gaseous loss of nitrogen from plant-soils systems. Developments in plant and soil science Vol. 9, p. 133-157. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers.

Denmead, O.T., Freney, J.R. & Simpson, J.R. 1979. Nitrous oxide emission during denitrification in a flooded field. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 43: 716-718.

Denmead, O.T., Freney, J.R. & Simpson, J.R. 1982. Dynamics of ammonia volatilization during furrow irrigation of maize. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46: 149-155.

Denmead, O.T., Simpson, J.R. & Freney, J.R. 1977. A direct field measurement of ammonia emission after injection of anhydrous ammonia. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 41: 1001-1004.

Dhyani, B.P. & Mishra, B. 1992. Effect of nitrogen-application schedule on ammonia volatilization from field of rice (Oryza sativa). Ind. J. Ag. Sci., 62: 73-73.

Dunfield, P.F., Topp, E., Archambault, C. & Knowles, R. 1995. Effect of nitrogen fertilizers and moisture content on CH4 and N2O fluxes in a humisol: measurements in the field and intact soil cores. Biogeochemistry, 29: 199-222.

Duxbury, J.M., Bouldin, D.R., Terry, R.E. & Tate, R.L. 1982. Emissions of nitrous oxide from soils. Nature, 298: 462-464.

Eaton, L.J. & Patriquin, D.G. 1989. Denitrification in lowbush blueberry soils. Can. J. Soil Sci., 69: 303-312.

ECETOC. 1994. Ammonia emissions to air in Western Europe. Technical Report No. 62, 196 pp. Brussels.

Eichner, M.J. 1990. Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized soils: summary of available data. J. Env. Qual. 19: 272-280.

Ellis, S., Yamulki, S., Dixon, E., Harrison, R. & Jarvis, S.C. 1998. Denitrification and N2O emissions from a UK pasture soil following early spring application of cattle slurry and mineral fertiliser. Plant & Soil, 202: 15-25.

FAO. 2001. Global inventory of NH3 emissions from mineral fertilizers and animal manure applied to croplands and grasslands, by A.F. Bouwman. Rome.

Fenn, L.B. & Kissel, D.E. 1973. Ammonia volatilization from surface applications of ammonium compounds on calcareous soils: I. General theory. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 37: 855-859.

Fenn, L.B. & Kissel, D.E. 1974. Ammonia volatilization from surface applications of ammonia compounds on calcareous soils: II. Effects of temperature and rate of ammonia nitrogen application. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 38: 606-610.

Fenn, L.B. & Kissel, D.E. 1976. The influence of cation exchange capacity and depth of incorporation on ammonia volatilization from ammonium compounds applied to calcareous soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40: 394-398.

Fenn, L.B., Tatum, G. & Horst, G. 1990. Ammonia losses from surface-placed mixtures of urea-calcium-potassium salts in the presence of phosphorous. Fert. Res., 21: 125-131.

Fenn, L.B., Taylor, R.M. & Matocha, J.E. 1979. Ammonia losses from surface applied nitrogen fertilizer as controlled by soluble calcium and magnesium: general theory. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45: 777-781.

Ferguson, R.B., McInnes, K.J., Kissel, D.E. & Kanemasu, E.T. 1988. A comparison of methods of estimating ammonia volatilization in the field. Fert. Res., 15: 55-69.

Fillery, I.R.P. & Datta, S.K.D. 1986. Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen sources applied to rice fields: I. Methodology, ammonia fluxes, and nitrogen-15 loss. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50: 80-86.

Fillery, I.R.P. & Vlek, P.L.G. 1986. Reappraisal of the significance of ammonia volatilization as an N loss mechanism in flooded rice fields. Fert. Res., 9: 79-98.

Fillery, I.R.P., Simpson, J.R. & De Datta, S.K. 1984. Influence of field environment and fertilizer management on ammonia loss. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48: 914-920.

Fillery, I.R.P., Simpson, J.R. & De Datta, S.K. 1986c. Contribution of ammonia volatilization to total nitrogen loss after applications of urea to wetland rice fields. Fert. Res., 8: 193-202.

Firestone, M.K. & Davidson, E.A. 1989. Microbiological basis for NO and N2O production and consumption in soils. In M.O. Andreae & D.S. Schimel, eds. Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, 7-21 pp. Chichester, the United Kingdom, Wiley & Sons.

Flessa, H. & Beese, F. 2000. Laboratory estimates of trace gas emissions following surface application and injection of cattle slurry. J. Env. Qual., 29: 262-268.

Focht, D.D. 1974. The effect of temperature, pH and aeration on the production of nitrous oxide and gaseous nitrogen- a zero order kinetic model. Soil Sci., 118: 173-179.

Folorunso, O.A. & Rolston, D.E. 1984. Spatial variability of field measured denitrification gas fluxes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48: 1214-1219.

Fowler, D., Hargreaves, K.J., Skiba, U., Milne, R., Zahniser, M.S., Moncrieff, J.B., Beverland, I.J. & Gallagher, M.W. 1995. Measurements of CH4 and N2O fluxes at the landscape scale using micrometeorological methods. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A., 351: 339-356.

