(E- EXPERIENCE PAPERS; P - POSTERS)
Selected papers
will be published in a dedicated issue of
"Fisheries Management and
Ecology"
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 01
Fish introductions and their consequences in the English Lake District
Ian J. Winfield[1] and N. Cameron Durie[2]
Although the English Lake District comprises 14 major lakes of varying trophic status and many smaller standing water bodies, its location in the north-west of the country means that for largely biogeographical reasons its fish communities are relatively poor in species number. Nevertheless, recreational angling makes a significant contribution to the local tourism industry and the area is also important for fish biodiversity and conservation because it contains both of the UK's only surviving vendace (Coregonus albula) populations, four of only seven U.K. whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) populations, and all of the English populations of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). In recent years, a number of fish species including roach (Rutilus rutilus) and ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) have been introduced without consent into some of these lakes. This paper documents these introductions, explores their consequences where available data permit, and considers the management of this complex issue.
Keywords: Species introductions; Live-baiting; English Lake District
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 02
Current status of brown trout Salmo trutta in
Spain:
Effects of fishery management on conservation of wild
stocks
Ana Almodóvar and Graciela G. Nicola
Agricultural Research Institute of Madrid (IMIA), El
Encín, P.O. Box 127,
E-28800 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid,
Spain
Brown trout is an important resource in Spain that supports valuable sport fisheries. A gradual increase in licence sales during the last decades has increased the public demand for more fish. Consequently, populations are currently overexploited and their genetic uniqueness is threatened by introgression of foreign genes due to artificial stocking. The cumulative effect of habitat destruction, water pollution and introduction of exotic species is also responsible for the decline of trout stocks. There is an urgent need for a survey of the current status of wild brown trout in Spanish rivers. We review the available investigations aimed at evaluating the effects of fishery management on trout populations in Spain. Angling effects differ from area to area and seem to depend on the environmental and biological conditions of the populations. Genetic interactions between wild and stocked brown trout also vary between river basins. The ecological and genetic consequences of cessation of stocking in some rivers and the effects of modern harvest regulations are assessed. Mathematical models are applied for evaluating the effect of different fishery regulations on wild stocks. Finally, management guidelines are proposed for the maintenance and conservation of brown trout.
Keywords: Brown trout management; Stocking impact; Introgression; Spain
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 03
Restoration of sustainability of physically degraded fish
habitats -
Ecohydrological approach
Maciej Zalewski
Department of Applied Ecology, University of
£ódz, and
International Centre for Ecology, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Lomianka, Warsaw, Poland
Freshwater ecosystems are situated in depressions in the landscape. As a consequence, the quality of fish habitats to a great extend depends on human population density and a whole range of human activities.
Anthropogenic impacts on fish habitats can be defined in two dimensions: technological and environmental - emission of pollutants which can be controlled by technologies, and environmental (primarily physical) modifications of hydrological and biogeochemical cycles due to deforestation, urbanization, channelization.
Concerning the physical modification of freshwater fish habitats, restoration can be achieved using as a framework the Ecohydrology Concept. That concept distinguishes between direct and indirect restoration, and mitigation actions. Restoration is connected with integrated catchment management, including landscape planning, afforestation, phytotechnologies and finally restitution of water flow and pattern of nutrients dynamics. Mitigation is more traditionally linked to fisheries management, including restoring habitat diversity and connectivity e.g. by renaturization of the river bed and floodplains.
All these measures have to be integrated toward the control and regulation of the dynamic pool of nutrients against eutrophication, considering biota and especially fish communities as important tool (biomanipulation).
What should be a target for restoring physically modified fish habitats in a broad sense, considered as biogeochemical cycles modification?
The general conclusion from papers presented at the EIFAC Workshop "Ecohydrology as a tool for restoration of physically degraded habitats" is that the target should be highest biodiversity and productivity of fish communities achieved at an intermediate level of human disturbances of the biogeochemical cycle. This can be interpreted as a result of nutrient enrichment and improved energy access to the river, due to partial opening of the land nutrients cycling and intermediate complexity of riparian ecotones.
There are two conclusions:
- restoration of a river systems to pristine conditions is not only unrealistic but also not necessary;
- the target for restoration should be within the range between maximum biodiversity and maximum productivity of fish communities.
Further investigations are needed to develop standards for fish habitat restoration in different geographic regions and types of catchment areas.
Keywords: Fish habitats; Physical modifications; Ecohydrology; Restoration
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 04
The effects of stocking and introductions in Newfoundland and Labrador inland fisheries
Michael van Zyll de Jong[3], R. John Gibson[4] and Ian G. Cowx[5]
Stocking and introduction of fishes began in Newfoundland and Labrador in the early 1880's. Introduced non-native fishes and stocking have established populations in many areas. The ecological effects of stocking and introductions have include competition, predation on native salmonids and other fishes and the introduction of parasites and disease. Interbreeding with native species causes direct genetic effects. Indirect genetic effects may have resulted from selective forces, genetic drift and inbreeding. Aquaculture and the creation of transgenic fish also pose a new threat to native fish. The effects of introductions stocking as a mitigation or enhancement tool are also discussed. Although Newfoundland and Labrador is still relatively pristine safe guards must be introduced to eliminate the potential detrimental effects of these management practices.
Keywords: Newfoundland; Introduction; Stocking
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 05
Fisheries for non-native species: Angling or the environment?
Phil Hickley[6] and Sarah Chare[7]
The increase in popularity of "big game" type angling in the UK has lead to a proliferation of waters stocked with non-native species. Many introductions have been illegal and the potentially irreversible ecological consequences are yet to be realized. Some case histories are presented and show the potential impacts of these species to involve the effects of predation, competition, disease, hybridization and habitat degradation. Responding to anglers demands whilst controlling any illegal spread of non-native fish in the wild is a major challenge. The legislation that governs the movement of fish into and within England and Wales is shared between the Environment Agency and other Government organizations, a situation which engenders significant management difficulties and enables less scrupulous movers of fish to exploit any weaknesses in the enforcement system. The problem is being addressed in a number of ways. A fully co-ordinated approach to the regulation of fish movements is being facilitated by a new shared database and the Environment Agency has reviewed the policies through which it regulates movements of fish into the wild. The guiding principle is that fish introductions should not jeopardize the well being of naturally established ecosystems i.e. there should be no detriment to the donor or receiving fisheries or to the fish being introduced. This approach was endorsed by a recent Government review of fisheries legislation, which recommended strengthening controls over inappropriate movements of fish.
Keywords: Angling; Introductions; Non-native fish; Legislation
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 07
Management of lake fish populations and lake fisheries in
Denmark -
History and current status
Lene Jacobsen, Søren Berg and Christian Skov
Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland
Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39,
DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
Lake fisheries in Denmark is controlled by legislation in order to protect fish populations of commercial and recreational interest and prevent overfishing. Management measures include stock enhancement by stocking e.g. with eel, trout and pike and, previously, by introduction of new species. Lately the management of the aquatic environment has been in focus, since most wanted lake fish are suffering from eutrophication in lakes. Biomanipulation has been carried out as a lake restoration measure during the last decade by either stocking with pikes or removal of planktivorous fish.
The development in lake fisheries can be followed through 100 years of catch records. It shows a decrease in eel catches especially during the 1970’ies and an increase in catches of bream, which is in line with the increased eutrophication of Danish lakes over the last decades.
Keywords: Lake fisheries; Biomanipulation; Lake fish management
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 08
Angling as an efficient method for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) management and its possible contribution to anthropogenic eutrophication in Germany
Robert Arlinghaus and Thomas Mehner
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland
Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310,
POB 850119, D-12561 Berlin,
Germany
Many freshwater ecosystems suffer from dense common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) stocks. From the ecological point of view, high carp densities are not desirable because of several negative impacts (e.g., bioturbation, competition). A mail and internet survey among carp anglers (n=705) suggests that in Germany carp anglers´ catch exceeds commercial carp harvest by up to 1717 percent (averages from angler survey data: catch 332.7 kg angler-1 a-1, effort 1447.6 h angler-1 a-1, CPUEIFAC/XXII/2002/SYMP. E 0.23 kg h-1). This indicates that carp angling may reduce carp stocks efficiently. Moreover, the high economic impact of carp angling (mean expenditures: 5490 € angler-1 a-1) offers a great potential for marketing (tourism, commercial fishermen). Thus, specialized carp angling provides a means for inland (carp) fisheries management worldwide. However, input-output balances for total phosphorous revealed that under certain conditions carp angling may contribute significantly to anthropogenic eutrophication if ground baiting is used in excess.
Keywords: Cyprinus carpio; Recreational fisheries management; Ground baiting; Eutrophication
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 09
Food-web manipulation of drinking water reservoirs with
salmonids:
Vertical distribution of prey and predator
Robert J. Radke, Uwe Kahl and Jürgen Benndorf
Dresden University of Technology, Institute for Hydrobiology, Mommsenstr. 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
In a novel biomanipulation experiment salmonids are used as a tool to improve water quality. The manipulation was initiated in spring 2000 as a response to non-point sources of phosphorus in a drinking water reservoir in Saxony, Germany. Salmonids (brown trout, Salmo trutta f. lacustris) were chosen as predators, as the reservoir has a large hypolimnic water body and surface temperatures rarely exceed 20°C. While the dominant planktivore (roach, Rutilus rutilus) was caught exclusively in the epilimnic layer during the stratification period, trout seemed to be confined to deeper water layers. However, diet analyses revealed that the trout performed vertical migrations to feed in the epilimnic layer. In order to estimate the range of effective food intake a bioenergetic model was used and consumption was calculated at three temperature levels.
