Table 1. Freshwater fish production from aquaculture of the selected countries and the world (t)
|
Year |
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Indonesia |
Philippines |
Thailand |
Viet Nam |
World |
|||||||
|
1989 |
156 333 |
(2.16) |
4 170 030 |
(57.69) |
976 500 |
(13.51) |
197 695 |
(2.74) |
77 842 |
(1.08) |
91 491 |
(1.27) |
120 187 |
(1.66) |
7 228 143 |
|
1990 |
165 087 |
(2.16) |
4 459 100 |
(58.47) |
982 136 |
(12.88) |
212 821 |
(2.79) |
81 126 |
(1.06) |
97 659 |
(1.28) |
112 076 |
(1.47) |
7 626 007 |
|
1991 |
182 493 |
(2.32) |
4 625 900 |
(58.68) |
1 185 261 |
(15.04) |
194 351 |
(2.47) |
87 844 |
(1.11) |
122 936 |
(1.56) |
111 504 |
(1.41) |
7 882 616 |
|
1992 |
189 863 |
(2.14) |
5 337 900 |
(60.11) |
1 348 644 |
(15.19) |
212 937 |
(2.40) |
116 439 |
(1.31) |
141 606 |
(1.59) |
110 099 |
(1.24) |
8 880 924 |
|
1993 |
191 698 |
(1.90) |
6 472 599 |
(64.23) |
1 354 702 |
(13.44) |
245 100 |
(2.43) |
113 663 |
(1.13) |
161 630 |
(1.60) |
120 061 |
(1.19) |
10 077 785 |
|
1994 |
218 048 |
(1.87) |
7 896 594 |
(67.85) |
1 436 628 |
(12.34) |
255 308 |
(2.19) |
119 888 |
(1.03) |
177 790 |
(1.53) |
149 556 |
(1.29) |
11 638 587 |
|
1995 |
269 742 |
(1.98) |
9 407 600 |
(69.15) |
1 588 799 |
(11.68) |
279 845 |
(2.06) |
97 664 |
(0.72) |
200 782 |
(1.48) |
370 128 |
(2.72) |
13 605 534 |
|
1996 |
302 140 |
(1.96) |
10 989 505 |
(71.38) |
1 688 330 |
(10.97) |
328 763 |
(2.14) |
91 233 |
(0.59) |
229 266 |
(1.49) |
348 649 |
(2.26) |
15 396 066 |
|
1997 |
347 197 |
(2.04) |
12 366 559 |
(72.72) |
1 795 240 |
(10.56) |
292 288 |
(1.72) |
105 425 |
(0.62) |
240 118 |
(1.41) |
342 622 |
(2.01) |
17 006 425 |
|
1998 |
420 162 |
(2.32) |
13 219 136 |
(73.01) |
1 946 809 |
(10.75) |
276 047 |
(1.52) |
86 880 |
(0.48) |
240 001 |
(1.33) |
359 000 |
(1.98) |
18 105 203 |
|
1999 |
512 134 |
(2.64) |
14 219 740 |
(73.33) |
1 919 565 |
(9.90) |
289 550 |
(1.49) |
97 276 |
(0.50) |
256 417 |
(1.32) |
407 820 |
(2.10) |
19 390 284 |
|
Growth rate |
11.70 |
|
13.86 |
|
2.24 |
|
4.70 |
|
1.18 |
|
10.85 |
|
15.97 |
|
11.00 |
NOTE: Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage of world freshwater fish production from aquaculture.Table 2. Sectoral contribution to Gross Domestic Product and composition of fisherySOURCE: FAO 2000. Fisheries Statistics (http://www.fao.org/)
|
Country |
Agricultural contribution (%) to GDP
(1999)(1) |
Fisheries contribution to GDP(2) |
Fisheries contribution to employment |
Fish production |
Fishery composition |
|
Bangladesh(3) |
25.2% (declining) |
3.10% (increasing) |
1.2 million (full-time) |
1.55 million t |
Inland capture |
|
China(4) |
17.3% (declining) |
10% (increasing) |
36 million(5) |
36.01 million t |
Marine capture |
|
India(6) |
27.9% (declining) |
4.6% (increasing) |
6 million (in production) |
4.94 million t (total) |
Freshwater aquaculture |
|
Indonesia |
19.4% (declining) |
1.59% (increasing) |
1.06 million (full-time) |
4.40 million t total fish |
Freshwater aquaculture |
|
Philippines(7) |
17.6% (declining) |
4.45% |
1 million |
2.65 million t (total) |
Commercial fishery |
|
Thailand(8) |
10.4% (declining) |
1.9% (declining) |
110 000 in Marine fishery of which 50 000 capture |
3.5 million t |
Freshwater culture |
|
Viet Nam |
26.4% (declining) |
3% (increasing) |
3.03 million |
1.55 million t total fish |
Freshwater aquaculture |
SOURCES: (1) Key indicators of developing Asian and Pacific countries 2000, volume XXXI, Asian Development Bank, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2000/. (2) FAO 2000 (http://apps1.fao.org/). (3) Alam, 2000. (4) Huang et al., 2000. (5) Bhatta, 2000. (6) Olalo, 2000. (7) Piumsombun, 2000. (8) The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture, Part 1. World review of fisheries and aquaculture fisheries 2000. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x8002e/x8002e04.htmTable 3. Socio-demographic characteristics of freshwater fish producers in Asia
|
Parameter |
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Indonesia |
Philippines |
Thailand |
Viet Nam |
||||
|
RWS |
Cage |
Pond |
Cage |
North |
South |
||||||
|
Sampled farm households |
540 |
383 |
409 |
40 |
71 |
|
|
284 |
158 |
240 |
|
|
Age (years) |
45 |
|
47 |
46.55 |
40.87 |
47.00 |
46.00 |
49.77 |
43 |
52 |
|
|
Gender (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
100 |
100 |
87 |
|
|
95 |
94 |
95.10 |
43.90 |
51.4 |
|
Female |
|
|
13 |
|
|
5 |
6 |
4.90 |
56.10 |
48.6 |
|
|
Education (years) |
8 |
12 |
7.42 |
7.43 |
8.07 |
6 |
7 |
4.35 |
8.80 |
6.00 |
|
|
|
Illiterates (%) |
11 |
|
32.70 |
|
|
|
|
1.80 |
|
4.35 |
|
Primary Occupation (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fish culture |
9.0 |
100 |
43.7 |
92.5 |
94.4 |
|
|
20.1 |
2.00 |
7.90 |
|
Crop farming |
65.0 |
|
41.1 |
2.5 |
1.4 |
|
|
60.6 |
87.4 |
44.6 |
|
|
Animal husbandry |
2.0 |
|
2.2 |
|
4.2 |
|
|
7.0 |
10.6 |
0.8 |
|
|
Others |
24.0 |
|
12.5 |
5.0 |
|
|
|
12.3 |
|
46.70 |
|
|
Experience in fish farming (years) |
13 |
15 |
6 |
13 |
5 |
|
|
|
10 |
7 |
|
|
Gross household income (US$) |
1 612 |
17 321(1) |
8 907 |
|
|
|
|
11 272 |
2 878 |
3 142 |
|
|
Income Sources (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fish culture |
14.93 |
64.00 |
79.66 |
|
|
30 |
60 |
20.01 |
27.6 |
27.58 |
|
Crop farming |
28.93 |
3.00 |
13.10 |
|
|
19 |
8 |
13.03 |
29.4 |
58.15 |
|
|
Animal husbandry |
3.19 |
3.00 |
0.03 |
|
|
33 |
1 |
48.41 |
27.30 |
14.20 |
|
|
Hatchery and seed production |
|
20.00 |
6.35 |
|
|
|
|
|
6.20 |
|
|
|
Business and salaries |
32.55 |
6.00 |
0.55 |
|
|
|
|
|
7.40 |
|
|
|
Others |