Fox, R.H., Piekielek, W.P. & Macneal, K.E. 1996. Estimating ammonia volatilization losses from urea fertilizers using a simplified micrometeorological sampler. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60: 596-601.

Freney, J.R. & Denmead, O.T. 1992. Factors controlling ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from flooded rice fields. Eco. Bull., 42: 188-194.

Freney, J.R. & Denmead, O.T. 1992. Factors controlling ammonia loss from trash covered sugarcane fields fertilized with urea. Fert. Res., 31: 341-349.

Freney, J.R., Denmead, O.T., Watanabe, I. & Craswell, E.T. 1981. Ammonia and nitrous oxide losses following applications of ammonia sulfate to flooded rice. Aus. J. Ag. Res., 32: 37-45.

Freney, J.R., Leuning, R., Simpson, J.R., Denmead, O.T. & Muirhead, W.A. 1985. Estimating ammonia volatilization from flooded rice fields by simplified techniques. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49: 1049-1054.

Freney, J.R., Trevitt, A.C.F., Datta, S.K.D., Obcemea, W.N. & Real, J.G. 1990. The interdependence of ammonia volatilization and denitrification as nitrogen loss process in flooded rice fields in the Philippines. Biol. Fert. Soils, 9: 31-36.

Freney, J.R., Trevitt, A.C.F., Muirhead, W.A, Denmead, O.T., Simpson, J.R. & Obcemea, W.N. 1988. Effect of water depth on ammonia loss from lowland rice. Fert. Res., 16: 97-107.

Fresco, L.O., Bridges, E.M. & Starren, M.H.C.W. 1998. Food Production and Environmental Impact (Based on Draft Report Food Production and Environmental Impact, FAO Food Summit 1996). Report 98/04. Wageningen, the Netherlands, Wageningen Agricultural University and International Soil Reference and Information Centre.

Frolking, S.E., Mosier, A.R., Ojima, D.S., Li, C., Parton, W.J., Potter, C.S., Priesak, E., Stenger, R., Haberbosch, C., Dörsch, P., Flessa, H. & K.A. Smith, K.A. 1998. Comparison of N2O emissions from soils at three different agricultural sites: simulations of yearround measurements by four models. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 52: 77-105.

Galbally, I.E. 1989. Factors controlling NOx emissions from soils. In M.O. Andreae & D.S. Schimel, eds. Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, 23-27 pp. Chichester, the United Kingdom, Wiley & Sons.

Galle, B., Klemedtsson, L. & Griffith, D.W. 1994. Application of an FTIR for measurements of N2O fluxes using micrometeorological methods, an ultralarge chamber system and conventional field chambers. J. Geophys. Res., 99: 16575-16583.

Goodroad, L.L. & Keeney, D.R. 1984. Nitrous oxide production in aerobic soils under varying pH, temperature and water content. Soil Bio. Biochem., 16: 39-43.

Goodroad, L.L. & Keeney, D.R. 1985. Site of nitrous oxide production in field soils. Bio. Fert. Soils, 1: 3-7.

Granli, T. & Bockman, O.C. 1994. Nitrous oxide from agriculture. Nor. J. Ag. Sci., Supplement No. 12: 128.

Grant, C.A., Jia, S., Brown, K.R. & Bailey, L.D. 1996. Volatile losses of NH3 from surface applied urea and ammonium nitrate with and without the urease inhibitors NBPT or ammonium thiosulphate. Can. J. Soil Sci., 76: 417-419.

Groffman, P.M. & Tiedje, J.M. 1989. Denitrification in North temperate forest soils: spatial and temporal patterns at the landscape and seasonal scales. Soil Bio. Biochem., 21: 613-620.

Hargreaves, K.J., Skiba, U., Fowler, D., Arah, J., Wienhold, F.G., Klemedtsson, L. & Galle, B. 1994. Measurements of nitrous oxide emission from fertilized grassland using micrometeorological techniques. J. Geophys. Res., 99: 16569-16574.

Hargreaves, K.J., Wienhold, F.G., Klemedtsson, L., Arah, J.R., Beverland, I.J., Fowler, D., Galle, B., Griffith, D.W.T., Skiba, U., Smith, K.A., Welling, M., Harrsiss, G.W. & Penkett, S. 1996. Measurement of nitrous oxide emission from agricultural land using micrometeorological methods. At. Env., 30: 1563-1571.

Hargrove, W.L. & Kissel, D.E. 1979. Ammonia volatilization from surface applications of urea in the field and laboratory. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 43: 359-363.

Hargrove, W.L., Bock, B.R., Raunikar, R.A. & Urban, W.J. 1987. Comparison of a forced draft technique to nitrogen-15 recovery for measuring ammonia volatilization under field conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51: 124-128.

He, Z.L., Alva, A.K., Calvert, D.V. & Banks, D.J. 1999. Ammonia volatilization from different fertilizer sources and effects of temperature and soil pH. Soil Sci., 164: 750-758.