Keywords: Food-web manipulation; Spatio-temporal distribution patterns; Salmo trutta; Rutilus rutilus
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 10
Salford Quays revisited - The impacts of fish
introductions on
water quality 1987 to 2001, a fifteen year
data-set
Keith Hendry, John Rebbeck, Bill Bellamy, Kevin Nash and Adrian E. Williams
APEM Ltd, Enterprise House, Manchester Science Park, Manchester M15 6SE, United Kingdom
Salford Quays, was isolated from the grossly polluted Ship Canal in May 1987 and an artificial mixing system (Helixors) introduced several months later to prevent thermal stratification and associated anoxia. The 8 hectares of enclosed water were effectively devoid of fish life prior to implementation of this combined management strategy. However, by 1989 water quality had improved dramatically allowing introduction of a variety of species including roach, perch, rudd, bream, carp, dace, tench and chub. The stocking was extremely effective with good survival, high growth rates and eventually successful spawning and recruitment of several species following introduction of artificial spawning media and macrophytes on appropriate structures. Hence, a range of species and age classes with a variety a feeding strategies, notably zooplanktivors, were present.
Following isolation in 1987, algal blooms, dominated by the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria agardhii became a common feature in the Quays. Over the next few years chlorophyll a concentrations increased relentlessly peaking at over 300 mg/ml. Several algal control techniques were investigated including intermittent destratification, barley straw and bio filtration using the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha, but none were successful in effectively reducing the blooms. However, during the late 1990’s algal biomass began to gradually reduce. Chlorophyll a concentrations are dramatically lower, mean values of less than 40 mg/ml being recorded throughout the seasons for the past four years.
Using a 15-year data set, the paper examines the relationship between algal biomass, nutrient concentrations, bottom water oxygen concentrations and fish abundance at Salford Quays. It concludes that the main influence on the development of troublesome algal blooms was water column phosphorus, possibly augmented by sediment releases during low oxygen bottom water phased immediately following isolation in the late 1980’s. Subsequently maintenance of oxygen rich conditions has resulted in an overall reduction in available phosphorous leading to the long-term reduction (10 years) in algal concentrations observed. The work challenges the assumptions from studies elsewhere, notably the Norfolk Broads, that fish introductions promote algal blooms and hence compromise previously macrophyte-dominated systems. Conversely, the rational behind fish removal as a still water restoration strategy is called into question.
Keywords: Biomanipulation; Still water restoration; Algal blooms; Phosphorous availability
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 11
How to link biomanipulation and sustainable fisheries
management -
A step-by-step guideline for lakes in the European
temperate zone
Thomas Mehner[8], Robert
Arlinghaus[9], Søren
Berg[10], Hendrik
Dörner[11], Lene
Jacobsen[12],
Peter
Kasprzak[13], Rainer
Koschel[14], Torsten
Schulze[15], Christian
Skov[16],
Christian
Wolter[17] and Klaus
Wysujack[18]
Due to the existence of strong top-down effects in limnic systems, food web manipulation experiments in terms of using the systems response to reduction of zooplanktivorous fish have been run to mitigate symptoms of eutrophication. The influence of nutrient load, lake morphometry and biomanipulation measures on efficacy and success relating to temporal and spatial extension is discussed. However, the ongoing focus on sustainable use of aquatic resources offers the chance to perform lake restorations by a combined strategy of nutrient load reduction and fisheries management.
Based on results of stock assessment investigations, water quality measurements and evaluations of commercial and recreational fishery demands carried out in the course of long-term whole-lake biomanipulation experiments in Germany, we highlight how biomanipulation can be used to support lake restoration programmes where fisheries’ stakeholders have to be considered.
Keywords: Inland fisheries; Anthropogenic factors; Biomanipulation; Lake restoration
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 12
Fish habitat requirements as the basis for
objectives
in the rehabilitation of eutrophic lakes by artificial
oxygenation
Rudolf Müller[19] and Pius Stadelmann[20]
Eutrophic lakes normally suffer from hypolimnial oxygen depletion during summer and autumn, leading to accumulation of reduced substances in the deep parts of the lake. The space that fish can occupy is therefore reduced, and the potential of fish kills caused by the upwelling of de-oxygenated water increases. Fish, such as salmonids, require at least 4 mg of oxygen per litre in order to survive in the long term. The standard of 4 mg O2/l at any time and anywhere in the lake has been postulated as one of the major goals for the rehabilitation of several eutrophic Swiss lakes. It was hoped that this oxygen criterion would enable the survival of coregonid eggs on the lake sediment. Rehabilitation measures were applied using hypolimnial oxygenation during summertime, i.e. during stratification, and forced circulation using compressed air during wintertime. These lake-internal measures carried out for more than ten years have shown that the 4-mg O2/l-criterion can be met. The measures have led to an expansion of the usable fish habitat into greater depths. However, other goals were not attained, such as the restoration of natural reproduction of coregonids in these lakes. It was found that excessive oxygen consumption at the sediment-water interface, arising from the decomposition of settled organic matter produced during the vegetation period, is causing the death by suffocation of coregonid eggs resting on the sediment. This shows that rehabilitation of eutrophic lakes by merely oxygenating the hypolimnion cannot be successful, unless it is accompanied by lowering the nutrient loading of the lake and thus lowering primary production and oxygen consumption on the sediment surface.
Keywords: Eutrophication; Lake rehabilitation; Artificial oxygenation; Fish reproduction
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 13
Coarse fishery creation in Irish cutaway bogs
Joe M. Caffrey, Theresa Walsh and Paul D. McLoone
Central Fisheries Board, Mobhi Boreen, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
Angling is a popular recreational pastime, and a valuable contributor to the national and local economies. Two lakes, each approx. 3.5 ha, were created in 1996 at Finnamores, Cloghan, Co. Offaly. Residual peat was removed, exposing a calcium-rich marl substrate. Lake depth and shoreline profiles were specified to meet the known requirements of both fish and angler. The lakes were filled from an adjacent alkaline stream. An extensive planting programme expedited aquatic plant colonization. By summer 2000 circa 95 percent aquatic plant cover of lake substrate was achieved. The lakes were stocked with carp, tench and bream, and were frequented by local and visiting coarse anglers. It was not uncommon to have 20 anglers fishing the water at any one time. Individual angler catches of up to 45 kg have been recorded and, generally, anglers are satisfied with the status of fish stocks in these new fisheries. The ecology and angling status of the lakes will continue to be monitored.
Keywords: Angling; Transplantation; Stocking; Fish growth
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 14
The habitat enhancement programmes required by the Salmonid fisheries in the Republic of Ireland
Martin F. O’Grady
Central Fisheries Board, Mobhi Boreen, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
Surveys of many of Irelands salmonid riverine fisheries since the 1980's indicated that various land management practices, over several centuries, had impacted negatively on the productivity of these rivers in fishery terms. This paper describes the fisheries management practices, which have been adopted in Ireland over the last two decades to help restore the natural salmonid productivity of these habitats. Procedure in relation to designing these programmes is outlined. An inventory of work practices used is provided. The relative success of programmes is documented.
Keywords: Fisheries management practices; Salmonids; Habitat enhancement
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 15
Does stocking contribute to enhancing stocks?
Miran W. Aprahamian[21], Steve Barnard[22] and Mukhtar A. Farooqi[23]
The stocking of fish represents a major element of current fisheries management practice. In order to maximize benefit to the environment in general and to fisheries in particular optimal stocking strategies need to be developed. Examples from two studies, one involving Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the other involving three coarse fish species, are used to illustrate how such strategies might be developed.
Atlantic salmon fed fry were stocked into eight streams in North West of England at densities ranging from 1 to 4 m-2 over a period of up to three years to evaluate survival to the end of the first and second growing periods. Survival to the end of the first growing period (mean duration 108 days) was found to vary between 7.8 and 41.3 percent with a mean of 22 percent and CV of 0.44. Survival from the end of the first growing period to the end of the second growing period (mean duration 384 days) ranged from 19.9 to 34.1 percent with a mean of 26.3 percent and a CV of 0.21. Survival was found to be positively related to resident 0+ trout density (P<0.05) and negatively related to altitude (P<0.05). A comparison with published survival data from other studies in relation to stocking densities showed a negative relationship between fry survival and stocking density (P<0.05).
Hatchery reared roach (Rutilus rutilus), chub (Leuciscus cephalus) and dace (Leuciscus leuciscus) were stocked into four rivers in order to determine the optimal age and season which would maximize survival over a 6-month post-stocking period. Post-stocking persistence within the stocked reaches was generally low; the highest level of persistence was estimated at only 33.8 percent. However, most of the estimates of persistence were considerably lower and (in practical terms) approached zero in several instances. The analysis indicated that river-specific factors are important in controlling the success of stocking exercises.
The survival estimates derived from these two studies are compared with other published estimates of survival. The development of stocking strategies, which specifically aim to optimize benefits to the environment, is discussed.
Keywords: Stocking; Salmo salar; Rutilus rutilus; Leuciscus cephalus; Leuciscus leuciscus
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 16
Fish habitat is everyone’s
business.
Canada’s Fish Habitat Management Program
Gareth A. Goodchild
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ontario - Great Lakes Area, 501 Towerhill Road, Peterborough, Ontario K9H 7N2, Canada
The mandate of Canada’s Fish Habitat Management Program is to protect and conserve fish habitat in support of Canada's coastal and inland fisheries resources and to conduct environmental assessments prior to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans making regulatory decisions under the Fisheries Act.
The program objective of a net gain of habitat is achieved by a wide variety of actions that protect fish habitat yet still allow works and undertakings to take place in and around water. Some of the core activities of the program include detailed review of works and proposals for adherence to the requirements of the Fisheries Act, approvals and permits, community outreach activities, the generation of mitigation guidelines and fact sheets for the protection of fish habitat as well as enforcement activities for compliance with legislation and policies.
This paper presents an overview of the Canadian Fish Habitat Management Program and details many of the habitat managers’ tools used in protecting the resource.