20.00 |
4.00 |
|
|
|
18 |
11 |
18.55 |
0.10 |
0.08 |
|
|
Average household size (number) |
5.5 |
3.5 |
8.00 |
3.35 |
3.73 |
5 |
6 |
4.65 |
5.00 |
5.81 |
|
SOURCES: For Philippines: Dey et al., 2000 and DEGITA field survey 1995-1996. For other countries, Surveys of carp producers and consumers 1998-1999.Table 4. General characteristics of freshwater farming in AsiaNOTES: (1) Gross income for China refers only to family-based farms. The average gross income of cooperative and state-owned farms ranges from US$ 53 179 to US$ 149 135
|
Items |
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Indonesia |
Philippines |
Thailand |
Viet Nam |
||||
|
RWS |
Cages |
Pond |
Cages |
North |
South |
||||||
|
Total Area (ha) |
|
3.59(1) |
4.24 |
2.29 |
2.87 |
4.91 |
1.260 |
3.98 |
3.67 |
1.04 |
|
|
|
Crop land (%) |
|
8.55(2) |
24.76 |
|
|
45.80 |
38.10 |
50.80 |
43.30 |
80.69 |
|
Water spread area (%) |
|
83.11 |
44.85 |
|
|
- |
- |
26.04 |
47.9 |
18.11 |
|
|
Fish-pond area (%) |
|
17.95 |
23.51 |
|
|
30.80 |
42.90 |
25.63 |
31.60 |
7.94 |
|
|
Homestead area (%) |
|
|
1.20 |
|
|
13.60 |
5.60 |
5.06 |
4.80 |
3.40 |
|
|
Animal farming |
|
|
5.45 |
|
|
9.80 |
13.40 |
0.73 |
3.90 |
|
|
|
Unutilized area |
|
|
0.25 |
|
|
|
|
4.40 |
|
|
|
|
Garden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Size of the fish pond (ha) |
0.20 |
1.70 |
0.87 |
|
|
1.56 |
1.54 |
1.21 |
1.16 |
0.82 |
|
|
Fish farm area by tenure (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Privately owned |
100 |
41.10 |
62.6 |
100 |
100 |
75.00 |
99.00 |
90.10 |
35 |
95.70 |
|
State owned |
|
29.60 |
29.30 |
|
|
25.00 |
1.00 |
0.70 |
45 |
0.57 |
|
|
Collective |
|
29.30 |
2.20 |
|
|
|
|
8.50 |
17.8 |
3.73 |
|
|
Rented in |
|
|
6.80 |
|
|
|
|
0.70 |
2.2 |
|
|
|
Others |
|
|
1.20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Type of operation (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Single ownership |
86.70 |
100 |
71.00 |
100 |
100 |
87.00 |
71.00 |
85. 40 |
88 |
99.12 |
|
Joint ownership |
13.30 |
|
26.90 |
|
|
13.00 |
29.00 |
14. 60 |
22 |
0.88 |
|
|
Lease operated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Minimum water depth (m) |
2.28 |
2.10 |
3.00 |
0.90 |
2.04 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dry season |
1.30 |
|
2.90 |
|
|
0.90 |
4.20 |
1.27 |
1.56 |
0.93 |
|
Wet season |
4.25 |
|
4.78 |
|
|
1.30 |
5.60 |
2.12 |
2.44 |
1.37 |
|
|
Farming duration (months) |
9-12 |
8-11 |
8-12 |
3-4 |
3-4 |
|
|
5-12 |
|
|
|
|
Rearing type (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Seasonal |
26.30 |
|
13 |
|
|
|
|
8.50 |
8.10 |
41.42 |
|
Perennial |
73.70 |
100 |
87 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
91.50 |
91.90 |
58.48 |
|
|
Pond system |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Monoculture |
|
4.20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polyculture |
|
92.30 |
|
|
|
100 |
100 |
8.50 |
1.80 |
30.50 |
|
|
Mono + Polyculture |
100 |
3.50 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
|
|
91.50 |
98.20 |
69.50 |
|
SOURCES: For Philippines: Dey et al., 2000, and DEGITA field survey 1995-1996. For other countries: Surveys of carp producers and consumers 1998-1999.Table 5. Freshwater-fish-species cultured in AsiaNOTES: (1) The average total area refers to small-scale farms. For large-scale state-owned farms it is 131.80 ha. (2) The percentage of pond area refers to the water-spread area.
|
Items |
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Indonesia |
Philippines |
Thailand |
Viet Nam |
||||
|
RWS |
Cage |
Pond |
Cage |
North |
South |
||||||
|
Average stocking Density (no. of fish/ha(1)) |
10 261 |
26 |
18 408 |
56.5 |
136.56 |
35 900 |
6 757 |
67 328 |
5 432 |
136 406 |
|
|
Share of different species (%) |
24.10 |
470 |
31.00 |
|
|
|
|
4.93 |
22.90 |
0.11 |
|
|
|
Rohu |
16.13 |
19.73 |
26.06 |
100 |
100 |
|
|
4.47 |
7.40 |
0.01 |
|
Catla |
16.45 |
12.27 |
17.77 |
|
|
|
|
8.37 |
4.90 |
2.68 |
|
|
Mrigal |
2.21 |
17.41 |
6.44 |
|
|
100 |
100 |
39.88 |
8.70 |
17.30 |
|
|
Common carps |
2.80 |
5.97 |
4.18 |
|
|
|
|
|
28.10 |
1.54 |
|
|
Grass carps |
19.68 |
5.53 |
7.17 |
|
|
|
|
36.76 |
2.30 |
2.83 |
|
|
Chinese carps |
13.04 |
34.53 |
|
|
|
|
|
4.26 |
|
20.00 |
|
|
Silver carps |
0.55 |
0.21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
25.70(2) |
4.33 |
|
|
Silver barb |
2.28 |
4.35 |
6.85 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kalbasu |
2.74 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51.20(2) |
|
|
Big head carps |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chinese bream |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crucian carp |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mirror carps |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Black carps |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tilapia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sources of fingerlings (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Own |
5 |
90 |
0.54 |
2.50 |
5.72 |
10 |
100 |
4.03 |
23.60 |
2 |
|
Private hatchery |
40 |
10 |
61.85 |
42.50 |
13.46 |
47 |
|
74.20 |
54.50 |
79 |
|
|
Government hatchery |
20 |
|
25.00 |
55.00 |
48.08 |
43 |
|
21.77 |
7.90 |
11 |
|
|
Middlemen and others |
35 |
|
13.00 |
|
32.09 |
|
|
|
13.80 |
8 |
|
SOURCES: For Philippines: Dey et al., 2000, and DEGITA field survey 1995-1996. For other countries: Surveys of carp producers and consumers 1998-1999.Table 6. Input output used by freshwater fish producers in selected Asian countriesNOTES: (1) For Indonesia, stocking density is in kilograms per 100 m2. (2) Including tilapia.