Humphreys, E., Freney, J.R., Muirhead, W.A., Denmead, O.T., Simpson, J.R., Leuning, R., Trevitt, A.C.F., Obcemea, W.N., Wetselaar, R. & Gui-Xin, C. 1988. Loss of ammonia after application of urea at different times to dry-seeded, irrigated rice. Fert. Res., 16: 47-57.

Hutchinson, G.L. & Brams, E.A. 1992. NO versus N2O emissions from an NH4+ -amended Bermuda grass pasture. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 9889-9896.

Hutchinson, G.L. & Mosier, A.R. 1981. Improved soil cover method for field measurement of nitrous oxide flux. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45: 311-316.

IFA. 1999. Nitrogen - Phosphate - Potash, IFADATA statistics from 1973/74-1973 to 1997/98-1997, including separately world fertilizer consumption statistics. Paris, International Fertilizer Industry Association.

IFA/IFDC/FAO. 1999. Fertilizer use by crop. 4th edition. FAO, Rome.

Jacinthe, P.A. & Dick, W.A. 1997. Soil Management and nitrous oxide emissions from cultivated fields in southern Ohio. Soil Till. Res., 41: 221-235.

Jambert, C., Serca, D. & Delmas, R. 1997. Quantification of N-losses as NH3, NO and N2O and N2 from fertilized maize fields in southwestern France. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 48: 91-104.

Jarvis, S.C., Hatch, D.J. & Lockyer, D.R. 1989a. Ammonia fluxes from grazed grassland: annual losses from cattle production systems and their relation to nitrogen inputs. J. Ag. Sci., Cambridge, 113: 99-108.

Jarvis, S.C., Hatch, D.J. & Roberts, D.H. 1989b. The effects of grassland management on nitrogen losses from grazed swards through ammonia volatilization; the relation to excretal N returns from cattle. J. Ag. Sci., 112: 205-216.

Jarvis, S.C., Hatch, D.J., Orr, R.J. & Reynolds, S.E. 1991. Micrometeorological studies of ammonia emission from sheep grazed swards. J. Ag. Sci., Cambridge, 117: 101-109.

Johansson, C. & Granat, L. 1984. Emission of nitric oxide from arable land. Tellus, 36B: 25-37.

Johansson, C. & Sanhueza, E. 1988. Emission of NO from savanna soil during the rainy season. J. Geophys. Res., 93: 14193-14198.

Jordan, C. 1989. The effect of fertilizer type and application rate on denitrification losses from cut grassland in Northern Ireland. Fert. Res. 19: 45-55.

Kaiser, E.A. & Ruser, R. 2000. Nitrous oxide emissions from arable soils in Germany. An evaluation of six long-term field experiments. J. Plant Nut. Soil Sci. (Zeits. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkunde), 163: 249-259.

Kaiser, E.-A., Kohrs, K., Kücke, M., Schnug, E., Heinemeier, O. & Munch, J.C. 1998. Nitrous oxide release from arable soil: importance of N-fertilization, crops and temporal variation. Soil Bio. Biochem., 30: 1553-1563.

Katyal, J.C. & Carter, M.F. 1989. Effect of airflow rate, leaching, and presubmergence on ammonia volatilization and apparent denitrification loss of nitrogen from a submerged soils. Soil Sci., 147: 116-125.

Keeney, D.R., I.R. Fillery & Marx, G.P. 1979. Effect of temperature on gaseous nitrogen products of denitrification in a silt loam soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 43: 1124-1128.

Keertsinghe, D.G., Freney, J.R. & Mosier, A.R. 1993. Effect of wax-coated calcium carbide and nitrapyrin on nitrogen loss and methane emission from dry-seeded flooded rice. Biol. Fert. Soils, 16: 71-75.

Keller, G.D. & Mengel, D.B. 1986. Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizers surface applied to no-till corn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50: 1060-1063.

Keller, M., Kaplan, W.A. & Wofsy, S.C. 1986. Emissions of N2O, CH4 and CO2 from tropical forest soils. J. Geophys. Res., 91: 11791-11802.

Kessavalou, A., Doran, J.W., Mosier, A.R. & Drijber, R.A. 1998. Greenhouse gas fluxes following tillage and wetting in a wheat-fallow cropping system. J. Env. Qual., 27: 1105-1116.

Kissel, D.E., Brewer, H.L. & Arkin, G.F. 1977. Design and test of a field sampler for ammonia volatilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 41: 1133-1138.

Kliewer, B.A. & Gilliam, J.W. 1995. Water table management effects on denitrification and nitrous oxide evolution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 59: 1694-1701.

Kreileman, E., Van Woerden, J. & Bakkes, J. 1998. RIVM Environmental Research. M025/98, Report M025/98. Bilthoven, the Netherlands, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment.

Laegreid, M., Bockman, O.C. & Kaarstad, O. 1999. Agriculture and fertilizers, 294 pp. Wallingford, the United Kingdom, CABI Publishing.