Keywords: Fish habitat management; Conservation and protection; Canada
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 18
Managed flooding as a tool for supporting natural fish
reproduction
in man-made lentic waterbodies
Pavel Jurajda[24], Markéta Ondraèková[25],[26] and Martin Reichard[27],[28]
Fish were studied in two different types of borrow pits in the flood plain of the river Dyje (Danube basin) in 2001. All six man-made borrow pits investigated had uniform habitats without shelters and with limited spawning and nursery areas. Spawning and nursery conditions in three of the borrow pits were improved by managed flooding during spring and summer. The other three borrow pits were marginally flooded for a short period or not flooded. Adult (³ 1 year) fish were surveyed by beach seining. Since May, 0+ fish distribution was monitored monthly by electrofishing and with fry beach seine nets. We found that the species diversity of adult fish did not differ significantly between flooded and non-flooded borrow pits, whilst the species composition and fish density did. In 0+ fish assemblages we found considerable differences in species diversity, species composition and density. Seasonal decline in 0+ fish density varied between borrow pit types.
Keywords: Juvenile fish; Flood plain; Borrow pits; Habitat improvement
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 19
The importance of planning in the rehabilitation of freshwater fisheries
Ian G. Cowx
University of Hull, International Fisheries Institute, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
The maintenance and development of freshwater fisheries is based on an understanding of the many biotic and abiotic factors influencing the fish population dynamics. This information has been used to derive models on the most suitable habitats for different fish species and predict carrying capacities of the water bodies concerned. They are also used to determine the impact of various anthropogenic activities on the fish stocks and the possible outcome of enhancement and rehabilitation activities. Unfortunately, the models tend to be based on instream characteristics such as flow, depth, substrate and cover. It is well known that features associated with land-water ecotones, such as bankside biota, adjacent land use and modification of channel morphology, all affect fish population dynamics. This paper examines the role of riparian characteristics in maintenance of fish populations and the characteristics, which should be considered in parallel with instream enhancement methods to manage the fish stocks from a more holistic perspective. Recommendations for development of management tools are discussed.
Keywords: Rehabilitation; Fishery management; Ecosystem health; Integrated management
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 20
Effects of fisheries management on fish communities of Lake Peipsi-Pihkva
Toomas Saat[29], Väino Vaino[30], Evgeni Afanasjev[31], Nina Koncevaya[32]
Lake Peipsi-Pihkva, one of the largest lakes in Europe, is a shallow eutrophic waterbody shared by Estonia and the Russian Federation, characterized by high fish productivity. The fish resources are heavily exploited. In recent decades, stocks of some commercial species have substantially declined (vendace, smelt, perch), while stocks of some other species have increased (pikeperch, bream). There have been remarkable changes in population structure of commercial species, related both to the changes in the environment and to fishing. Effects of different fisheries management strategies and measures on fish communities are analysed. The most remarkable changes are related to (1) the ban to use small mesh-size active gear in the 1970s and (2) the expansion of gill net fishery in the early 1990s.
Keywords: Fisheries management; Lake Peipsi-Pihkva; Fish communities
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 22
The benefit for the environment of the different crayfish management strategies in Finland
Jorma Kirjavainen[33] and Matti Sipponen[34]
In Finland, the nation-wide strategy for crayfish management in inland waters was renewed in 2000. Its main objective is to maintain and increase the stocks of indigenous noble crayfish (Astacus astacus). As in southern Finland many watercourses are being chronically infected by crayfish plague, the strategy there attempts to restore the productivity of crayfish stocks by introducing plague resistant signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus).
Crayfish is the largest mobile macroinvertebrate in Finnish freshwater ecosystems playing an important role in the food web. In addition to the great ecological value it has also an economic value for recreational and commercial fisheries. So far, neither introduction of signal crayfish nor restocking of noble crayfish has shown any negative impact on the ecosystem.
Häme and Central Finland are two neighbouring counties adhering to different strategies. In Häme the results of noble crayfish stockings have been poor compared to the introduction of signal crayfish. Crayfish catches have increased rapidly, resulting in some new jobs for commercial crayfishermen. In Central Finland, signal crayfish stockings are forbidden and stocking with noble crayfish has been intensive. One goal is to maintain a gene pool resource of this species.
Keywords: Crayfish management; Signal crayfish; Noble crayfish; Management policy
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 24
Contribution of native and non-native species to fish communities in French reservoirs
Pascal Irz, Christine Argillier and Jean-Pierre Proteau
Fish Resources Management Research Group, Cemagref, 361 rue JF Breton F-34 033 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
Previous large-scale studies have shown that only 20 percent of the variability in fish community structure in French lakes could be explained by the sites characteristics. Furthermore, no relationship could be found between species relative abundance and stocking effort. Therefore, introductions are likely to be responsible for a great part of the observed communities. The objective of this study is to assess the importance of species introductions in French natural and man-made lakes. 30 reservoirs and 20 natural lakes were sampled to obtain species presence/absence data. The relationship between exotic and native richness was studied. Geo-morphological variables are used to comparatively explain the patterns of richness for native and non-native species. Species reproductive and trophic traits are used to investigate potential niche overlap between native and introduced species. The results are discussed taking into account our knowledge of the fisheries management practices.
Keywords: Lake; Reservoir; Fish communities; Species introductions
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 25
Management of fish communities and its impact on the
lower trophic levels
in shallow ecosystems in Hungary
István Tátrai[35], Ferenc Pekár[36], Kálmán Mátyás[37], János Korponai[38] and Gábor Paulovits[39]
Increased nutrient loading has resulted in changes in trophic structure and significant alterations have occurred at the top of the food web in Hungarian natural waters. Long-term (1993-2000) fish manipulation experiments of different scales have proven the expectations that phytoplankton biomass increases linearly with the biomass of cyprinid fish and that this process is reversible. To influence eutrophication processes, reduction of external nutrient load and controlling trophic relationships were the most effective tools in small ponds and in a large shallow lake (Lake Balaton) as well. In shallow waters dominated by cyprinid fish, bottom-up forces are more important than top-down effects due to the impact of internal nutrient load. Maintenance of water quality seems to be possible by high predation pressure of fish on a wide range of different species and age classes of cyprinids and by stocking of multispecies communities of piscivores (min. 25 percent).
Keywords: Eutrophication control; Cyprinid fish manipulation
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 28
Institutional changes and relationship between fisheries and conservation of the Saimaa ringed seal
Mika Tonder and Pekka Salmi
Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Saimaa
Fisheries Research and Aquaculture,
Laasalantie 9, FIN-58175 Enonkoski,
Finland
Institutional changes in Finnish fisheries governance have been connected to the changes in the society and in the evolution of stakeholder groups. Private water ownership has been an important institution, which has determined the access to the fishing waters and the management rights of the landowners in rural areas. During the last decades, new more urbanized groups of water owners and users have been shaped. Similarly governance of fishing waters has faced many needs which further mostly public interests in addition to the interests of local owners. These new interests and values are commonly emphasized by recreation and nature conservation. However the rationality of maximising the fish yield is still strongly stressed in several levels of the management regime. At the same time new organizations have been formed for the central and regional levels of governance.
In Finland the role of environmental policy has increased since the establishing of the Ministry of Environment in 1983. Usually the environmental and fisheries governance have acted separately, but the conservation of the Saimaa ringed seal is an example where the orientations of these two institutions moved closer. In this paper we study institutional changes in the case of the Saimaa ringed seal conservation, which has restricted fishing operations in large lake areas. We examine e.g. the environmental entitlements and knowledge used by the stakeholder institutions.
Keywords: Fisheries governance; Conservation; Lake Pihlajavesi; Saimaa ringed seal
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 29
Transboundary sturgeon intercept fisheries of the Lower
Danube River system:
Need for a new management strategy to rebuild
stocks and maintain fish species biodiversity
Ion Nãvodaru[40], Mircea Staras[41] and Richard Banks[42]
The actual conservation strategy based only on regulating escapement (closed seasons and areas, fish landing size and gear regulation), applied differently in each country may be responsible for the collapse of the fishery and species extinction. Since the beginning of the 20th century annual Romanian sturgeon catches have decreased 100 times from 1000 to 10 tonnes. Four species of sturgeon from the Lower Danube River system and the Western Black Sea are in trouble: (1) great sturgeon (Huso huso), (2) Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), (3) stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus), and (4) sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Other two species are almost extinct: Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) and spiny sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris). Despite the "collapse" of sturgeon fishery reflected in official statistics, catch estimates in 1997/98 using the Rapid Rural Appraisal method confirmed that a major shared sturgeon intercept fishery still existed, yielding total catches between 300-400 t/year (47 percent Romania, 39 percent Ukraine, 12 percent Bulgaria and 2 percent Yugoslavia), but facing great difficulties due to habitat destruction, over-exploitation and pollution. However, the actual sturgeon fishery is based on fishing effort that is far in excess of historical levels (2-5 fold, and 20 times for some fishing zones). Fishing capacity has been increasing since 1990 without any entry limitation regulation, and in 1998 reached 2 500 fishing units (2 500 open-deck boats and 5 000 fishermen). To protect sturgeon species, a new conservation management strategy at regional level is needed, based on input and output control measures. The necessary steps of a new management strategy are: limiting entry to the fishery, decreasing actual fishing effort, and catch quota control. In addition, regulations are needed to protect sensitive spawning and nursery areas, and to ensure escapement of parental stock to spawning areas. Finally, monitoring, stock assessment and also enforcement tools have to be developed and implemented in order to support a sound conservation management strategy.