|
Category |
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Indonesia |
Philippines1 |
Thailand |
Viet Nam North |
||||
|
RWS |
Cage |
Pond |
Cage |
||||||||
|
Yield (kg/ha) |
3 262.11 |
12 085.20 |
3 214.07 |
481.68 |
1 009.52 |
2 959 |
540 |
3 779.71 |
3 647.00 |
||
|
Seed or Fry (pieces/ha)(1) |
10 261.00 |
27 867.00 |
18 408.00 |
56.50 |
136.57 |
23 700 |
6 757 |
67 328.00 |
5 432.00 |
||
|
Feed |
2 232.37 |
38 251.05 |
9 035.80 |
807.99 |
1 493.90 |
|
|
10 989.48 |
1 724.50 |
||
|
|
Rice bran (kg/ha) |
1 727.70 |
442.50 |
8 243.52 |
|
|
3 172 |
|
2 019.92 |
1 724.50 |
|
|
Commercial feed (kg/ha) |
|
19 219.80 |
|
807.99 |
1 493.90 |
2 336 |
533 |
1 229.13 |
|
||
|
Oil cake (kg/ha) |
504.67 |
16 380.00 |
474.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Other |
|
2 208.75 |
318.28 |
|
|
|
|
7 740.43 |
|
||
|
Fertilizer |
725.22 |
2 292.60 |
5 606.96 |
- |
- |
|
|
2 909.58 |
1 875.00 |
||
|
|
Organic (kg/ha) |
438.86 |
1 170.75 |
5 469.93 |
|
|
7 175 |
|
2 680.90 |
1 875.00 |
|
|
In organic (kg/ha) |
286.36 |
1 121.85 |
137.03 |
|
|
213 |
|
228.68 |
|
||
|
|
TSP |
65.30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Urea |
221.06 |
150.00 |
55.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Other |
|
971.85 |
81.04 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Lime |
92.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
285.03 |
65.00 |
||
|
Medical/Chemical/Pest. |
|
1 353.60 |
18.54 |
- |
- |
|
|
1.70 |
|
||
|
Labour (workdays) |
323.52 |
292.51 |
277.27 |
64.80 |
187.20 |
|
|
159.21 |
132.60 |
||
|
|
Family labour |
184.41 |
|
150.21 |
|
|
29 |
11 |
|
122.00 |
|
|
Hired labour |
139.11 |
292.51 |
127.06 |
|
|
41 |
12 |
|
10.60 |
||
SOURCE: For Philippines: Dey et al,. 2000, and DEGITA field survey 1995-1996. For other countries: Surveys of carp producers and consumers 1998-1999.Table 7. Costs and Returns of carp fish producers in participating countries, 2000 (US$/ha(1))NOTES: (1) Seed is in kg/ha for China, kg/100m2 for Indonesia, while the others are in piece/ha.
|
Category |
Bangladesh |
China(2) |
India |
Indonesia |
Philippines |
Thailand |
Viet Nam North |
||||
|
RWS |
Cage |
Pond |
Cage |
||||||||
|
Gross returns |
1 715.12 |
10 797.11 |
2 124.53 |
506.89 |
872.97 |
4 969 |
913 |
2 343.42 |
2 374.07 |
||
|
|
Average price of fish produced |
0.53 |
0.89 |
0.66 |
1.05 |
0.86 |
1.68 |
1.69 |
0.62 |
0.65 |
|
|
Yield (kg/ha) |
3 262.11 |
12 085.20 |
3 214.07 |
481.68 |
1 009.52 |
2 959 |
540 |
3 779.71 |
3 647.00 |
||
|
Variable costs |
611 |
7 349 |
1 535 |
352 |
697 |
2 643 |
418 |
873 |
976 |
||
|
|
Seed/Fry |
84.48 |
2 153.82 |
777.6 |
84.17 |
202.93 |
343 |
113 |
195.85 |
246.4 |
|
|
Feed |
124.27 |
3 750.35 |
248.43 |
242.27 |
389.72 |
1 552 |
232 |
390.09 |
281.2 |
||
|
|
Rice bran |
59.65 |
|
179.21 |
|
|
571 |
10 |
153.31 |
267.9 |
|
|
Commercial feed |
|
|
|
|
|
981 |
222 |
179 |
|
||
|
Oil Cake |
64.62 |
|
29.94 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Other |
|
|
39.28 |
|
|
|
|
57.78 |
13.3 |
||
|
Fertilizer |
69.33 |
146.59 |
88.42 |
|
|
408 |
|
60.42 |
87.1 |
||
|
|
Organic |
30.35 |
|
66.21 |
|
|
119 |
|
101.27 |
|
|
|
In organic |
38.98 |
|
22.21 |
|
|
289 |
|
81.62 |
87.1 |
||
|
Lime |
10.22 |
|
|
|
|
53 |
|
6.12 |
7.6 |
||
|
Medical/Chemical/Pest. |
|
156.94 |
45.73 |
0.3 |
1.49 |
41 |
|
1.42 |
118.3 |
||
|
Labour |
322.82 |
731.27 |
375.04 |
25.02 |
102.34 |
218 |
72 |
167.35 |
234.70 |
||
|
|
Family labour |
176.35 |
|
194.87 |
|
|
90 |
34 |
155.02 |
215.94 |
|
|
Hired labour |
146.47 |
|
180.17 |
|
|
128 |
37 |
12.33 |
18.76 |
||
|
Fuel/Electricity |
|
288.23 |
|
|
|
|
|
17.57 |
|
||
|
Other |
0.18 |
121.83 |
|
0.23 |
0.67 |
28 |
1 |
33.9 |
0.20 |
||
|
Total Cost |
611.30 |
7 349.03 |
1 535.22 |
351.99 |
697.15 |
2 643.00 |
417.80 |
872.72 |
975.50 |
||
|
Operating profit(3) |
1 103.82 |
3 448.08 |
589.31 |
154.90 |
175.82 |
2 326.00 |
495.20 |
1 470.70 |
1 398.57 |
||
|
Rate of return over variable cost (%) |
280.57 |
146.92 |
138.39 |
144.01 |
125.22 |
188.01 |
218.53 |
268.52 |
243.37 |
||
|
Ratio of operating profit to variable cost |
1.81 |
0.47 |
0.38 |
0.44 |
0.25 |
0.88 |
1.19 |
1.69 |
1.43 |
||
|
Cost per kg (Variable cost/yield) |
0.19 |
0.61 |
0.48 |
0.73 |
0.69 |
0.89 |
0.77 |
0.23 |
0.27 |
||
NOTES: All figures are average of each country figure and values are in US$/ha, but Indonesia's figures are in US$/100 m2, as are Philippines' cage values. (1) Exchange rates: US$ 1.00 = Tk 49 (Bangladesh); RMB¥ 8.1 (China); Rs 46 (India); Rp 7 000 (Indonesia); p 27 (Philippines -1995-996); B 38 (Thailand); and D 14 000 (Viet Nam). (2) Average farm-gate price was calculated from survey data (RMB¥ 7/kg) and average inputs and output were calculated from China's country report. (3) Operating profit = Total revenue - Variable cost.Table 8. Total factor productivity of carp polyculture production in selected Asian countries, 1998-99.SOURCES: For Philippines: Dey et al., 2000, and DEGITA Field survey 1995-1996. For other countries: Carp genetics field survey, 1997.