Lapitan, R.L., Wanninkhof, R. & Mosier, A.R. 1999. Methods for stable gas flux determination in aquatic and terrestrial systems. In A.F. Bouwman, ed. Approaches to scaling of trace gas fluxes in ecosystems, 31-66 pp. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Elsevier Science.

Laville, P., Henault, C., Renault, P., Cellier, P., Oriol, A., Devis, X., Flura, D. & Germon, J.C. 1997. Field comparison of nitrous oxide emission measurements using micrometeorological and chamber methods. Agronomie, 17: 375-388.

Laville, P., Jambert, C., Cellier, P. & Delmas, R. 1999. Nitrous oxide fluxes from a fertilized maize crop using micrometeorological and chamber methods. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 96: 19-38.

Lee, D.S., Bouwman, A.F., Asman, W.A.H., Dentener, F.J., Van der Hoek, K.W. & Olivier, J.G.J. 1997. Emissions of nitric oxide and ammonia from grasslands on a global scale. In S.C. Jarvis & B.F. Pain, eds. Gaseous nitrogen emissions from grasslands, 353-371 pp. Wallingford, New York, the United States, CAB International.

Lemke, R.L., Izauralde, R.C., Malhi, S.S., Arshad, M.A. & Nyborg, M. 1998. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils of the boreal and parkland regions of Alberta. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62: 1096-1102.

Letey, J., Valoras, N., Focht, D.D. & Ryden, J.C. 1981. Nitrous oxide production and reduction during denitrification as affected by redox potential. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45: 727-730.

Levine, J.S., Winstead, E.L., Parsons, D.A.B., Scholes, M.C., Scholes, R.J., Sebacher, W.R.C. III, D.R.C. Jr., & D.I. 1996. Biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from savannas in South Africa: The impact of wetting and burning. J. Geophys. Res., 101: 23689-23697.

Li, C. & Aber, J. 2000. A process-oriented model of N2O and NO emissions from forest soils: I. Model development. J. Geophys. Res., 105: 4369-4384.

Lipschultz, F., Zafiriou, O.C., Wofsy, S.C., McElroy, M.B., Valois, F.W. & Watson, S.W. 1981. Production of NO and N2O by soil nitrifying bacteria. Nature, 294: 641-643.

Lockyer, D.R. 1984. A system for the measurement in the field of losses of ammonia through volatilization. J. Sci. Food Ag., 35: 837-848.

MacKenzie, A.F., Fan, M.X. & Cadrin, F. 1997. Nitrous oxide emission as affected by tillage, corn-soybean-alfalfa rotations and nitrogen fertilization. Can. J. Soil Sci., 77: 145-152.

MacKenzie, A.F., Fan, M.X. & Cadrin, F. 1998. Nitrous oxide emission in three years as affected by tillage, corn-soybean-alfalfa rotations, and nitrogen fertilization. J. Env. Qual., 27: 698-703.

Marshall, V.G. & Debell, D.S. 1980. Comparison of four methods of measuring volatilization losses of nitrogen following urea fertilization of forest soils. Can. J. Soil Sci., 60: 549-563.

Martikainen, P.J. 1985. Nitrous oxide emission associated with autotrophic ammonium oxidation in acid coniferous forest soil. App. Env. Microbiol., 60: 1519-1525.

Matson, P.A., Billow, C. & Hall, S. 1996. Fertilization practices and soil variations control nitrogen oxide emissions from tropical sugar cane. J. Geophys. Res., 101: 18533-18545.

McInnes, K.J., Ferguson, R.B., Kissel, D.E. & Kanemasu, E.T. 1986. Ammonia loss from applications of urea-ammonium nitrate solution to straw residue. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50: 969-974.

McKenney, D.J. & Drury, C.F. 1997. Nitric oxide production in agricultural soils. Glob. Ch. Bio., 3: 317-326.

Meixner, F. 1994. Surface exchange of odd nitrogen oxides. Nov. Act. Leo., 288: 299-348.

Meixner, F.X., Fickinger, T., Marufu, L., Serca, D., Nathaus, F.J., Makina, E., Mukurumbira, L. & Andreae, M.O. 1997. Preliminary results on nitric oxide emission from a southern African savanna ecosystem. Nut. Cyc. Agroeco., 48: 123-138.

Mikkelsen, D.S., De Datta, S.K. & Obcemea, W.N. 1978. Ammonia volatilization losses from flooded soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42: 725-730.

Mosier, A.R. & Hutchinson, G.L. 1981. Nitrous oxide emissions from cropped fields. J. Env. Qual., 10: 169-173.

Mosier, A.R., Kroeze, C., Nevison, C., Oenema, O., Seitzinger, S. & Cleemput, O.V. 1998. Closing the global atmospheric N2O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 52: 225-248.

Myrold, D.D. & Tiedje, J.M. 1985. Diffusional constraints on denitrification in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49: 651-657.

Nägele, W. & Conrad, R. 1990. Influence of pH on the release of NO and N2O from fertilized and unfertilized soil. Biol. Fert. Soils, 10: 139-144.