Keywords: Sturgeon fisheries; Management; Conservation; Danube river; Romania
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 30
Fisheries management involvement
in the
application of the new European directive on water policy
Alix Nihouarn[43] and Thomas Changeux[44]
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/CE of 23 October 2000 provides the basis for a new policy on Community action in the field of water. Considering aquatic ecosystems in a broad sense (with adjacent wetlands and terrestrial environments), it aims to preserve and improve their ecological status.
The quality of an aquatic environment can be assessed by rating its ability to maintain sustainably a population of an indicator fish species. This approach was adopted to set up fisheries management plans but it appears that it can even more largely answer WFD demands.
The entire national hydrologic landscape of a country (all inland waterbodies) is divided into units, which are defined according to the needs of an indicator species population to maintain itself. The status of the environment is assessed according to its ability to sustain the hole life cycle of the indicator species: it is «suitable» when the entire life cycle takes place in natural conditions prescribed by the environmental characteristics, it is «disturbed» when at least one phase of the cycle is not carried out optimally, and it is «damaged» when at least one phase cannot be completed successfully. The disturbance level is quantified measuring the difference between the potential population level (corresponding to a suitable status) and the observed level, influenced by human disturbance listed in the context.
It clearly appears that the majority of the French aquatic environments are disturbed. This shows the existence of impacts of human activities which are significant and which can be found all over the territory. Zones of suitable status are well represented in the most upstream parts of the basins (mainly salmonid zones), while the degraded habitats are found further downstream (intermediate or cyprinid zones) because of the accumulative effects of point-source or non-point pollution that are stronger in the lower river sections.
Taking into account, in an exhaustive way, the totality of the waterbodies and all types of disturbances (physico-chemical and hydromorphological), we have performed a quantitative approach of impacts at the scale of functional entities. This gives us the opportunity to propose to managers action priorities that are more adapted to problems’ hierarchy.
In this way our approach is compatible with the demand exerted by the new European directive.
Keywords: European Water Framework Directive; Fisheries management; Fish ecological indicator
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 31
The IMEW project:
Integrating inland fisheries
with other aspects of wetland management -
Poachers and predators in
the Nemunas Delta
Sandra Bell[45], Faustas Stepukonis[46], Kate Hampshire[47] and Gillian Wallace[48]
The Integrated Management of European Wetlands (IMEW) Project addresses biodiversity maintenance within wetland areas, with particular focus on accommodating socio-economic development. Interdisciplinary teams in Finland, Greece, Lithuania and Romania, are looking at the benefits and problems of fishing at the local level, as well as public understanding, institutional dynamics and tourism as they relate to the issue of how to maintain and develop wetland areas. The impact of fisheries on the environment is great, and this presentation addresses the conflict between fisheries and predatory birds, the latter of which are often the focus of conservation movements. Unique aspects of this research are the cross-cultural analysis of the data and raising public awareness by using participatory research techniques in the field. An important outcome is to develop management programmes for the different areas, demonstrating how various local and international agencies can co-operate in conservation and sustainable use.
Keywords: Biodiversity; Conservation; Sustainability; Local knowledge
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 32
A constituency perspective on
maintaining
biodiversity and ecosystems-based fishery
management
Robert B. Ditton[49], Oystein Aas[50] and Gilbert C. Radonski[51]
Fishery management is both a technical and political process; it does not exist separate from societal wants and needs. Various constituencies and their wants, needs, and political power often shape fishery management throughout the world. An as-yet-undocumented worldwide movement of fishery and habitat resources has occurred; some by accident and some with strong constituency support. Strong constituency support is also imperative if managers are to act to reverse and remedy these situations. Fishery managers may be well informed on the need to maintain biodiversity and even on particular means for doing so but if current stakeholders are not inclined to support proposed efforts, little will be accomplished. This is particularly the case where certain groups of stakeholders pay the vast majority of fishery management costs. Anglers, for example, in certain jurisdictions may prefer catching non-native fish instead of native species and reflect little appreciation for the need for preserving local biodiversity. Some may actually oppose efforts to "bring back the natives". This essay will highlight constituency support as both a problem and as an essential part of the solution for dealing with this issue. In addition to some historical background, cases and examples of efforts in Europe and the U.S. where fisheries management has sought to maintain freshwater biodiversity or put the "genie back in the bottle" will be reviewed. Practical constituency-based management measures for dealing with these matters will be identified and discussed.
Keywords: Fisheries management; Political process; Constituencies; Conflicts
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 34
Conservation of biodiversity of sturgeon under conditions
of the flow regulation of rivers:
Stock enhancement and living gene
bank
Mikhail S. Chebanov and Elena V. Galich
Krasnodar Research Institute of Fisheries, Oktyabrskaya Str. 12, Krasnodar, 350063, Russian Federation
The most effective sturgeon culture in the Russian Federation is in the region of the Kuban River. From 1996 to 2001 five sturgeon hatcheries released 26-28 million juveniles annually of Russian and stellate sturgeons. As a result of the flow regulation, natural spawning is not observed in this river.
The river flow regulation and simplified strategy of sturgeon stocking aimed only at large-scale release of juveniles, led to a decrease of complex heterogeneity of the sturgeon population. Therefore, a new concepts of sturgeon culture with the primary goal of sturgeon biodiversity restoration is proposed.
Damming of rivers and a long-term artificial selection of only highly mature early spring migrants for hatcheries resulted in an adaptive sturgeon response of the highest functional maturity of all Russian and stellate sturgeon breeders and a shortage of mass spawning run.
The traditional technology of artificial reproduction is non-effective under modern ecological conditions. The use of ecological and hormonal methods to control seasonal propagation of stellate sturgeon, Russian sturgeon, beluga and sterlet makes it possible to stagger the sexual cycle of breeders from the various biological groups for early (5 months) or later (6 months) spawning. Use of these methods preserves the natural heterogeneity of sturgeon populations maintained through stocking.
A federal Living Gene Bank for the conservation of sturgeon biodiversity was formed in Krasnodar, containing over 8 000 sub-adults of 7 sturgeon species.
A new scheme of juvenile release of various sizes in different suitable conditions will also promote biodiversity of artificial populations.
Keywords: Sturgeon; Biodiversity; Reproduction; Russian Federation
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 35
Can management of freshwater fish populations be used to protect and enhance the conservation status of a rare fish-eating bird, the bittern (Botaurus stellaris (L.)), in the UK?
Richard A.A. Noble, Jon P. Harvey and Ian G. Cowx
University of Hull, International Fisheries Institute, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
The bittern (Botaurus stellaris (L.)) is a red data list species with currently only around 20 breeding males restricted to a few wet reedbeds in the UK. The bittern, although catholic in diet, is mainly piscivorous. Eels (Anguilla anguilla (L.)) and rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.)) are their main prey species. The EU species action plan for the bittern targeted degradation of the key wet reedbed habitat and food availability as the two main threats and limiting factors to the bitterns' conservation status. To date most conservation work has focused on the rehabilitation and creation of suitable wetland reedbed habitat with little or no consideration of the available or required food base. The importance of fish in the bitterns' diet make it imperative that the ecology of fish in wetlands is understood to enable habitat and fish population management to be beneficial to the conservation of bitterns in wetlands. Research was undertaken at two key breeding sites in the UK to assess the impact of habitat management on the dynamics of resident fish populations and their availability to bitterns. This paper assesses the application of fish population management as a key component to the suite of tools available to enhance the conservation status of bitterns.
Keywords: Rehabilitation; Bitterns; Reedbeds; Conservation; Water level management
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. E 36
Analysis of the role of freshwater fish conservation in managing the environment
Maria João Collares-Pereira[52] and Ian G. Cowx[53]
Fresh waters have suffered the most intense intervention of all ecosystems over the past 100 years and many fish species are now extinct, rare or endangered and many species are now protected by active management of the environment as well as more traditional methods of conservation management, e.g. regulation of exploitation, nature reserves, captive breeding programmes. This paper uses case studies from Europe and Africa to show the value of fisheries conservation activities in improving the aquatic environment and protecting catchments from further degradation. The paper concludes that until conservation management includes major short-term economic incentives and responsibility is devolved to the people, it will be overridden by the market tendencies of the modern consumer society.
Keywords: Conservation management; Economic incentives; Habitat degradation; Inland fish
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 01
Experimental evaluation of topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) grazing on water snails
Zdenek Adámek
University of South Bohemia, Research Institute of Fish
Culture and Hydrobiology,
Videnska 717, 691 23 Pohoøelice, Czech
Republic
Topmouth gudgeon is an alien fish species rapidly colonising various waterbodies in Europe. In overpopulated waters they may cause considerable changes in the ecosystem. Besides small water invertebrates, topmouth gudgeon are reported to feed also on water snails, as they possess a relatively large mouth and well-ossified jaws with strong bundles of collagen fibres in the lips. Topmouth gudgeon do not consume the whole snails when they are bigger than their mouth gap, but they pull the soft part of the snail out of the shell. Their capability to provide any noticeable grazing pressure upon water snails was evaluated in a laboratory experiment with Planorbarius prey. Topmouth gudgeon (1.4 - 3.0 g) are capable to consume up to 150 mg of snails daily, which is four times more than other cyprinids (nase, Chondrostoma nasus and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella) of the same size class.
Keywords: Pseudorasbora parva; Snail control; Food biology; Planorbarius
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 02
Regional variations in Swedish patterns of recreational fisheries
Håkan Appelblad[54], Bosse Bengtsson[55] and Gösta Weissglas[56]
Interest in recreational fishing is widespread in Sweden. About 35 percent of adult Swedes fish for recreation. Recreational fishery can be seen as one expression of the urbanized society’s need for contact with nature and outdoor recreation. There are great variations within the whole spectrum of recreational fishery. One important dimension is the distinction between the different groups of fishing tourists and local fishers. In the case of Sweden different regional patterns are evident concerning participation, attitudes towards the use of national resources and willingness to pay for the access to recreational fishing. The paper is mainly based on a separate analysis of the Swedish data from the Nordic recreational fisheries survey material. A comparison is made with the information derived from the official Swedish survey on recreational fisheries.