|
|
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
N. Viet Nam |
|
|
% Difference in cost (US$/ha) |
70.05 |
842.08 |
175.91 |
111.78 |
|
|
% Difference in production value (US$/ha) |
73.19 |
460.74 |
90.66 |
101.31 |
|
|
% Difference in production quantity (US$/ha) |
86.31 |
330.55 |
85.03 |
96.49 |
|
|
% Difference in weighted input prices |
152.69 |
274.65 |
253.65 |
397.25 |
|
|
Productivity index based on production value: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost index |
0.63 |
0.67 |
0.76 |
0.28 |
|
Production index |
1.60 |
1.50 |
1.31 |
3.60 |
|
|
Productivity index based on production quantity: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost index |
0.53 |
0.93 |
0.82 |
0.29 |
|
Production index |
1.88 |
1.08 |
1.23 |
3.43 |
|
NOTE: Thailand is used as the reference country.Table 9. Trends in consumption of fish and fishery products and contribution of fish to animal protein supply
|
|
Bangladesh(1) |
China |
India |
Indonesia |
Philippines |
Thailand |
Viet Nam |
|
|
Animal protein (g/caput/day) |
||||||||
|
|
1997 |
6.1 |
26.2 |
9.8 |
12.1 |
25.8 |
24.6 |
13.1 |
|
1990 |
4.9 |
13.6 |
8.5 |
12.9 |
24.0 |
17.7 |
9.6 |
|
|
1980 |
4.5 |
6.9 |
6.7 |
7.0 |
21.0 |
14.5 |
7.2 |
|
|
Average (1961-97) |
5.28 |
9.55 |
7.23 |
7.28 |
20.61 |
16.37 |
9.66 |
|
|
Growth rate (1961-97) |
-0.09 |
4.77 |
1.52 |
2.95 |
1.28 |
1.84 |
0.44 |
|
|
Fish protein (g/caput/day) |
||||||||
|
|
1997 |
3.0 |
6.0 |
1.5 |
6.4 |
11.1 |
10.2 |
5.2 |
|
1990 |
2.1 |
2.7 |
1.1 |
5.1 |
13.3 |
5.9 |
3.2 |
|
|
1980 |
2.2 |
1.2 |
0.9 |
4.2 |
11.2 |
5.3 |
2.9 |
|
|
Average (1961-97) |
2.48 |
2.15 |
0.92 |
4.21 |
11.33 |
6.32 |
4.21 |
|
|
Growth rate (1961-97) |
-0.44 |
3.10 |
2.17 |
2.50 |
1.10 |
1.94 |
-0.97 |
|
|
Share of fish in total animal protein (%) |
||||||||
|
|
1997 |
49.2 |
22.9 |
15.3 |
52.9 |
43.0 |
41.5 |
39.7 |
|
1990 |
42.9 |
19.9 |
12.9 |
54.8 |
55.4 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
|
|
1980 |
48.9 |
17.4 |
13.4 |
60.0 |
53.3 |
36.6 |
40.3 |
|
|
Average (1961-97) |
46.85 |
24.19 |
12.61 |
58.78 |
55.11 |
38.11 |
43.66 |
|
|
Growth rate (1961-97) |
-18.05 |
-43.43 |
7.38 |
-24.28 |
-8.42 |
12.61 |
-60.35 |
|
SOURCE: Laureti, E. (comp.) 1961-1997. Fish and fishery products: world apparent consumption statistics based on food balance sheets. FAO Fisheries Circular, No. 821, Rev. 5.Table 10. Trends in per caput fish consumption in selected Asian countriesNOTES: In live weight. (1) For Bangladesh, averages and growth rates are from 1972 to 1997.
|
|
Per caput annual consumption |
Average (1961-98) |
Average annual growth rate |
|||||
|
1998 |
1990 |
1980 |
Consumption |
Proportion |
Consumption |
Proportion |
||
|
Bangladesh |
||||||||
|
All species, of which: |
10.4 |
7.4 |
7.2 |
8.82 |
- |
-0.36 |
- |
|
|
|
Freshwater fish |
8.5 |
6.0 |
5.9 |
7.50 |
84.70 |
-0.61 |
-0.25 |
|
Demersal fish |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.36 |
4.10 |
-0.22 |
0.14 |
|
|
Pelagic fish |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.27 |
3.23 |
3.77 |
4.13 |
|
|
Other marine fish |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.42 |
4.86 |
-2.05 |
-1.69 |
|
|
Crustaceans |
1.0 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.26 |
2.95 |
4.09 |
4.46 |
|
|
Molluscs |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
8.97 |
9.33 |
|
|
China |
||||||||
|
All species, of which: |
25.7 |
11.5 |
5.2 |
9.04 |
- |
4.55 |
- |
|
|
|
Freshwater fish |
10.6 |
4.5 |
1.3 |
3.03 |
29.39 |
6.57 |
2.02 |
|
Demersal fish |
1.5 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.62 |
7.76 |
3.00 |
-1.54 |
|
|
Pelagic fish |
1.6 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
1.01 |
14.03 |
1.32 |
-3.22 |
|
|
Other marine fish |
2.9 |
2.1 |
1.2 |
1.78 |
23.84 |
1.74 |
-2.80 |
|
|
Crustaceans |
2.2 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
0.79 |
8.91 |
4.58 |
-0.07 |
|
|
Cephalopoids |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.16 |
1.53 |
- |
- |
|
|
Molluscs |
6.4 |
2.2 |
0.5 |
1.67 |
14.55 |
7.99 |
3.34 |
|
|
India |
||||||||
|
All species, of which: |
4.6 |
3.8 |
3.1 |
3.21 |
- |
1.94 |
- |
|
|
|
Freshwater fish |
2.5 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
1.49 |
45.58 |
2.66 |
0.07 |
|
Demersal fish |
0.9 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
0.66 |
21.03 |
1.54 |
-0.04 |
|
|
Pelagic fish |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.71 |
23.17 |
-0.28 |
-2.22 |
|
|
Other marine fish |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.20 |
5.86 |
8.50 |
6.56 |
|
|
Crustaceans |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.21 |
6.52 |
1.84 |
0.10 |
|
|
Cephalopoids |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.04 |
1.36 |
- |
- |
|
|
Molluscs |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
- |
-1.94 |
|
|
Indonesia |
||||||||
|
All species, of which: |
17.9 |
14.7 |
11.7 |
12.45 |
- |
1.95 |
- |
|
|
|
Freshwater fish |
4.5 |
3.7 |
2.8 |
3.49 |
29.13 |
0.22 |
-1.73 |
|
Demersal fish |
2.5 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
1.38 |
10.63 |
4.01 |
2.05 |
|
|
Pelagic fish |
8.5 |
7.2 |
5.0 |
5.33 |
41.45 |
3.50 |
1.54 |
|
|
Other marine fish |
0.6 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.28 |
11.32 |
-2.27 |
-4.22 |
|
|
Crustaceans |
1.3 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.72 |
5.60 |
3.47 |
1.52 |
|
|
Cephalopoids |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.10 |
0.82 |
- |
- |
|
|
Molluscs |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.15 |
1.12 |
1.70 |
15.03 |
|
|
Philippines |
||||||||
|
All species, of which: |
29.6 |
36.5 |
31.3 |
31.69 |
- |
0.83 |
- |
|
|
|
Freshwater fish |
4.1 |
6.0 |
4.8 |
4.67 |
14.60 |
1.48 |
0.65 |
|
Demersal fish |
3.7 |
5.5 |
5.4 |
5.51 |
17.55 |
-0.31 |
-1.14 |
|
|
Pelagic fish |
17.7 |
19.8 |
15.3 |
17.49 |
55.45 |
0.48 |
-0.35 |
|
|
Other marine fish |
0.1 |
0.5 |
0.2 |
0.48 |
1.52 |
-3.32 |
-4.15 |
|
|
Crustaceans |
1.3 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
1.14 |
3.60 |
2.55 |
1.72 |
|
|
Cephalopoids |
0.9 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
1.83 |
1.76 |
- |
- |
|