Neff, J.C., Keller, M., Holland, E.A., Weitz, A.W. & Veldkamp, E. 1995. Fluxes of nitric oxide from soils following the clearing and burning of a secondary tropical rainforest. J. Geophys. Res., 100: 25913-25922.

Obcemea, W.N., Real, J.G. & Datta, S.K.D. 1988. Effect of soil texture and nitrogen management on ammonia volatilization and total nitrogen loss. Philipp. J. Crop Sci., 13: 145-153.

Olivier, J.G.J., Bouwman, A.F., Van der Hoek, K.W. & Berdowski, J.J.M. 1998. Global air emission inventories for anthropogenic sources of NOx, NH3 and N2O in 1990. Env. Poll., 102: 135-148.

Ortiz-Monasterio, J.I., Matson, P.A., Panek, J. & Naylor, R.L. 1996. Nitrogen fertilizer management: consequences for N2O and NO emissions in Mexican irrigated wheat, 9th Nitrogen Workshop, 531-534 pp. Braunschweig, Germany, Technische Universität Braunschweig.

Ouyang, D.S., Mackenzie, A.F. & Fan, M.X. 1998. Ammonia volatilization from urea amended with triple superphosphate and potassium chloride. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62: 1443-1447.

Overrein, L.N. 1968. Lysimeter studies on tracer nitrogen in forest soil: I. nitrogen losses by leaching and volatilization after addition of urea-N15. Soil Sci., 106: 280-290.

Palma, R.M., Rimolo, M., Saubidet, M.I. & Conti, M.E. 1997. Influence of tillage system on denitrification in maize-cropped soils. Biol. Fert. Soils, 25: 142-146.

Panda, D., Mahata, K.R., Sen, H.S. & Patnaik, S. 1989. Transformation and loss of nitrogen due to leaching and ammonia volatilization in wetland rice (Oryza satava) soil. Ind. J. Ag. Sci., 59: 91-96.

Parkin, T.B. 1987. Soil microsites as a source of denitrification variability. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51: 1194-1199.

Parry, S., Renault, P., Chenu, C. & Lensi, R. 1999. Denitrification in pasture and cropped soil clods as affected by pore space structure. Soil Bio. Biochem., 31: 493-501.

Parsons, D.A.B., Scholes, M.C., Scholes, R.J. & Levine, J.S. 1996. Biogenic NO emissions from savanna soils as a function of fire regime, soil type, soil nitrogen, and water status. J. Geophys. Res., 101: 23683-23688.

Patel, S.K. & Mohanty, S.K. 1989. Relative ammonia loss from urea-based fertilizers applied to rice under different hydrological conditions. Fert. Res., 19: 113-119.

Patra, A.K., Burford, J.R. & Rego, T.J. 1996. Volatilization losses of surface-applied urea nitrogen from vertisols in the Indian semi-arid tropics. Biol. Fert. Soils, 22: 345-349.

Payne, R.W., Lane, P.W., Digby, P.G.N., Harding, S.A., Leech, P.K., Morgan, G.W., Todd, A.D., Thompson, R., Wilson, G.T., Welham, S.J. & White, R.P. 1993. Genstat 5 release 3. Reference manual. Oxford, the United Kingdom, Clarendon Press.

Peoples, M.B., Freney, J.R. & Mosier, A.R. 1995. Minimizing gaseous losses of nitrogen. In P.E. Bacon, ed. Nitrogen fertilization and the environment, 565-602 pp. New York, the United States, Marcel Dekker Inc.

Poth, M. & Focht, D.D. 1985. 15N kinetic analysis of N2O production by Nitrosomonas europaea: an examination of nitrifier denitrification. App. Env. Mircobiol., 49: 1134-1141.

Potter, C.S., Matson, P.A., Vitousek, P.M. & Davidson, E.A. 1996. Process modeling of controls on nitrogen trace gas emissions worldwide. J. Geophys. Res., 101: 1361-1377.

Rao, D.L.N. 1987. Slow-release urea fertilizers - effect on floodwater chemistry, ammonia volatilization and rice growth in an alkali soil. Fert. Res., 13: 209-221.

Remde, A. & Conrad, R. 1990. Production of nitric oxide in Nitrosomonas europaea by reduction of nitrite. Arch. Mircobiol., 154: 187-191.

Remde, A. & Conrad, R. 1991. Role of nitrification and denitrification for NO metabolism in soil. Biogeochemistry, 12: 189-205.

Remde, A., Ludwig, J., Meixner, F. & Conrad, R. 1993. A study to explain the emission of nitric oxide from a marsh soil. J. Atmos. Chem., 17: 249-275.

Rodriguez, M.B. & Giambiagi, N. 1995. Denitrification in tillage and no tillage pampean soils: Relationships among soil water, available carbon, and nitrate and nitrous oxide production. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 26: 3205-3220.

Roelcke, M. 1994. Die Ammoniak-Volatilisation nach Ausbringung von Mineraldünger-Stickstoff in carbonatreichen Chinesischen Löss-Ackerböden. PhD thesis, 198 pp. Göttingen, Germany, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig.

Rolston, D.E., Hoffman, D.L. & Toy, D.W. 1978. Field measurement of denitrification: I. Flux of N2 and N2O. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42: 863-869.