Keywords: Recreational fishing; Sweden; Regional pattern; Fishing tourists
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 04
A comparative study on determining fish number and
biomass in lakes:
Five methods compared with the true
answer
Søren Berg[57], Erik
Jeppesen[58], Torben
Lauridsen[59], Jens Peter
Müller[60], Helle Jerl
Jensen[61],
Niels
Jepsen[62], Christian
Skov[63] and Lene
Jacobsen[64]
Lake Hanebjerg on the Gisselfeld Estate is a 2.15 ha drainable carp pond. Five methods were used to determine the number and biomass of fish: mark-recapture, PASE electrofishing, multi-mesh gill nets, hoop-net, and 25-m2 dropnet. After the assessments of the fish population, the lake was drained and all fish were counted and weighed.
The draining of the pond revealed a fish population comprising the species roach, perch, pike, carp, eel, bream and tench. Fish density was 8.3 fish per m2 and biomass was 62 g per m2. Roach was the dominating species (89 percent by number, 46 percent by weight) followed by perch and pike. 149 large (40-71 cm) carps stocked five years earlier constituted 35 percent of the biomass.
All five methods turned out to be able to assess some, but not all, parts of the fish community with varied accuracy. None of the methods was able to detect the presence of carp.
Keywords: Population estimate; five methods; Total drawdown; Comparison
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 06
Morphological and ecological peculiarities of
sturgeons
reared under control of seasonal propagation of
breeders
Mikhail S. Chebanov and Elena V. Galich
Krasnodar Research Institute of Fisheries, Oktyabrskaya Str. 12, Krasnodar, 350063, Russian Federation
The artificial maintenance of sturgeon populations in the Sea of Azov basin requires complex ecological-morphological monitoring of juveniles reared at the hatcheries. The monitoring programme includes the estimation of body length and weight variation, physiological-biochemical indices, teratological analysis, thermal stability, resistance, oxygen deficiency resistance and melanophore adaptive response ("background") as a criterion of their physiological fitness.
The teratologic analysis of fish development obtained with up to 90 days delayed completion of the reproduction cycle of breeders, showed no notable differences in frequency of the typical morphological anomalies, compared fry obtained with conventional biotechniques. The most frequent defects are observed in pectoral fins (up to 20 percent) and olfactory organs (up to 10 percent).
Fingerlings testing showed the adequate and timely adaptive reaction of melanophores towards dark and light background.
The experiment illustrated early euryhalinity, thermal stability, oxyresistance of sturgeon fingerlings under controlled seasonality in their reproduction. This could be representative of adaptive abilities to survive under natural conditions.
Keywords: Fingerlings; Sturgeon; Reproduction; Russian Federation
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 07
Monitoring of European eel (Anguilla anguilla, L.) stock in Greece
Yannis Cladas[65], Spyridoula Zobola[66], George Ioannou[67], Dimitris Vavoulis[68] and Konstantinos Koutsikopoulos[69]
As there is an increasing demand for glasseels for the eel farming industry, and there is also concern over the depletion of eel stock is raising everywhere in Europe. Therefore, studies were carried out in Greece to monitor natural eel stocks.
Our results indicate that glass eels enter inland waters of Western Greece between October and mid-April. Massive arrivals were observed during December and January. The main factor influencing glass eel ascendance seems to be freshwater temperature.
Concerning adult eels, fishing data indicate a dramatic drop of the natural stock during the last years. This drop is equally noticed both in the Ionian and the Aegean coast of Greece.
A regular monitoring system is required to study the population parameters of the natural eel stock and to impose actions to protect this species (re-stocking, fishing regulations and biotope protection). Especially for glasseel, it is suggested to develop a monitoring network with better spatial repartition.
Keywords: Anguilla anguilla; Fisheries; Greece; Glasseel
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 08
New fisheries management approach for the Bütgenbach and Robertville reservoirs (Wallonie, Belgium)
Vincent Frank[70] and Dieudonné Randhaxe[71]
Following the scientific studies of the two lakes carried out for several years by the Universities of Liège and Namur, a new policy for fisheries management has been enforced.
Based on the very different ecological and biological characteristics of the two waterbodies, it was necessary to radically modify their management to transform the Bütgenbach reservoir into a predator-dominated status (pike, pikeperch,...) and the Robertville reservoir into a salmonid-dominated status (brown trout, coregonids,...). The poster describes the trophic-dependent introduction of Coregonus lavaretus into the Robertville reservoir within the framework of the new policy.
Keywords: Trophic level; Coregonids; Artificial lake; Reservoir; Fisheries management
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 09
Restoration of the River Medlock
Dawn Grundy and Ian Hayes
Environment Agency, Appelton House, 430 Birchwood
Boulevard,
Birchwood, Warrington WA3 7WD, United Kingdom
The River Medlock drains the major urban conurbation of Manchester and Oldham and until the early 1990s suffered from severe industrial and domestic pollution. The improvement after 1990 has been due in part to improvements in the combined sewer outflow system involving the construction of large sewage interceptor storage tanks. Electric fishing surveys carried out in 1993 found only stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and a few roach (Rutilus rutilus) fry (age 0+), suggesting that the water quality was no longer preventing the development of a fish population. However, in the absence of an indigenous fish fauna natural recolonization would be severely restricted. Hence, between 1993 to 1999 a total of 3 600 minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), 35 000 chub (Leuciscus cephalus), 17 000 dace (Leuciscus leuciscus) and 4 000 roach (Rutilus rutilus) were stocked at a number of sites along the course of the river.
Fifteen sites were periodically surveyed between 1995 and 2000, in order to assess the stocking. Chub, in particular, were abundant at two sites but absent from others. This was thought to be due to unsuitable habitat. Relatively few dace were recorded. The reason for this remains uncertain. The findings of this study are discussed in relation to the restoration of other urban rivers in the north west of England.
Keywords: Urban recovering; Stocking; Monitoring
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 10
The combined use of acoustic tracking and echosounding to investigate the spatial distribution of bream (Abramis brama) in the River Trent, England.
Jim Lyons[72],[73] and Martyn C. Lucas[74]
A better understanding of the spatial behaviour and distribution of fishes in modified, lowland rivers is necessary for ecosystem restoration and fisheries enhancement in these systems. Integrated approaches to measuring patterns of space use by key fish species are needed. Telemetry of tagged fishes is a preferred method of measuring habitat use and movement of fishes. However, the small sample sizes achieved are often criticized. Mobile horizontal beaming echosounding is increasingly used for determining fish abundance in large rivers and can be used to do so at a sample size approaching that of the population. We seek to combine both approaches, firstly with respect to bream Abramis brama in the River Trent, England.
Fieldwork was carried out on a 7.6-km reach of the lower River Trent, England. This section is mostly 80-m wide and 3-m deep and is bounded by two navigation weirs. Nine adult bream were acoustically tagged and tracked in summer 2000, in sessions stratified into 6-h periods. Fish exhibited clear movements between a daytime resting area to which the whole group homed daily, followed by nighttime excursions, presumably for foraging, when the group split up. Horizontal-beaming mobile echosounding surveys were carried out at night on three occasions and the targets were counted and fish size estimated, assuming perpendicular insonification. Distribution of tagged bream locations and fish targets > -30 dB (mostly adult bream in this stretch) shows concordance, suggesting that in this reach, in summer, bream can be identified from echosounding surveys. A similar analysis for all fish, including small fish targets (> -55 dB), gave a significant negative rank correlation, suggesting that adult bream use space differently to small fish. To date, direct video observation and fish capture in the main channel at night has not been possible. Further testing of the utility of combining these approaches is necessary, but early results are promising. In the future further use of telemetry and echosounding may enable better interpretation of space use by fishes than either approach alone. The imminent advent of coded acoustic tags that can be interrogated during echosounding surveys would enable direct overlay of known fish identities on echosounding traces.
Keywords: Abramis brama; Habitat use; Echosounding; Acoustic telemetry
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 11
Development of rearing techniques and integration with
stocking strategies
for compensation of habitat loss in
rivers
Zbigniew Kaczkowski
Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lódz, Poland
Generally observed decrease of fish stocks during the last two decades drew attention of the scientists to analysing the status of riverine fisheries in Poland. Research carried out show loss of biomass and species richness, especially of migratory species. To compensate this loss, two main directions of action were developed: elaboration of biotechnology of rearing and reproduction of endangered fish species and stocking programmes. In case of stocking, often the main goal of stock replenishment cannot be achieved without understanding the dynamics of river hydraulics and ecological processes. As lack of scientific background information prevails, there is need for optimizing stocking programmes according to different rearing regimes, river types and their trophic condition.
Keywords: Stocking; Pond reared fish
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 12
Effect of long-term basin processes on fish community
dynamics
in lowland and upland river system
Kinga Krauze and Maciej Zalewski
International Centre for Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lomianka, Warsaw, Poland
Changes in biodiversity, biomass and abundance of fish communities during a 20-year period were studied on two small rivers of Central Poland: the upland Lubrzanka River, and the lowland Grabia River.
The rivers differ in terms of geomorphology of the catchment and river valley, as the upland river flows through not-permeable calcareous rocks and heavy clays, and its valley has a V-shaped profile, while the lowland river crosses areas built mostly with sands and its valley is predominantly U-shaped, enhancing infiltration processes. It is suggested that different processes affect water and habitat quality in the analyzed riverine systems - in case the Lubrzanka these are erosion and surface runoff, and the Grabia may be rather impacted by large urban areas situated along the river course.
Both rivers also differ in strength of abiotic regulation, especially related to discharge, temperature and pH variance. On the basis of these factors, different fish communities evolved, with divergent life strategies.