|
Molluscs |
1.7 |
3.1 |
4.1 |
0.55 |
5.45 |
2.98 |
28.93 |
|
|
Thailand |
||||||||
|
All species, of which: |
33.1 |
20.0 |
18.0 |
21.33 |
- |
2.05 |
- |
|
|
|
Freshwater fish |
8.1 |
4.0 |
3.0 |
3.73 |
17.59 |
2.62 |
0.56 |
|
Demersal fish |
4.2 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
1.86 |
8.00 |
6.82 |
4.77 |
|
|
Pelagic fish |
11.9 |
9.1 |
5.7 |
6.56 |
28.91 |
6.35 |
4.30 |
|
|
Other marine fish |
0.1 |
0.2 |
1.9 |
3.05 |
16.32 |
-8.75 |
-10.80 |
|
|
Crustaceans |
4.1 |
2.2 |
2.8 |
2.42 |
11.46 |
1.68 |
-0.38 |
|
|
Cephalopoids |
2.0 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
2.73 |
4.33 |
- |
- |
|
|
Molluscs |
2.7 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
1.00 |
13.45 |
0.79 |
-1.26 |
|
|
Viet Nam |
||||||||
|
All species, of which: |
17.1 |
12.7 |
10.4 |
14.21 |
- |
-0.44 |
- |
|
|
|
Freshwater fish |
5.7 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
3.71 |
26.70 |
0.43 |
0.87 |
|
Demersal fish |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
- |
0.44 |
|
|
Pelagic fish |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
3.22 |
3.67 |
|
|
Other marine fish |
7.7 |
6.2 |
6.0 |
8.53 |
59.20 |
-1.98 |
-1.52 |
|
|
Crustaceans |
3.8 |
2.7 |
0.9 |
1.54 |
10.99 |
4.88 |
5.33 |
|
|
Cephalopoids |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.26 |
0.96 |
-- |
- |
|
|
Molluscs |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.13 |
1.98 |
15.51 |
16.36 |
|
SOURCE: FAO Food Balance Sheet database [http://apps.fao.org/]Table 11. Consumer prices (US$) of different fish species in selected Asian countries.
|
Species |
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Philippines |
Thailand |
N. Viet Nam |
S. Viet Nam |
|
Rohu |
1.44 |
|
0.85 |
|
|
0.61 |
|
|
Catla |
1.20 |
|
0.86 |
|
|
|
1.47 |
|
Mrigal |
0.94 |
|
0.80 |
|
|
0.72 |
0.64 |
|
Silver carp |
0.81 |
0.65 |
|
|
|
|
0.62 |
|
Common carp |
|
1.07 |
0.65 |
|
0.90 |
0.82 |
0.77 |
|
Bighead |
|
0.86 |
|
|
|
0.56 |
|
|
Black carp |
|
1.28 |
|
|
|
1.38 |
|
|
Chinese bream |
|
1.30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crucian carp |
|
1.30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grass carp |
|
1.06 |
|
|
|
0.67 |
0.50 |
|
Silver barb |
0.77 |
|
|
|
0.72 |
0.41 |
0.84 |
|
Other (exotic) carps |
0.93 |
|
0.89 |
|
|
|
|
|
Tilapia |
0.84 |
|
|
1.94 |
0.69 |
0.66 |
0.65 |
|
River shad |
1.42 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assorted small fish |
0.82 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Live fish |
1.61 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High-valued fish |
1.74 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Milkfish |
|
|
|
2.70 |
|
|
|
|
Bisugo |
|
|
|
2.27 |
|
|
|
|
Bonito |
|
|
|
3.05 |
|
|
|
|
Hybrid catfish |
|
|
|
2.26 |
|
|
|
|
Dried fish |
|
|
|
|
2.40 |
0.84 |
1.17 |
|
Snake head |
|
|
|
|
1.70 |
|
1.21 |
|
Catfish |
|
|
|
|
0.74 |
|
|
|
Puntius alstus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.07 |
|
Kissing gourami |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.62 |
|
Climbing perch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.71 |
|
Sand goby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.73 |
|
Pangasius bocourti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.23 |
|
Pangasius siamensis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.22 |
|
Clarias catfish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.01 |
|
Rasbosa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.43 |
|
Mystus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.61 |
|
Other freshwater fish |
|
|
0.35 |
|
|
|
|
|
Other marine fish |
|
1.27(1) |
1.17 |
2.01(2) |
2.15 |
0.72 |
0.61 |
|
Other fish |
|
1.70 |
|
1.70(2) |
1.05 |
1.28 |
|
SOURCES: For Philippines: DEGITA field survey 1995-1996. For other countries: Surveys of carp consumers 1998-1999.Table 12. Proportion and per caput fish consumption in selected Asian countriesNOTES: (1) average price of butterfish, hairtailed and longtailed fish (Dey et al., 2000). (2) Olalo, 2000.
|
Species composition |
|||||||||||||||
|
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Indonesia |
Philippines |
Thailand |
N. Viet Nam |
S. Viet Nam |
||||||||
|
Rohu |
9.33 |
Grass carp |
20.9 |
Marine fish |
36.43 |
Marine fish |
9.00 |
Tilapia |
40.18 |
Tilapia |
29.58 |
Rohu |
27.5 |
Snakehead |
27.5 |
|
Catla |
6.79 |
Crucian carps |
20.1 |
Common carp |
19.20 |
Common carp |
4.80 |
Bagrus |
12.21 |
Silver barb |
16.25 |
Grass carp |
20.9 |
Marine fish |
15.9 |
|
Mrigal carp |
5.72 |
Silver carp |
15.6 |
Mrigal |
4.42 |
Tilapia |
2.40 |
Bisugo |
6.17 |
Snakehead |
15.42 |
Silver carp |
15.3 |
Silver barb |
6.6 |
|
Silver carp |
14.13 |
Common carp |
12.4 |
Common carp |
2.04 |
Catfish |
0.50 |
Hito/catfish/kanduli |
1.27 |
Walking catfish |
10.42 |
Tilapia |
10.5 |
Walking catfish |
5.3 |
|
Silver barb |
5.60 |
Bighead |
9.8 |
Exotic carps |
3.34 |
Others |
83.30 |
Bonito |
0.44 |
Marine fish |
8.33 |
Common carp |
10.0 |
Dryfish |
4.2 |
|
Other (exotic) carps |
6.11 |
Black carp |
7.3 |
Other freshwater |
16.98 |
|
|
Other freshwater |
7.31 |
Dryfish |
7.50 |
Dried fish |
3.2 |
Rohu |
2.7 |
|
Tilapia |
2.47 |
Chinese bream |
6.6 |
Other marine |
16.94 |
|
|
Other marine |
31.85 |
Common carp |
1.67 |
Bighead |
1.5 |
Tilapia |
2.1 |
|
River shad |
9.66 |
non-carps |
7.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other freshwater |
10.83 |
Black carp |
0.6 |
Common carp |
1.9 |
|
Live fish |
10.84 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mrigal |
0.3 |
Silver carp |
1.0 |
|
High-valued fish |
5.74 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others |
10.2 |
Mrigal |
0.3 |
|
Assorted fish |
23.61 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grass carp |
0.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others |
32.4 |
|
Consumption (kg/caput/yr) |
19.92 |
|
31.08 |
|
15.00 |
|
15.81 |
|
44.05 |
|
28.80 |
|
12.86 |
|
37.80 |
Sources: For Philippines: DEGITA field survey 1995-1996. For other countries: Surveys of carp producers and consumers 1998-1999.Table 13. Percentage of each species in total fish expenditure by income class.