Rondon, A., Johansson, C. & Sanhueza, E. 1993. Emission of nitric oxide from soils and termite nests in a trachypogon savanna of the Orinoco Basin. J. Atmos. Chem., 17: 293-306.

Röver, M., Heinemeyer, O. & Kaiser, E.-A. 1998. Microbial induced nitrous oxide emissions from an arable soil during winter. Soil Bio. Biochem., 30: 1859-1865.

Ruz Jerez, B.E., White, R.E. & Ball, P.R. 1994. Long-term measurements of denitrification in three contrasting pastures grazed by sheep. Soil Bio. Biochem., 26: 29-39.

Ryden, J.C. & Lockyer, D.R. 1985. Evaluation of a system of wind tunnels for field studies of ammonia loss from grassland through volatilization. J. Sci. Food Ag., 36: 781-788.

Ryden, J.C. 1981. N2O exchange between a grassland soil and the atmosphere. Nature, 292: 235-237.

Ryden, J.C. 1983. Denitrification loss from a grassland soil in the field receiving different rates of nitrogen as ammonium nitrate. J. Soil Sci., 1983: 355-365.

Ryden, J.C., Lund, L.J. & Focht, D.D. 1978. Direct in-field measurement of nitrous oxide flux from soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42: 731-737.

Saad, A.L.O. & Conrad, R. 1993. Temperature dependence of nitrification, denitrification and turnover of nitric oxide in different soils. Biol. Fert. Soils, 15: 21-27.

Sahrawat, K.L. & Keeney, D.R. 1986. Nitrous oxide emission from soils. Ad. Soil Sci., Vol.4, p. 103-148: New York, the United States, Springer Verlag.

Sahrawat, K.L. 1980. Ammonia volatilization losses in some tropical flooded rice soils under field conditions. Riso, 29: 21-27.

Sanhueza, E., Cardenas, L., Donoso, L. & Santana, M. 1994. Effect of plowing on CO2, CO, CH4, N2O and NO fluxes from tropical savanna soils. J. Geophys. Res., 99: 16429-16434.

Santra, G.H., Das, D.K. & Mandal, L.N. 1988. Loss of nitrogen through ammonia volatilization from flooded rice soils. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci., 36: 652-659.

Schimel, D.S. & Panikov, N.S. 1999. Simulation models of terrestrial trace gas fluxes at soil microsites to global scales. In A.F. Bouwman, ed. Scaling of trace gas fluxes in ecosystems, 185-202 pp. , Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Elsevier Science.

Schmidt, J., Seiler, W. & Conrad, R. 1988. Emission of nitrous oxide from temperate forest soils into the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Chem., 6: 95-115.

Scholes, M.C., Martin, R., Scholes, R.J., Parsons, D. & Winstead, E. 1997. NO and N2O emissions from savanna soils following the first simulated rains. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 48: 115-122.

Sen, H.S. & Bandyopadhyay, B.K. 1986. Effect of placement, urease inhibitors and acidic amendments on ammonia volatilization from wetland rice field fertilized with urea. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci., 34: 514-519.

Shelton, D.R., Sadeghi, A.M. & McCarty, G.W. 2000. Effect of soil water content on denitrification during cover crop. Soil Sci., 165: 365-371.

Shepherd, M.F., Barzetti, S. & Hastie, D.R. 1991. The production of atmospheric NOx and N2O from a fertilized agricultural soil. At. Env., 25A: 1961-1969.

Simek, M., Cooper, J.E., Picek, T. & Santruckova, H. 2000. Denitrification in arable soils in relation to their physico-chemical properties and fertilization practice. Soil Bio. Biochem., 32: 101-110.

Simpson, J.R., Muirhead, W.A., Bowmer, K.H., Cai, G.X. & Freney, J.R. 1988. Control of gaseous nitrogen losses from urea applied to flooded rice soils. Fert. Res., 18: 31-47.

Skiba, U., Fowler, D. & Smith, K.A. 1997. Nitric oxide emissions from agricultural soils in temperate and tropical climates: sources, controls and mitigation options. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 48: 139-153.

Skiba, U., Hargreaves, K.J., Fowler, D. & Smith, K.A. 1992. Fluxes of nitric and nitrous oxides from agricultural soils in a cool temperate climate. At. Env., 26A: 2477-2488.

Skiba, U., Sheppard, L., Pitcairn, C.E.R., Leith, I., Crossley, A., Dijk, S.v., Kennedy, V.H. & Fowler, D. 1998. Soil nitrous and nitric oxide emissions as indicators of elevated atmospheric deposition rates in seminatural ecosystems. Env. Poll., 102 S1: 457-461.

Slemr, F. & Seiler, W. 1984. Field measurement of NO and NO2 emissions from fertilized and unfertilized soils. J. Atmos. Chem., 2: 1-24.

Slemr, F. & Seiler, W. 1991. Field study of environmental variables controlling the NO emissions from soil and the NO compensation point. J. Geophys. Res., 96: 13017-13031.