The aim of the study was to identify stress factors for each of the riverine systems, classifying them according to their impact on fish populations, and, in consequence, describe the mechanisms that support fish biomass and diversity in highly variable and in stable river ecosystems. The long-term target of the study is to elaborate methods for successful identification and preservation of the sections of the rivers crucial for fish recruitment and optimization of fish habitats in areas exposed to serious anthropogenic stress.
Keywords: Long-term changes; River basin; Aerial photography; Fish communities
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 13
Formation of fish stocks in two different types of water-supply reservoirs
Jan Kubeèka, Martin Èech, Eva Hohausová and Mojmír Vašek
Hydrobiological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na sádkách 7, Èeské Budìjovice, Czech Republic
Two types of reservoirs were investigated, i.e. stratified reservoirs with the shoreline following the river valley and with an inflowing river (valley reservoirs); and non-stratified bankside reservoirs with a dam built around the circumference of the reservoir, which is filled by pumping. In 1998 and 2000, the entire water volume of the reservoirs was scrutinized by using an acoustic Simrad EY 500 split-beam echosounder and by applying direct capture methods (seining, multimesh gillnets, trawl). The reservoirs had similar surface areas of 100-300 ha, volumes of 10-50 million m3, average depths of 10-20 m, similar retention times, trophic levels and fish species compositions. The volume of each reservoir was divided into three pelagic habitats (strata) ranging from 0 to 4 m, from 4 to 10 m, and > 10 m, as well as into a maximum of eight near-bottom habitats (near-bottom sectors) ranging from the littoral to the deepest layer which was defined as the volume 1.5 m above the bottom. Each group of reservoirs showed a distinct vertical gradient of fish distribution as well as a difference between inshore and offshore regions. In the bankside reservoirs fish were present in all habitats, with significantly different fish stocks in individual layers. In thermally stratified valley reservoirs fish were present almost exclusively in the top layer between 0 and 10 m depth.
Deeper water of the non-stratified bankside reservoirs contained many 0+ fish and higher fish abundance and biomass than shallow water. It was likely that fish could reach the maximum depth because of favourable dissolved oxygen concentrations, resulting from artificial destratification using aeration. Fish species composition, abundance and biomass in stratified reservoirs showed a gradient from the tributary to the dam. In the valley reservoirs, the fish composition and fish behaviour resembled those in an eutrophic lake, while bankside reservoirs contained non-natural fish stocks with a very different behaviour and high predation and turnover rate. In valley reservoirs, the species succession lead to cyprinid dominance while in bankside reservoirs perciform fish prevailed, because the shortage of spawning substrate controlled cyprinid expansion.
Keywords: Stratified valley reservoir; Non-stratified bankside reservoir; Abundance and biomass gradient; Fish species composition
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 14
Estimating the fish yield potential of north east German
lakes
by using the Phosphorus - Primary Production - Fish Yield
concept (P-PP-F)
Roland Lemcke[75] and Uwe Brämick[76]
In the last five years, the fish yield potential of about 500 lakes in north east Germany was assessed on the basis of total phosphorus concentration at spring turnover. The calculated yield potentials ranged from 15 to about 80 kg/ha and year for different lake categories. Highest yield potentials were predicted for polymictic hypertrophic lakes.
The estimated fish yield potential is scheduled to become the basis for a new system of appointing rental values of the lake fishing rights. Up to now the values are referring exclusively to lake area, without taking into account the differences between lakes.
Using the "Phosphorus - Primary Production - Fish Yield" (P-PP-F) concept of Knösche and Barthelmes in generally, we adapted the procedure to the specific conditions of lakes in the area under investigation. To assess the yield potential of our lakes, we are now using equations resulting from yield statistics of local fishermen between 1970 - 1990. This period is characterized by a comparable fishing pressure on all parts of the fish communities including species of poor market value like bream, roach, rudd etc.
To evaluate the quality of the estimation model, calculated yield potentials are compared to yield statistics, taking into account changes in fishing effort over the last 10 years.
Keywords: Fish yield potential; Lakes; Estimation procedure
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 16
Spawning habitat requirements of riverine European grayling
Mari Nykänen and Ari Huusko
Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Kainuu
Fisheries Research and Aquaculture,
Manamansalontie 90, FIN-88300 Paltamo,
Finland
Information on the habitat preferences of a species is needed to evaluate the environmental consequences of water and land use practices. In this study, the spawning habitat requirements of grayling in a medium-sized boreal river were investigated. The preferred ranges for dominant substratum size, water depth, mean velocity, bottom velocity and percent instream vegetation cover at egg burial sites were 16-32 mm, 40-110 cm, 40-90 cm s-1, 30-60 cm s-1, and <10 percent, respectively. Velocity and dominant substratum size were the most important variables separating the nests from the available habitat whereas the role of depth in the spawning site selection appeared insignificant. As the results were consistent with previous findings on the spawning habitat of grayling, suggestions for general preference curves applicable to habitat-hydraulic modelling were produced for further evaluation.
Keywords: Thymallidae; Habitat preference curves; Kick-sampling
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 17
Freshwater angling in Portugal: A first countrywide characterization
João M. Oliveira[77], M. Teresa Ferreira[78] and Jorge Bochechas[79]
There are currently more than 300 000 anglers in Portugal (about 3 percent of the total population). Over one year a nation-wide angling census has been done, based on a written inquiry collected by the 7 regional forestry administrations. The average Portuguese anglers are male (97.5 percent, middle-aged (30-50 years, 48.2 percent), have an average level of education (4-12 years, 72.5 percent and are mostly employees (65.8 percent). Angling is practised alone and often (between 15 and 60 days per year). A total of 46 percent of the anglers do not travel far for angling purposes (<50km), and a moderate amount of money is spent on fishing equipment (less than 500 Euro per year for 82.6 percent). Preferred angling species are brown trout Salmo trutta in mountainous areas, black bass Micropterus salmoides, common carp Cyprinus carpio and pike Esox lucius in reservoirs, and these plus nase Chondrostoma spp. in large rivers. The anglers reported a general decrease of trout and black bass stocks whereas stocks of Iberian barbel, nase and chub Leuciscus spp. remained stable, while carp and pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus stocks were increasing.
Keywords: Fisheries; Fish; Socio-profile; Preferred species
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 18
Assessment of minimal flows required for spawning
activities
of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus using the wetted
usable area
João M. Oliveira[80], M. Teresa Ferreira[81], Antonio N. Pinheiro[82] and Jorge Bochechas[83]
The sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, is still frequently encountered in Portuguese large rivers, including the Tagus (about 200 km from the mouth to the first impoundment). Its populations needs conservation enforcement, including the maintenance of their spawning grounds. A thorough mesohabitat mapping on the main river allowed the identification of areas still used for spawning, considering channel structure, in situ observations of lamprey nests and inquiries with the fishermen. The four most important spawning reaches were subject to complete topographic mapping of the river bottom. For each reach, a flow duration curve was calculated (range of flows: 0 to 50 m3/sec). The wetted perimeter was determined for each topographic section and an a-dimensional total wetted area calculated for each spawning reach (total area: about 200 000 m2). Considering a threshold of 0.3 m/s for minimum water velocity in each topographic section, a wetted usable spawning area was then determined, and its variation with flow simulated. The usable area varied from 45-85 percent of the initial wetted area, and increased with flows between 10 and 20 m3/sec with a small gain with higher flow values. This range of flows should be considered as the minimal flow requirement for the protection of lamprey spawning grounds in the regulated Tagus River.
Keywords: Wetted perimeter; Usable area; flow requirements; Petromizonidae
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 19
Fish parasites as a biotic factor affecting fish
reproductive success
in man-made lentic waterbodies
Markéta Ondraèková[84],[85], Michaela Nováková[86], Pavel Jurajda[87] and Martin Reichard[88],[89]
Fish parasites were studied in flooded and non-flooded borrow pits in the flood plain of the River Dyje (Danube basin) in 2001. The reproductive success of fish was affected also by the larval stages (metacercariae) of the trematode Posthodiplostomum cuticola, which causes black spot disease. Managed flooding improved spawning and nursery conditions, however, it also increased the abundance of intermediate and definitive hosts. Abundance of aquatic snails, Planorbidae, the first intermediate host, and frequency of visits of piscivorous birds, especially Ciconiiformes, the definitive host, were significantly higher in flooded than in non-flooded borrow pits, thereby parasite transmission increased. Consequently, intensity of infection of fish (the second intermediate host) was higher in flooded borrow pits. Thus, managed flooding enhanced spawning and nursery habitats for fish but also supported higher intensity of infection of P. cuticola metacercariae on 0+ juvenile fish which had a significant effect on fish development.
Keywords: Metazoan parasite; Juvenile fish; Borrow pits; Flood plain
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 20
Status of inland water resources in Greece
Ioannis Paschos[90], Iphigenia Kagalou[91], Alkis Oikonomou[92], Antonis Kokkinakis[93] and Panos S. Economidis[94]
The present study was carried out on behalf of the Directorate of Aquaculture, Greek Agricultural Ministry, under the PESCA programme This study incorporates assessment, conclusions and proposals for the management of inland waters of 20 prefectures for 43 lakes, 63 rivers and 121 springs. An analysis of geomorphological, environmental and biological data is included. We present the status of fisheries, relevant literature and threatened species for each region, lake, river and spring. Appropriate proposals for the management of inland water resources are made. Special software was developed for the to presentation of the results of this study.
Keywords: Greece; Lakes; Rivers; Springs
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 21
A numerical indicator as a decision tool in the commercial fishing management
Patrícia Marta-Rodrigues and Jorge Bochechas
Fisheries and Game Services, Direcção-Geral
das Florestas, Divisão de Pesca nas Águas
Interiores,
Av. 5 de Outubro, 52-6.º Dt.º, 1050-058 Lisboa,
Portugal
In the last few years, commercial fishing in Portugal has been subjected to new management measures. The most significant of these measures is the creation of "Commercial Fishing Zones" where net fishing is subject to specific regulations (e.g. fishing permits quotas, daily catching limits, closed seasons and characterization of authorized fishing traps and methods).
