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4.4 References cited in Chapter 4

9 CFR 590. Code of Federal Regulations [of the United States of America]; Title 9 - Animals and animal products; Chapter III - FSIS, USDA; Part 590 - Inspection of eggs and egg products (Egg Products Inspection Act). See: http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/9cfr590_02.html

Anderson, K.D., Jones, F.T., & Curtis, P.A. 1992. Legislation ignores technology. Egg Industry, Sept./Oct: 11-13.

Audige, L., & Beckett, S. 1999. A quantitative assessment of the validity of animal-health surveys using stochastic modelling. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 38: 159-176.

Audits International. [1999]. Information on United States cold temperature evaluation. Submitted to FAO/WHO in response to 2000 call for data.

Bell, D.D., & Curley, R.G. 1966. Egg cooling rates affected by containers. California Agriculture, June: 2-3.

Cowling, D.W., Gardner, I.A., & Johnson, W.O. 1999. Comparison of methods for estimation of individual-level prevalence based on pooled samples. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 39(3): 211-225.

Curtis, P.A., Anderson, K.D., & Jones, F.T. 1995. Cryogenic gas for rapid cooling of commercially processed shell eggs before packaging. Journal of Food Protection, 58: 389-394.

Czarick, M., & Savage, S. 1992. Egg cooling characteristics in commercial egg coolers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 1: 389-394.

Ebel, E.D., Hogue, A.T., & Schlosser, W.D. 1999. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in unpasteurized liquid eggs and aged laying hens at slaughter: Implications on epidemiology and control of the disease. p.341-352, in: A.M. Saeed, R.K. Gast and M.E. Potter (eds). Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in humans and animals: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control. Ames, Iowa IA: Iowa State University Press.

Garibaldi, J.A., Lineweaver, H., & Ijichi, K. 1969. Number of Salmonellae in commercially broken eggs before pasteurization. Poultry Science, 48: 1096-1101.

Gast, R.K. 1993. Research note: evaluation of direct plating for detecting Salmonella Enteritidis in pools of egg contents. Poultry Science, 72: 1611-1614.

Gast, R.K. 1994. Understanding Salmonella Enteritidis in laying chickens: the contributions of experimental infections. Poultry Science, 21: 107-116.

Gast, R.K., & Beard, C.W. 1992. Detection and enumeration of Salmonella enteritidis in fresh and stored eggs laid by experimentally infected hens. Journal of Food Protection, 55: 152-156.

Gast, R.K., & Holt, P.S. 2000a. Deposition of phage type 4 and 13a Salmonella Enteritidis strains in the yolk and albumen of eggs laid by experimentally infected hens. Avian Diseases, 44: 706-710.

Gast, R.K., & Holt, P.S. 2000b. Influence of the level and location of contamination on the multiplication of Salmonella Enteritidis at different storage temperatures in experimentally inoculated eggs. Poultry Sciences, 79: 559-563.

Gerner-Smidt, P., & Wegener, H.C. 1999. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Denmark. In: A.M. Saeed, R.K. Gast and M.E. Potter (eds). Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in humans and animals: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control. Ames, Iowa IA: Iowa State University Press.

Gibson, A.M., Bratchell, N., & Roberts, T.A. 1988. Predicting microbial growth: growth responses of Salmonella in a laboratory medium as affected by pH, sodium chloride and storage temperature. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 6(2): 155-178.

Hammack, T.S., Sherod, P.S., Bruce, V.R., June, G.A., Satchell, F.B., & Andrews, W.H. 1993. Growth of Salmonella enteritidis in grade A eggs during prolonged storage. Poultry Science, 72(2): 373-377.

Hennessy, T.W., Hedberg, C.W., Laurence, S., White, K.E., Besser-Wiek, J.M., Moen, M.E., Feldman, J., Coleman, W.W., Edmonson, L.M., MacDonald, K.L., Osterholm, M.T., & the Investigation Team. 1996. A national outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis infections from ice cream. New England Journal of Medicine, 334: 1281-1286.

Henzler, D.J., Kradel, D.C., & Sischo, W.M. 1998. Management and environmental risk factors for Salmonella enteritidis contamination of eggs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59(7): 824-829.

Henzler, D.J., Ebel, E., Sanders, J., Kradel, D., & Mason, J. 1994. Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs from commercial chicken layer flocks implicated in human outbreaks. Avian Diseases, 38(1): 37-43.

Hogue, A.T., Ebel, E.D., Thomas, L.A., Schlosser, W.D., Bufano, N., & Ferris, K. 1997. Surveys of Salmonella Enteritidis in unpasteurized liquid egg and spent hens at slaughter. Journal of Food Protection, 60(10): 1194-1200.

Holt, P.S. 1995. Horizontal transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in moulted and unmoulted laying chickens. Avian Diseases, 39: 239-249.

Holt, P.S. 1998. Airborne horizontal transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in molted laying chickens. Avian Diseases, 42(1): 45-52.

Holt, P.S., & Porter, R.E. Jr. 1992. Effect of induced moulting on the course of infection and transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in white leghorn hens of different ages. Poultry Science, 71: 1842-1848.

Holt, P.S., & Porter, R.E. Jr. 1993. Effect of induced moulting on the recurrence of a previous Salmonella Enteritidis Infection. Poultry Science, 72: 2069-2078.