|
Species |
Income quartile
|
||||
|
Average
|
I
|
II
|
III
|
IV
|
|
|
Bangladesh |
|||||
|
Rohu |
11.8 |
11.2 |
12.5 |
12.1 |
11.4 |
|
Catla |
7.7 |
7 |
6.9 |
7.9 |
8.3 |
|
Mrigal |
4.6 |
4.4 |
4.7 |
4.5 |
4.7 |
|
Silver carp |
9.3 |
11.5 |
10.3 |
9.7 |
7.7 |
|
Silver barb |
3.8 |
3 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
4 |
|
Other (exotic) carp |
5.8 |
4.7 |
5.6 |
5.5 |
6.5 |
|
Tilapia |
1.9 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
|
River shad |
12.9 |
14.1 |
14.6 |
12 |
12.2 |
|
Live species |
16 |
14 |
13.4 |
15.3 |
18.5 |
|
High valued species |
9.5 |
9.1 |
9.4 |
10.5 |
9.2 |
|
Assorted small fish |
16.7 |
18.2 |
16.6 |
16.5 |
16.1 |
|
China |
|||||
|
Crucian carp |
23.6 |
24.4 |
22.6 |
23.4 |
23.9 |
|
Grass carp |
20.0 |
14.7 |
14.7 |
18.7 |
23.5 |
|
Common carp |
12.0 |
17.3 |
15.3 |
12.1 |
9.9 |
|
Silver carp |
9.2 |
16.3 |
12.4 |
9.2 |
6.9 |
|
Black carp |
8.4 |
5.5 |
7.2 |
10.4 |
8.3 |
|
Bighead carp |
7.6 |
6.9 |
9.6 |
8.2 |
6.8 |
|
Others |
11.3 |
7.9 |
9.5 |
8.3 |
14.3 |
|
India |
|||||
|
Rohu |
36.3 |
35.1 |
35.2 |
41.4 |
34.7 |
|
Catla |
19.4 |
20.7 |
24.9 |
23.7 |
14.3 |
|
Mrigal |
4.4 |
8.3 |
6.2 |
3.8 |
1.9 |
|
Common carp |
1.6 |
0.2 |
2.3 |
3.8 |
0.7 |
|
Other (exotic) carps |
3.5 |
9.9 |
4.3 |
2.9 |
1.4 |
|
Other freshwater fish |
8.6 |
9.2 |
11.4 |
10.1 |
6.6 |
|
Other marine fish |
26.2 |
16.7 |
15.8 |
14.0 |
40.4 |
|
Thailand |
|||||
|
Tilapia |
17.8 |
24.7 |
19.8 |
18.9 |
12.7 |
|
Snakehead |
22.8 |
24.9 |
25.5 |
25.5 |
18.3 |
|
Silver barb |
10.2 |
20.7 |
12.8 |
10.5 |
4.2 |
|
Walking catfish |
6.8 |
6.9 |
7.1 |
7.0 |
6.4 |
|
Common carp |
1.2 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
0.5 |
|
Other Freshwater |
10.1 |
9.5 |
10.2 |
7.8 |
12.1 |
|
Marine fish |
15.3 |
3.1 |
10.8 |
14.2 |
23.8 |
|
Dried fish |
15.8 |
8.2 |
12.2 |
14.6 |
22.0 |
|
Northern Viet Nam |
|||||
|
Rohu |
25.1 |
23.6 |
26.5 |
21.4 |
27.6 |
|
Common |
12.2 |
5.6 |
7.9 |
18.6 |
12.1 |
|
Tilapia |
10.3 |
9.9 |
7.9 |
10.9 |
11.4 |
|
Silver carp |
9.4 |
12.3 |
12.1 |
8.5 |
7.7 |
|
Mrigal |
5.7 |
16.6 |
7.8 |
2.2 |
3.8 |
|
Bighead |
1.2 |
0 |
2.4 |
0.3 |
1.7 |
|
Black |
1.1 |
1.4 |
2.5 |
0 |
0.9 |
|
Dried fish |
3.9 |
4.2 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
4.9 |
|
Others |
9.9 |
7.3 |
11.9 |
12.9 |
7.4 |
|
Southern Viet Nam |
|||||
|
Snakehead |
37.4 |
34.5 |
34.1 |
36.6 |
39.9 |
|
Walking catfish |
6.0 |
7.6 |
5.0 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
|
Silver barb |
5.8 |
4.3 |
5.3 |
5.8 |
6.5 |
|
Rohu |
2.3 |
0.1 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
|
Common carp |
1.7 |
5.2 |
1.1 |
1.6 |
0.8 |
|
Tilapia |
1.6 |
1.9 |
0.8 |
2.7 |
1.1 |
|
Silver carp |
0.7 |
0.1 |
1.6 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
|
Mrigal |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.1 |
|
Marine fish |
11.0 |
11.1 |
13.6 |
11.6 |
9.8 |
|
Dried fish |
5.5 |
0.1 |
4.1 |
6.4 |
7.2 |
|
Others |
27.7 |
35.1 |
31.5 |
25.4 |
25.3 |
|
Income Quartile |
Country |
|||||||
|
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Indonesia |
Philippines |
Thailand |
N. Viet Nam |
S. Viet Nam |
|
|
Per caput total annual expenditure(US$) |
||||||||
|
I |
|
60.00 |
90.84 |
63.72 |
151.58 |
219.48 |
40.68 |
27.29 |
|
II |
|
97.20 |
158.04 |
106.44 |
255.96 |
343.08 |
85.32 |
88.83 |
|
III |
|
144.00 |
234.48 |
175.32 |
562.42 |
496.32 |
135.96 |
131.71 |
|
IV |
|
314.16 |
876.00 |
409.68 |
1 147.73 |
1 032.96 |
355.44 |
270.22 |
|
All |
|
153.84 |
339.84 |
188.76 |
529.42 |
522.96 |
153.96 |
129.29 |
|
Food expenditure as a percentage to total expenditure |
||||||||
|
I |
|
63.40 |
73.20 |
67.20 |
59.20 |
64.50 |
80.40 |
97.90 |
|
II |
|
54.70 |
62.40 |
60.50 |
49.10 |
53.70 |
81.20 |
93.00 |
|
III |
|
47.80 |
51.20 |
53.30 |
41.30 |
46.00 |
75.40 |
91.20 |
|
IV |
|
33.20 |
22.20 |
38.20 |
19.21 |
28.00 |
45.70 |
81.90 |
|
All |
|
43.10 |
35.20 |
47.30 |
42.20 |
40.30 |
59.50 |
87.10 |
|
Per caput total annual fish expenditure(US$) |
||||||||
|
I |
15.97 |
11.88 |
9.12 |
3.96 |
27.99 |
20.04 |
4.08 |
19.79 |
|
II |
23.51 |
22.92 |
10.20 |
5.52 |
23.00 |
27.48 |
7.32 |
20.99 |
|
III |
28.06 |
36.12 |
12.00 |
7.68 |
18.18 |
36.24 |
9.72 |
32.66 |
|
IV |
41.19 |
66.36 |
24.48 |
11.64 |
37.26 |
47.76 |
13.32 |
61.04 |
|
All |
27.19 |
34.32 |
14.04 |
7.20 |
25.42 |
32.88 |
8.64 |
33.57 |
|
Fish expenditure as a percentage to total expenditure |
||||||||
|
I |
|
19.80 |
10.10 |
6.20 |
23.30 |
9.10 |
10.00 |
72.40 |
|
II |
|
23.60 |
6.40 |
5.20 |
11.73 |
8.00 |
8.60 |
23.60 |
|
III |
|
25.10 |
5.10 |
4.30 |
4.28 |
7.30 |
7.20 |
24.80 |
|
IV |
|
21.10 |
2.80 |
2.80 |
2.89 |
4.60 |
3.70 |
22.60 |
|
All |
|
22.30 |
4.10 |
1.50 |
10.55 |
6.30 |
5.60 |
25.90 |
|
Fish expenditure as a percentage to food expenditure |
||||||||
|
I |
26.10 |
31.20 |
13.70 |
9.20 |
53.59 |
14.10 |
12.50 |
74.00 |
|
II |
26.80 |
43.10 |
10.30 |
8.60 |
41.25 |
14.90 |
10.60 |
25.40 |
|
III |
25.40 |
52.40 |
10.00 |
8.20 |
38.45 |
15.90 |
9.50 |
27.20 |
|
IV |
23.90 |
63.40 |
12.60 |
7.40 |
34.75 |
16.50 |
8.20 |
27.60 |
|
All |
25.20 |
51.80 |
11.80 |
8.10 |
42.08 |
15.60 |
9.40 |
29.80 |
|
Fish expenditure as a percentage to animal protein expenditure |
||||||||
|
I |
77.77 |
58.80 |
63.00 |
|
78.05 |
76.94 |
17.20 |
92.00 |
|
II |
73.91 |
70.80 |
35.50 |
|
73.05 |
79.38 |
16.90 |
55.40 |
|
III |
71.92 |
77.70 |
29.50 |
|
68.87 |
82.29 |
15.80 |
53.50 |
|
IV |
68.94 |
85.00 |
30.70 |
|
48.12 |
72.72 |
15.50 |
51.10 |
|
All |
71.89 |
77.60 |
33.50 |
|
68.15 |
77.50 |
16.00 |
56.10 |