Slemr, F., R. Conrad & Seiler, W. 1984. Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized and unfertilized soils in a subtropical region (Andalusia, Spain). J. Atmos. Chem., 1: 159-169.

Sloan, J.J. & Anderson, W.B. 1995. Calcium chloride and ammonium thiosulfate as ammonia volatilization inhibitors for urea fertilizers. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 26: 2425-2447.

Smith, C.J., Brandon, M. & Patrick, W.H.J. 1982. Nitrous oxide emission following urea-N fertilization of wetland rice. Soil Sci. Plant Nut., 28: 161-171.

Smith, C.J., Delaune, R.D. & Patrick, W.H.J. 1983. Nitrous oxide emission from Gulf Coast Wetlands. Geochim. Cosmochim. A., 47: 1805-1814.

Smith, K.A., McTaggart, I.P. & Tsuruta, H. 1997. Emissions of N2O and NO associated with nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture, and the potential for mitigation. Soil Use Man., 13: 296-304.

Smith, K.A., McTaggart, I.P., Dobbie, K.E. & Conen, F. 1998. Emissions of N2O from Scottish agricultural soils, as a function of fertilizer N. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 52: 123-130.

Sommer, S.G. & Ersboll, A.K. 1996. Effect of airflow rate, lime amendments, and chemical soil properties on the volatilization of ammonia from fertilizers applied to sandy soils. Biol. Fert. Soils, 21: 53-60.

Stanley, F.A. & Smith, G.E. 1956. Effect of soil moisture and depth of application on retention of anhydrous ammonia. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 20: 557-561.

Stocker, D.W. & Stedman, D.H. 1993. Fluxes of nitrogen oxides and ozone by eddy correlation over a shortgrass prairie. J. Geophys. Res., 98: 12619-12630.

Terry, R.E., III, R.L.T. & Duxbury, J.M. 1981. The effect of flooding on nitrous oxide emissions from and organic soil. Soil Sci., 132: 228-232.

Thornton, F.C., Bock, B.R. & Tyler, D.D. 1996. Soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from injected anhydrous ammonium and urea. J. Env. Qual., 25: 1378-1384.

Tiedje, J.M. 1988. Ecology of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. In A.J.B. Zehnder, ed. Biology of Anaerobic micro-organisms, 179-244 pp. New York, the United States, Wiley & Sons.

Trenkel, M.E. 1997. Improving fertilizer use efficiency. Controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers in agriculture. Paris, International Fertilizer Industry Association.

Urban, W.J., Hargrove, W.L., Bock, B.R. & Raunikar, R.A. 1987. Evaluation of urea-urea phosphate as a nitrogen source for no-tillage production. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51: 242-246.

Valente, R.J. & Thornton, F.C. 1993. Emissions of NO from soil at a rural site in central Tennessee. J. Geophys. Res., 98: 16745-16753.

Vallis, I., Harper, L.A., Catchpool, V.R. & Weier, K.L. 1982. Volatilization of ammonia from urine patches in a subtropical pasture. Aus. J. Ag. Res., 33: 97-107.

Van Bochove, E., Jones, H.G., Bertrand, N. & Prevost, D. 2000. Winter fluxes of greenhouse gases from snow-covered agricultural soil. Glob. Bio. Cyc., 14: 113-125.

Van Breemen, N., Burrough, P.A., Velthorst, E.J., Dobben, H.F.v., Wit, T.d., Ridder, T.B. & Reijnders, H.F.R. 1982. Soil acidification from atmospheric ammonium sulphate in forest canopy throughfall. Nature, 299: 548-550.

Vandré, R., Clemens, J., Goldbach, H. & Kaupenjohann, M. 1997. NH3 and N2O emissions after landspreading of slurry as influenced by application technique and dry matter-reduction. I. NH3 emissions. Zeits. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkunde, 160: 303-307.

Veldkamp, E. & Keller, M. 1997a. Fertilizer-induced nitric oxide emissions from agricultural soils. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 48: 69-77.

Veldkamp, E. & Keller, M. 1997b. Nitrogen oxide emissions from a banana plantation in the humid tropics. J. Geophys. Res., 102: 15889-15898.

Veldkamp, E., Davidson, E., Erickson, H., Keller, M. & Weitz, A. 1999. Soil nitrogen cycling and nitrogen oxide emissions along a pasture chronosequence in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. Soil Bio. Biochem., 31: 387-394.

Veldkamp, E., Keller, M. & Nuñez, M. 1998. Effects of pasture management on N2O and NO emissions from soils in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. Glob. Bio. Cyc., 12: 71-79.

Velthof, G.L., Jarvis, S.C., Stein, A., Allen, A.G. & Oenema, O. 1996. Spatial variability of nitrous oxide fluxes in mown and grazed grasslands on a poorly drained clay soil. Soil Bio. Biochem., 28: 1215-1225.

Velthof, G.L., Oenema, O., Postmus, J. & Prins, W.H. 1990. In-situ field measurements of ammonia volatilization from urea and calcium nitrate applied to grassland. Meststoffen, ½: 41-45.