The main goal of this study is the creation of "Commercial Fishing Zones" in Tagus River. So that an accurate definition of the number of zones, boundaries and specific regulations is implemented, it is necessary to achieve a broad knowledge of the fishermen and commercial fishing activity developed in the selected river area.
In order to better understand the importance of commercial fishing in the selected area, a decision tool was built. A numerical indicator based on five characteristics - fisherman age, fishing frequency, catch, earnings and level of importance of the activity - was established.
Keywords: Commercial fishing; Fisheries management; Tagus River; Portugal
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 22
Fish sampling by the Artificial Vegetation Module (AVM) system
Christian Skov[95], Lene Jacobsen[96], Søren Berg[97], Erik Jeppesen[98], Martin Søndergaard[99] and Torben Lauridsen[100]
Fish in the littoral zone of lakes were sampled using a variety of methods. For sampling fish in brackish waters, the Artificial Vegetation Module system was developed, and the system is now introduced as a new method for most lentic waters. The AVM-system allows the researcher to design and build an experimental study area and monitor the exact distribution of fish between different habitat types. Each module consists of a steel frame with artificial vegetation and equipped with a popnet, which can totally enclose the module. Sampling is easily performed by releasing the popnet capturing the fish inside. The module is then lifted out of the water, and the net is emptied into a container, thus giving a snapshot of the fish composition in the exact habitat type. We have used the AVM-system for three years in pond-, enclosure- and full-scale lake experiments.
Keywords: Fish sampling; Artificial vegetation; Habitat complexity; Flexible study-design
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 23
Migrations of bream Abramis brama L. in Lake
Peipsi basin:
New management approach needed
Meelis Tambets[101], Ain Järvalt[102] and Jaak Tambets[103]
The bulk of the Estonian inland fisheries catches originate from Lake Peipsi and Lake Võrtsjärv, connected by the Emajõgi River. The fish stocks of these lakes have traditionally been treated separately. The tagging of bream, one of the most important commercial species, revealed the existence of an abundant population spawning in the upper course of Emajõgi River (up to 95 km from Lake Peipsi) and migrating into both, Lake Peipsi and Lake Võrtsjärv for feeding and wintering. The catches of that population have increased in Emajõgi River tenfold in the 1990s compared to the earlier decades. As the abundance of bream spawning in the lakes has decreased, in recent years the river stock has largely contributed to the bream catches in both lakes. The data discussed in the poster demonstrate the need for a new management approach for the joint stock of the lakes.
Keywords: Bream; Management; Migration; Tagging
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 24
Habitat selection and food preferences of native and
stocked trout
(Salmo trutta L.) in low productive
streams
Amilcar Teixeira[104], Rui Cortes[105], Daniel Oliveira[106] and Carla Morais[107]
Supplemental stocking of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) is still a regularly used strategy to attempt to improve the fisheries in the upland streams of North and Central Portugal, characterized by low nutrient concentrations. The aim of this study undertaken in two rivers, was to assess intra-specific effects of stocking with hatchery-reared trouts of age 1+. Using multivariate procedures we concluded that competition for the limited food resources may occur between stocked individuals and the wild ones of the younger age classes (generally 0+), as these groups exhibited a higher overleap of food preference. Regular electrofishing surveys showed that the introduced fishes displayed small-scale displacements, but snorkelers did not observe obvious agonistic behavioural interactions. This is probably because of distinct microhabitat selection between domestic and wild fishes, related mainly to current and substrate type, as was displayed by polynomial preference curves.
Keywords: Stocking; Trout; Habitat; Diet
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 25
The introduction of the fish from the Danube area into
the
Mediterranean Vransko lake, Croatia
Tomislav Treer, Roman Safner, Ivica Anièiæ, Marina Piria and Tea Odak
Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping and Special Zoology,
Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10 000
Zagreb, Croatia
The Vransko Lake is a fresh-water lake in southern Croatia, only one kilometre away from the Adriatic Sea. This is an oligotrophic lake with mild climate. At first the only fish species that inhabited the lake was eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the underwater karsts caves. After 1895, when an artificial channel was dug, marine euryhaline fish species sporadically migrated to the lake. In the late forties common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from northern Croatia was introduced. Up to the mid-fifties, mostly accidentally, several other fresh-water species were also introduced.
During more than 50 years of existence in the Vransko lake, common carp adapted well to its conditions and developed into its wild, elongated and scaled form. The original goal of introducing common carp for commercial fisheries was never reached. Nevertheless, carp angling nowadays attracts many tourists who visit the Adriatic coast or camp by the lake.
Keywords: Introduction; Common carp; Mediterranean; Croatia
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 26
Gill net fishing on Lake Peipsi and selection of mesh size limits for fishery
Väino Vaino, Teet Krause, Vello Peedimaa and Toomas Saat
Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, 18b Viljandi Road, EE-11216 Tallinn, Estonia
The importance of gill-net fishing on Lake Peipsi-Pihkva started to grow in the beginning of the 1990s, due to the increasing stocks of pikeperch, now this species provides highest revenues in commercial gill net fishery. However, the share of gill nets in the total catch is highest in the case of whitefish, followed by bream, pike, burbot and pikeperch. In subsistence gill-net fishing carried out by local inhabitants, the most important species are roach and perch. The study discusses a strategy of selection of mesh size limits for gill nets during recent years.
Keywords: Gill-net fishery; Mesh size limits; Lake Peipsi; Catch composition
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 27
Pikeperch fishery in Lake Peipsi-Pihkva
Väino Vaino, Toomas Saat, Teet Krause and Markus Vetemaa
Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, 18b Viljandi Road, EE-11216 Tallinn, Estonia
The study focuses on pikeperch fishery, providing highest revenues in the lake system. From the 1930s onward, the pikeperch population was suppressed by use of small mesh-sized active gear. After fisheries rearrangements at the end of the 1970s, however, its abundance has significantly increased, facilitated also by favourable environmental conditions during the last decades. Several strong year classes in the 1980s and the 1990s have formed a basis for continuous increase of the commercial catches, reaching nearly 1300 t in 2000. Due to the high level of exploitation in recent years the population consists mainly of few strong young year-classes. Therefore the Danish seining, the most important fishing technique used, has caused year by year an increasing share of by-catch of undersized specimens. Increasing of mesh-size in seining would, however, substantially lower catches of perch, the second most important commercial species. Several harvesting patterns, such as more intensive use of gill nets in the future will be discussed in order to find a strategy to maximize economic rent of exploitation of the fish resources of the lake system.
Keywords: Sander lucioperca; Year-class strength; Mortality
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 28
Inland fisheries of Turkey and some environmental problems of Uzungöl Lake
Bülent Verep[108] and Ertug Düzgünes[109]
Turkey is very rich in terms of inland water. Turkish inland waters consist of 36 rivers (combined length 178 000 km), 200 lakes (9 000 km2) and 1 142 small lakes and impoundments (combined area 157 km2). The total water surface of Turkey is approximately 10 000 km2 (1 percent of the country). Uzungöl Lake is a small lake on the northeast of Turkey. It faces serious pollution problems due to fish farms and sedimentation. As a result, the lake has been covered with water plants and its depth and volume decreased significantly. For example, its maximum depth is now reduced to 5.87 m from 20 m thirty years ago.
In this study, general information on Turkish inland waters, fisheries and properties, and specific problems of Uzungöl lake are be presented.
Keywords: Inland Water; Freshwater fish; Fisheries; Uzungöl
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 29
Modelling fish communities using the River Habitat Survey
Kevin Hall, Angus Tree, Marc Naura and Jim Walker
River Habitat Survey Lead Region, Environment Agency, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 1HG, United Kingdom
A successful pilot study has been undertaken by the River Habitat Survey (RHS) Lead Region using RHS data and Fisheries data from Midlands Region Environment Agency to develop a modelling tool which predicts fish communities based on observed habitat data. It will also predict which fish communities should be present if all habitats were natural. Habitat suitability for different communities is assessed by examining the physical impacts of river engineering, and the presence of positive and negative habitat features. The results have been shown to be statistically robust and a range of applications is developing for the tools. Further work is ongoing to apply the modelling methods developed in this pilot to fish communities nationally and to build other modelling tools for other species/communities, particularly those included in the Habitats Directive.
Keywords: Fish Communities; River habitats; Modelling
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 30
The fish fauna of mountain streams in the Chiri and Seorak National Parks, S. Korea
Min-Ho Jang, Ga-Ik Cho and Gea-Jae Joo
Department of Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
The fish fauna of mountain streams in the Chiri (440 km2) and Seorak National Park areas (373 km2) of S. Korea was investigated from 1998 to 2001. Mt. Seorak is biogeographically in the West and East-north sub-districts, and Mt. Chiri belongs to the South sub-district of Korean peninsula. At Mt. Chiri, 3 422 fish individuals, classified into 30 species and 12 families were collected. At Mt. Seorak, 2 557 fish were collected and classified into 17 families and 42 species (total freshwater fish in South Korea (99 373 km2): 39 families, 202 species; 14 national parks in S. Korea (2 994 km2): 29 families, 102 species). Zacco temminckii (RA 47.9 percent) was dominant at both parks. The proportion of Korean endemic species in both parks (20 species, 33.3 percent) was higher than the average of Korean rivers (25.9 percent). Even though the total number of species and endemic species of streams in 14 Korean national parks are not clearly proportional to the area of a particular park, larger parks tend to have higher fish diversity. We conclude that Korean national park areas are very important for fish diversity and conservation, especially for the Korean endemic and endangered species.