SOURCE: For Philippines: DEGITA field survey 1995-1996. For other countries: Surveys of carp consumers 1998-1999.Table 15. Fish consumption by individual species and by consumer types (kg)
|
|
Bangladesh |
India |
Philippines |
Thailand |
||||||||
|
Urban |
Rural Producer |
Non-producer |
Urban |
Rural |
Urban |
Rural Producer |
Non-producer |
Urban |
Rural Producer |
Non-producer |
||
|
Total annual per caput consumption (kg) |
19.92 |
21.36 |
18.36 |
11.13 |
23.16 |
33.9 |
72.6 |
39.7 |
19.92 |
34.92 |
28.68 |
|
|
Species (%): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rohu |
10.05 |
8.95 |
8.98 |
29.40 |
44.94 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Catla |
7.27 |
7.12 |
5.97 |
17.71 |
22.56 |
|
|
|
3.01 |
22.68 |
14.64 |
|
|
Mrigal |
6.68 |
5.62 |
4.88 |
3.12 |
5.98 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Silver carp |
13.92 |
14.35 |
14.11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Silver barb |
6.11 |
5.32 |
5.37 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tilapia |
2.63 |
2.22 |
2.57 |
|
|
5.80 |
39.50 |
15.90 |
23.49 |
31.62 |
30.54 |
|
|
River shad |
9.54 |
10.03 |
9.41 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assorted small fish |
21.16 |
24.15 |
25.53 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Live fish |
10.37 |
10.72 |
11.42 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High value fish |
5.86 |
5.90 |
5.44 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common carp |
|
|
|
1.79 |
2.33 |
|
|
|
0.60 |
2.41 |
1.26 |
|
|
Other carps |
6.39 |
5.62 |
6.31 |
1.64 |
5.40 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Milkfish |
|
|
|
|
|
3.20 |
2.30 |
7.10 |
|
|
|
|
|
Walking catfish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9.04 |
8.59 |
13.39 |
|
|
Snakehead |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.47 |
12.71 |
18.83 |
|
|
Other freshwater fish |
|
|
|
24.72 |
7.44 |
|
|
|
10.24 |
12.37 |
9.62 |
|
|
Other marine fish |
|
|
|
21.62 |
11.34 |
|
|
|
24.09 |
3.78 |
5.86 |
|
|
Dried fish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15.06 |
5.84 |
5.86 |
|
|
Others |
31.10 |
35.80 |
34.20 |
|
|
24.90 |
30.80 |
16.70 |
|
|
|
|
SOURCE: For Philippines, DEGITA field survey 1995-1996. For other countries, surveys of carp consumers 1998-1999.Table 16. Consumer preferences for freshwater species in Asia
|
Rank/Country |
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Indonesia |
Thailand |
N. Viet Nam |
S. Viet Nam |
|
1 |
Rohu |
Crucian carp |
Rohu |
Common carp |
Tilapia |
Grass carp |
Common carp |
|
2 |
Catla |
Grass carp |
Catla |
|
Snakehead |
Mud carp |
Snakehead |
|
3 |
Mrigal |
Common carp |
Mrigal |
|
Catfish |
Common carp |
Silver carp |
|
4 |
Silver barb |
Bighead |
Common carp |
|
Indo-Pacific mackerel |
Silver carp |
Climbing perch |
|
5 |
Common |
Chinese bream |
Grass carp |
|
Silver barb |
|
Walking catfish |
|
6 |
Mirror |
Silver carp |
Silver carp |
|
|
|
Giant gourami |
|
7 |
Silver carp |
Black carp |
|
|
|
|
Pangasius bocourti |
|
8 |
Grass carp |
|
|
|
|
|
Puntius attus |
|
9 |
Kalibasu |
|
|
|
|
|
Silver barb |
|
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Thailand |
Northern Viet Nam |
Southern Viet Nam |
||||||
|
Rohu |
Crucian carp |
Rohu |
Silver barb |
Grass carp |
Common carp |
||||||
|
|
Colour |
|
Body shape |
|
Body shape |
|
Higher dress-out % |
|
Bigger size |
|
Higher fat |
|
Higher dress-out % |
Bigger size |
Better flavour |
Bigger size |
Higher dress-out % |
Bigger size |
||||||
|
Bigger size |
Colour |
Colour |
Better flavour |
Body shape |
Colour |
||||||
|
Catla |
Better flavour |
Catla |
Body shape |
Better flavour |
Body shape |
||||||
|
|
Colour |
Grass carp |
|
Bigger size |
|
Common carp |
Silver carp |
||||
|
Higher dress-out % |
|
Bigger size |
|
Higher fat |
|
|
Better flavour |
|
Colour |
||
|
Mrigal |
Better flavour |
|
Better flavour |
|
Colour |
Bigger size |
|||||
|
|
Higher dress-out % |
Higher dress-out % |
|
Higher dress-out % |
|
Body shape |
Body shape |
||||
|
Colour |
Higher fat |
Mrigal |
|
Bigger size |
Higher fat |
||||||
|
|
Common carp |
|
Higher dress-out % |
|
Silver carp |
Silver barb |
|||||
|
|
|
Better flavour |
Body shape |
|
|
Higher fat |
|
Higher fat |
|||
|
|
Higher dress-out % |
Colour |
|
Higher dress-out % |
Better flavour |
||||||
|
|
Body shape |
Better flavour |
|
Bigger size |
Body shape |
||||||
|
|
Colour |
|
|
Colour |
Higher dress-out % |
||||||
|
|
Rohu |
Common |
Mrigal |
Silver carp |
Silver barb |
Catla |
Grass |
Crucian |
|
|
Size (pcs./kg.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bangladesh |
<1 |
<1 to 1 |
<1 to 1 |
<1 |
2 to 3 |
<1 |
<1 |
|
|
China |
|
1 to 2 |
|
1 to 2 |
|
1 to 3 |
1 |
|
|
|
India |
1 to 2 |
1 to 2 |
1 to 2 |
|
|
1 to 2 |
1 |
|
|
|
Indonesia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thailand |
<2-3 |
<2-3 |
<2-3 |
|
<2-5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Northern Viet Nam |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
Southern Viet Nam |
<2 |
<2-3 |
<2-3 |
<2-3 |
2 to 5 |
|
<2-3 |
|
|
|
Shape |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bangladesh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
China |
|
Short & thick |
|
Short & thick |
|
|
Long & thin |
Short & thick |
|
|
India |
Long & thin |
Short-thick-deep |
Long & thin |
|
|
Short-thick-deep |
Long & thin |
|
|
|
Indonesia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thailand |
Big, long & thin |
Big, short & thick |
Big, long & thin |
|
Big, short-thick-deep |
|
|
|
|
|
Northern Viet Nam |
Short & thick |
Short-thick-deep |
Short & thick |