Vermoesen, A., Van Cleemput, O. & Hofman, G. 1997. Contribution of urine patches to the emission of nitrous oxide. In S.C. Jarvis & B.F. Pain, eds. Gaseous nitrogen emissions from grasslands, 179-188 pp. Wallingford, the United Kingdom, CAB International.

Vlek, P.L.G. & Craswell, E.T. 1979. Effect of nitrogen source and management on ammonia volatilization losses from flooded rice-soil systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 43: 352-358.

Vlek, P.L.G. & Stumpe, J.M. 1978. Effects of solution chemistry and environmental conditions on ammonia volatilization losses from aqueous systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42: 416-421.

Vlek, P.L.G., Diakite, M.Y. & Mueller, H. 1995. The role of azolla in curbing ammonia volatilization from flooded rice systems. Fert. Res., 42: 165-174.

Vos, G.J.M., Bergevoet, I.M.J., Vedy, J.C. & Neyroud, J.A. 1994. The fate of spring applied fertilizer N during the autumn-winter period: comparison between winter-fallow and green manure cropped soil. Plant & Soil, 160: 201-213.

Wagner-Riddle, C. & Thurtell, G.W. 1998. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields during winter and spring thaw as affected by management practices. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 52: 151-163.

Wagner-Riddle, C., Thurtell, G.W., Kidd, G.K., Beauchamp, E.G. & Sweetman, R. 1997. Estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields over 28 months. Can. J. Soil Sci., 77: 135-144.

Wagner-Riddle, C., Thurtell, G.W., King, K.M., Kidd, G.E. & Beauchamp, E.G. 1996. Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide fluxes from a bare soil using a micrometeorlogical approach. J. Env. Qual., 25: 898-907.

Warland, J.S. & Thurtell, G.W. 2000. A micrometeorological method for in situ denitrification measurements using acetylene inhibition. Ag. For. Met., 103: 387-391.

Watson, C.J., Stevens, R.J. & Laughlin, R.J. 1990. Effectiveness of the urease inhibitor NBPT (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) for improving the efficiency of urea for ryegrass production. Fert. Res., 24: 11-15.

Webster, E.A. & Hopkins, D.W. 1996. Contributions from different microbial processes to N2O emission from soil. Biol. Fert. Soils, 22: 331-335.

Weier, K.L., Doran, J.W., Power, J.F. & Walters, D.T. 1993. Denitrification and the denitrogen/nitrous oxide ratio as affected by soil water, available carbon and nitrate. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57: 66-72.

Weier, K.L., McEwan, C.W., Vallis, I., Catchpoole, V.R. & Myers, R.J. 1996. Potential for biological denitrification of fertilizer nitrogen is sugarcane soils. Aus. J. Ag. Res., 47: A67-A79.

Weitz, A.M., Keller, M., Linder, E. & Crill, P.M. 1999. Spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen oxide and methane fluxes from a fertilized tree plantation in Costa Rica. J. Geophys. Res., 104: 30097-30107.

Whitehead, D.C. & Raistrick, N. 1990. Ammonia volatilization from five nitrogen compounds used as fertilizers following surface application to soils. J. Soil Sci., 41: 387-394.

Williams, E.J. & Fehsenfeld, F.C. 1991. Measurement of soil nitrogen oxide emissions at three North American ecosystems. J. Geophys. Res., 96: 1033-1042.

Wilson, J.D., Thurtell, G.W., Kidd, G.E. & Beauchamp, E.G. 1982. Estimation of the rate of gaseous mass transfer from a surface plot to the atmosphere. At. Env., 16: 1861-1867.

Xu, H., Xiing, G., Cai, Z. & Tsuruta, H. 1997. Nitrous oxide emissions from three rice paddy fields in China. Nut. Cyc. Agro., 49: 23-28.

Yagi, K., Tsuruta, H., Kanda, K.-i. & Minami, K. 1996. Effect of water management on methane emission from a Japanese rice paddy field: automated methane monitoring. Glob. Bio. Cyc., 10: 255-267.

Yamulki, S., Goulding, K.W.T., Webster, C.P. & Harrison, R.M. 1995. Studies on NO and N2O fluxes from a wheat field. At. Env., 29: 1627-1635.

Yamulki, S., Harrison, R.M., Goulding, K.W.T. & Webster, C.P. 1997. N2O, NO and NO2 fluxes from a grassland: effect of soil pH. Soil Bio. Biochem., 29: 1199-1208.

Zhu, Z.L., Cai, G.X., Simpson, J.R., Zhang, S.L., Chen, D.L., Jackson, A.V. & Freney, J.R. 1989. Processes of nitrogen loss from fertilizers applied to flooded rice fields on a calcareous soil in north-central China. Fert. Res., 18: 101-115.

Zuidema, G., Van den Born, G.J., Alcamo, J. & Kreileman, G.J.J. 1994. Simulating changes in global land cover as affected by economic and climatic factors. Wat. Air Soil Poll., 76: 163-198.

Previous PageTable Of Contents