Keywords: Mountain streams; National Park; Korean endemic species; Zacco temminckii
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 31
The influence of fisheries management on the design and
execution
of a flood alleviation scheme on Glossop Brook (a native
brown trout fishery)
Katherine Causer
Environment Agency, Appleton House, 430 Birchwood Boulevard, Warrington, Cheshire WA3 7WD, United Kingdom
Glossop Brook is situated on the edge of Peak District National Park in Derbyshire. Flooding of Glossop Brook was found to occur approximately once every four years, causing considerable damage to the town and local economy. Flood alleviation works were undertaken during 1995 and 1996 with the aim of reducing the occurrence of flooding to approximately once every fifty years.
Historically, the needs of resident fish populations and the aquatic ecology in general were given little consideration when major riverine engineering projects were deemed necessary. The subsequent decline of fish populations following such projects has led to a process of negotiations between fisheries managers and engineers during the planning process. Mitigation measures involving the redesign of hard engineering features have been developed in order to provide a more sympathetic environment for fish whilst still maintaining the integrity of the design.
Glossop Brook supported a healthy and self-sustaining population of brown trout (Salmo trutta) with growth rates typical for the north of England. It was therefore considered imperative to take measures to protect the long-term viability of the fishery by incorporating enhanced habitat features in the final design.
In order to ascertain the success of this fisheries management intervention a programme of pre and post project construction monitoring was undertaken using electric fishing and a habitat model (Habscore). A control reach was incorporated into the monitoring programme against which results could be evaluated. Data from pre-construction surveys were used to mitigate the impact of further phases of the scheme.
The results from this study are discussed in relation to the conflict between fisheries and the protection of lives and property that exists in a heavily urbanized environment. Examples of how the planning process can be used for the benefit of the aquatic environment are also included.
Keywords: Salmo trutta; Flood protection; River engineering; Mitigation
EIFAC/XXII/2002/Symp. P 32
Protection of endangered Salmonid species in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Adem Hamzic
University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and
Fishing Center, 71000 Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Pre and post-war research into autochthonous salmonid species in Bosnia and Herzegovina indicate that they are endangered. Brood stock material collections in fish farms are devastated and used up. This particularly pertains to brown trout, Adriatic trout, Neretva trout and Danube trout.
Two years ago we initiated a project in several fish farms aimed at protection of autochthonous salmonid species, collection of brood stock, production of fingerlings and stocking. Since few natural isolates with no genetic influx caused by stocking exist in Bosnia and Herzegovina, our results show that the project can be successfully completed only by Cupertino of all the fish farms in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We have stressed conservation of salmonid species, particularly in Neretva River. Along with the production of fingerlings we started DNA analysis of several populations.
Keywords: Endangered species; Adriatic trout; Fingerling production; Neretva River
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[1] CEH Windermere, The Ferry
House, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0LP, United Kingdom [2] Environment Agency, Ghyll Mount, Gillan Way, Penrith 40 Business Park, Penrith, Cumbria, United Kingdom [3] Science, Wildlife and Protected Areas Division, Newfoundland and Labrador, Corner Brook, Canada [4] Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada [5] University of Hull, International Fisheries Institute, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom [6] National Coarse Fisheries Centre, Environment Agency, Arthur Drive, Hoo Farm Industrial Estate, Kidderminster DY11 7RA, United Kingdom [7] National Fisheries Laboratory, Environment Agency, Bromholme Lane, Brampton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE18 8NE, United Kingdom [8] Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, POB 850119, D-12561 Berlin, Germany [9] Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, POB 850119, D-12561 Berlin, Germany [10] Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [11] Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, POB 850119, D-12561 Berlin, Germany [12] Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [13] Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, POB 850119, D-12561 Berlin, Germany [14] Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, POB 850119, D-12561 Berlin, Germany [15] Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, POB 850119, D-12561 Berlin, Germany [16] Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [17] Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, POB 850119, D-12561 Berlin, Germany [18] Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, POB 850119, D-12561 Berlin, Germany [19] Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Limnological Research Center, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland [20] Environmental Protection Agency of Canton Lucerne, CH-6002 Lucerne, Switzerland [21] Environment Agency, North West Region, Richard Fairclough House, Knutsford Road, Warrington, WA41HG, United Kingdom [22] Environment Agency Wales, Rivers House, St.Mellons Business Park, St.Mellons, Cardiff, CF3 0EY, United Kingdom [23] Environment Agency, North West Region, Richard Fairclough House, Knutsford Road, Warrington, WA41HG, United Kingdom [24] Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvìtná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic [25] Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvìtná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic [26] Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotláøská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic [27] Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvìtná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic [28] Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotláøská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic [29] Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, 18b Viljandi Road, EE-11216 Tallinn, Estonia [30] Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, 18b Viljandi Road, EE-11216 Tallinn, Estonia [31] Pskov Branch of GosNIORH, Pskov, Russian Federation [32] Pskov Branch of GosNIORH, Pskov, Russian Federation [33] Employment and Economic Development Centre for Häme, Raatihuoneenkatu 11, FIN-13100 Hämeenlinna, Finland [34] Employment and Economic Development Centre for Central Finland, P.O. Box 44, FIN-40101 Jyväskylä, Finland [35] Limnological Research Institute, Klebelsberg str. 3, H-8327 Tihany, Hungary [36] Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation, H-5541 Szarvas, Hungary [37] West Transdanubian District Water Authority, Kis-Balaton Laboratory, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary [38] West Transdanubian District Water Authority, Kis-Balaton Laboratory, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary [39] Limnological Research Institute, Klebelsberg str. 3, H-8327 Tihany, Hungary [40] Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Babadag str. 165, 8800 Tulcea, Romania [41] Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Babadag str. 165, 8800 Tulcea, Romania [42] Richard Banks Ltd., 13/5 Rennies Isle, The Shore, Edinburgh EH6 6QB, United Kingdom [43] Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, 84, rue de Rennes, F-35510 Cesson-Sévigné, France [44] Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, 134, avenue Malakoff, F-75116 Paris, France [45] University of Durham, Dept. of Anthropology, 43 Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HN, United Kingdom [46] Department of Public Health, Klaipeda University, Lithuania [47] University of Durham, Dept. of Anthropology, 43 Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HN, United Kingdom [48] University of Durham, Dept. of Anthropology, 43 Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HN, United Kingdom [49] Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2258, USA [50] Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fakkelgarden, N-2624 Lillehammer, Norway [51] 133 Sutton Drive, P.O.Box 1979, Cape Carteret, NC 28584, USA [52] Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal [53] University of Hull, International Fisheries Institute, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom [54] Umeå University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden [55] National Board of Fisheries, P.O.Box 423, S-401 26 Göteborg, Sweden [56] Umeå University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden [57] Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [58] National Environmental Research Institute, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [59] National Environmental Research Institute, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [60] Fish Ecology Laboratory, Allegade 2, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark [61] Fish Ecology Laboratory, Allegade 2, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark [62] Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [63] Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [64] Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [65] Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, T.E.I. of Epirus, GR-46100 Igoumenitsa, Greece [66] Department of Biology, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece [67] Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, T.E.I. of Epirus, GR-46100 Igoumenitsa, Greece [68] Department of Biology, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece [69] Department of Biology, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece [70] Service de la Pêche de la Région Wallonne, Av. Gouverneur Bovesse, 100, B-5100 Jambes (Namur), Belgium [71] Fédération Sportive des Pêcheurs de L'Est et du Sud de la Belgique, rue Neuve, 35, B-4860 Pepinster, Belgium [72] Environment Agency, Midlands Region, Scarrington Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham NG2 5FA, United Kingdom [73] University of Durham, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom [74] University of Durham, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom [75] Agency of Agriculture and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Institute of Fisheries, An der Jägerbäk 2, D-18069 Rostock, Germany [76] Institute of Inland Fisheries Potsdam-Sacrow, Jägerhof, 14476 Gross Glienicke, Germany [77] Department of Forestry, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal [78] Department of Forestry, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal [79] Fisheries and Game Services, Direcção Geral das Florestas, Avenida 5 Outubro nº52- 6º Drt, 1050 Lisboa, Portugal [80] Department of Forestry, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal [81] Department of Forestry, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal [82] Civil Engineering Dept., Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais, nº1. 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal [83] Fisheries and Game Services, Direcção Geral das Florestas, Avenida 5 Outubro nº52- 6º Drt, 1050 Lisboa, Portugal [84] Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvìtná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic [85] Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotláøská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic [86] Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvìtná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic [87] Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvìtná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic [88] Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvìtná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic [89] Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotláøská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic [90] Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, T.E.I. of Epirus, GR 46100 Igoumenitsa, Greece [91] Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, T.E.I. of Epirus, GR 46100 Igoumenitsa, Greece [92] National Centre for Marine Research, Hellinikon, Athens, Greece [93] Institute of Fisheries Research, Kavala, Greece [94] Dept Biology, Aristotelion University of Thessaloniki, GR-540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece [95] Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [96] Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [97] Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [98] National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of Freshwater Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [99] National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of Freshwater Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [100] National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of Freshwater Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark [101] Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia [102] Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University, Limnological Station, EE-61101 Rannu, Tartu county, Estonia [103] Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia [104] Escola Agrária de Bragança, Campus de Sta Apolónia, Apt. 172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal [105] UTAD, Dep. Florestal, Apt. 202, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal [106] UTAD, Dep. Florestal, Apt. 202, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal [107] Escola Agrária de Bragança, Campus de Sta Apolónia, Apt. 172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal [108] Karadeniz Technical University, Rize Faculty of Fisheries, 53600 Ýyidere-Rize, Turkey [109] Karadeniz Technical University, Sürmene Faculty of Marine Sciences, 61530 Çamburnu, Sürmene-Trabzon, Turkey |