Short-thick-deep |
Short & thick |
|
Short/long & thick |
|
|
|
Southern Viet Nam |
Short-thick-deep |
Short & thick |
Short/Long & thick |
Short & thick |
Short-thick-deep |
|
Short/long & thick |
|
|
|
Colour |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bangladesh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
China |
|
Reddish & yellow |
|
Silver |
|
|
Black-Green-silver |
Black and Silver |
|
|
India |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Indonesia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thailand |
Silver |
Yellow/Silver |
Silver |
|
Silver |
|
|
|
|
|
Northern Viet Nam |
Light |
yellow |
Black-blue |
Silver |
Light-blue |
|
Light, Light-blue |
|
|
|
Southern Viet Nam |
Bright |
Yellow |
Bright |
Bright |
Yellow fin |
|
Bright |
|
|
|
Body Parts |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bangladesh |
Belly, Tail, Back |
|
Belly, Tail, Back |
Belly, Back, Head |
|
Head, belly, back |
|
|
|
China |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
India |
Back, Belly, Tail |
Belly, Back, Tail |
Belly, Back, Egg |
|
|
Belly, Back, Tail |
Belly, Back, Tail |
|
|
|
Indonesia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thailand |
Back, Belly, Egg |
Back, Belly, Egg |
Back, Egg, Belly |
|
Back, Belly, Egg |
|
|
|
|
|
Northern Viet Nam |
Head, Back, Belly |
Back, Egg, Belly |
Back, Tail, Head |
Belly, Head, Back |
|
|
Back, Belly, Tail |
|
|
|
Southern Viet Nam |
Head, Belly, Egg |
Head, Belly, Egg |
Tail, Back, Head |
Back, Belly, Head |
Back, Belly, Egg |
|
Tail, Belly, Back |
|
|
|
Countries |
Price elasticities of demand for fish |
Income elasticity of demand for fish |
|
Bangladesh |
rohu (-1.13), catla (-0.75), mrigal and silver carp (-0.91),
other exotic carp (-1.07), silver barb (-1.09), river shad (-0.91), assorted
(-1.10), live (-0.98), high valued (-0.93). (this is from lower to higher income
group): |
Expenditure: 0.79, income: o.65 |
|
China |
-1.48 (using LA/AIDS model) |
Expenditure: 1.45 (country), 1.39 (rural area), 1.48 (urban
area) |
|
India |
e. -1.97 (rural), -0.913 (urban) |
0.63 to 0.89 (rural area) |
|
Philippines |
b. -1.00 (tilapia), -1.2 (carps), -1.5
(crustaceans), |
h. 0.43 to 1.20 (urban areas and different income
classes) |
|
Thailand |
- 0.7 (silver barb), -0.9 (walking catfish), -0.9 (striped
snake headed) |
Income: 0.8 to 4.1 |
SOURCES: (a) Provisional estimate of Alam and Kamruzzaman, 2000; (b) Dey et al., 2000a; (c) Alam Shamsul, 2000; (d) Olalo et. al., 2000; (e). Meenakshi and Ray, 1999; (f) Olalo, 2000; (g) Somying Piumsombun, 2000; (h) Bhalla and Hazell, 1998.Table 20. Fish market structure in selected Asian countries
|
Indicator |
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Thailand |
Philippines |
|
Market competitiveness |
Non-competitive |
Competitive |
Not competitive |
Competitive |
Not competitive |
|
Market channel |
Relatively large and complex |
na |
Short |
Long but complex |
Short |
|
Market intermediaries |
3-4 |
na |
3 |
4-5 |
4 |
|
Market infrastructure/facilities |
Poor |
Active govt. initiatives exist for investment in
markets. |
Poor |
Fairly reasonable |
Reasonably good |
|
Market ownership |
Private sector |
Private sector |
Private sector |
Private sector & more organized |
Private sector |
|
Barrier to entry |
Present |
Absent |
Present |
Absent |
Absent |
|
Marketing margin and share of intermediaries |
High. US$ 14.4-16.9 per quintal |
na |
Marketing margins 50-60% vary across seasons |
51-76% Producer share |
US$ 0.15-0.43/kg |
|
Producers bargaining power |
Very low |
Well |
Low |
Well |
Well |
NOTES: na = information not availableTable 21. Other distinguishing indicators of fisheries of selected Asian countriesSource: Alam, 2000; Huang et al., 2000; Bhatta, 2000; Piumsombun, 2000; Olalo, 2000.
|
Indicator |
Bangladesh |
China |
India |
Thailand |
Philippines |
|
Production impact on price of fish |
Price increasing |
Supply and demand increased. |
|
|
Price increasing (for milkfish and tilapia) and decreasing for
prawn |
|
Purchasing power |
Low |
Moderate |
|
|
|
|
Price trend of fish and non-fish food |
Increasing |
Increasing |
Increasing |
Low for cultured species, but the trend is
increasing |
Declining (tilapia) |
|
Gender in aquaculture and fish trade |
Increasing for culture fisheries but not for
marketing. |
|
Increasing more in marketing |
Male dominated in farming but female dominated in
marketing |
more in marketing-processing less in production |
|
Access to credit |
Low (high) for smaller (bigger) farms for public sector
credit. Reverse for private source of credit. Public sector flow is
decreasing. |
na |
Private sector including intermediaries: linked to production
and marketing For aquaculture: public source exists. |
Confined to mostly private intermediaries (for production and
marketing), but bigger traders have access to public sector loan |
Bulk of the marketing credit is provided by intermediaries and
processors. Government credit is for guarantee cover, infrastructure and port
services |
SOURCE: FAO, 1996; Alam, 2000; Huang et al., 2000; Bhatta, 2000; Piumsombun, 2000; Olalo, 2000;NOTE: na = information not available
Figure 1. The dominant marketing channels (product route to ultimate consumers) of freshwater fish for domestic consumption in Bangladesh.
Figure 2. An investigation of the flow of fish channelled at every intermediary at an Upazila-level market in Bangladesh.
Figure 3. An emerging market channel for commercial pond fishery in Bangladesh.
Figure 4. Marketing channel of cultured freshwater fish in Thailand.