Holt, P.S., Buhr, R.J., Cunningham, D.L., & Porter, R.E. 1994. Effect of two different moulting procedures on a Salmonella Enteritidis infection. Poultry Science, 73: 1267-1275.

Humphrey, T.J. 1993. Growth of Salmonella enteritidis in egg contents. p.29-36, in: Proceeding from the 5th European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Egg Products. Tours, France, 4-8 October 1993.

Humphrey, T.J. 1999. Contamination of eggs and poultry meat with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. p.183-192, In: A.M. Saeed, R.K. Gast and M.E. Potter (eds). Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in humans and animals: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control. Ames, Iowa IA: Iowa State University Press.

Humphrey, T.J., Baskerville, A., Mawer, S., Rowe, B., & Hopper, S. 1989a. Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 from the contents of intact eggs: a study involving naturally infected hens. Epidemiology and Infection, 103: 415-423.

Humphrey, T.J., Greenwood, M., Gilbert, R.J., Chapman, P.A., & Rowe, B. 1989b. The survival of Salmonellas in shell eggs cooked under simulated domestic conditions. Epidemiology and Infection, 103: 35-45.

Humphrey, T.J., Chapman, P.A., Rowe, B., & Gilbert, R.J., 1990. A comparative study of the heat resistance of salmonellas in homogenized whole egg, egg yolk, or albumen. Epidemiology and Infection, 104: 237-241.

Humphrey, T.J., Chart, H., Baskerville, A., & Rowe, B. 1991. The influence of age on the response of SPF hens to infection with Salmonella Enteritidis PT4. Epidemiology and Infection, 106: 33-43.

Kilsby, D.C., & Pugh, M.E. 1981. The relevance of the distribution of microorganisms within batches of food to the control of microbiological hazards from foods. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 51: 345-354.

Kinde, H., and 10 co-authors. 1996. Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 infection in a commercial layer flock in southern California: Bacteriologic and epidemiological findings. Avian Diseases, 40(3): 665-671.

Klontz, K.C., Timbo, B., Fein, S., & Levy, A. 1995. Prevalence of selected food consumption and preparation behaviour associated with increased risks of food-borne disease. Journal of Food Protection, 58: 927-930.

Lin, C.-T.J., Morales, R.A., & Ralston, K. 1997. Raw and undercooked eggs: The dangers of Salmonellosis. Food Review, 20(1): 27-32.

Martin, S.W., Meek, A.H., & Willeberg, P. 1987. Veterinary epidemiology: Principles and methods. Ames, Iowa IA: Iowa State University Press.

Morales, R.A., & McDowell, R.M. 1999. Economic consequences of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection in humans and the United States egg industry. In: A.M. Saeed, R.K. Gast and M.E. Potter (eds). Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in humans and animals: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control. Ames, Iowa IA: Iowa State University Press.

Morris, G.K. 1990. Salmonella enteritidis and eggs: Assessment of risk. Dairy, Food, and Environmental Sanitation, 10(5): 279-281.

Palumbo, M.S., Beers, S.M., Bhaduri, S., & Palumbo, S.A. 1995. Thermal resistance of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in liquid egg yolk and egg yolk products. Journal of Food Protection, 58(9): 960-966.

Palumbo, M.S., Beers, S.M., Bhaduri, S., & Palumbo, S.A. 1996. Thermal resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in liquid egg white. Journal of Food Protection, 59: 1182-1186.

Poppe, C., Irwin, R., Messier, S., Finley, G., & Oggel, J. 1991. The prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other Salmonella spp. among Canadian registered commercial chicken broiler flocks. Epidemiology and Infection, 107: 201-211.

Poppe, C., Johnston, R.P., Forsberg, C.M., & Irwin, R.J. 1992. Salmonella Enteritidis and other Salmonella in laying hens and eggs from flocks with Salmonella in their environment. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 56: 226-232.

Schlosser, W.D., Henzler, D.J., Mason, J., Hurd, S., Trock, S., Sischo, W.M., Kradel, D.C., & Hogue, A.T. 1995. "Salmonella enteritidis Pilot Project" Progress Report. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

Schlosser, W.D., Henzler, D.J., Mason, J., Kradel, D., Shipman, L., Trock, S., Hurd, S.H., Hogue, A.T., Sischo, W., & Ebel, E.D. 1999. The Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis Pilot Project. p.353-365, In: A.M. Saeed, R.K. Gast and M.E. Potter (eds). Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in humans and animals: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control. Ames, Iowa IA: Iowa State University Press.

Schoeni, J.L., Glass, K.A., McDermott, J.L., & Wong, A.C.L. 1995. Growth and penetration of Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella heidelberg and Salmonella typhimurium in eggs. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 24(2): 385-396.

Schuman, J.D., & Sheldon, B.W. 1997. Thermal resistance of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in liquid egg yolk and egg white. Journal of Food Protection, 60: 634-638.

Schuman, J.D., Sheldon, B.W., Vandepopuliere, J.M., & Ball, H.R., Jr. 1997. Immersion heat treatments for inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis with intact eggs. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 83: 438-444.

Shah, D.B., Bradshaw, J.G., & Peeler, J.T. 1991. Thermal resistance of egg-associated epidemic strains of Salmonella Enteritidis. Journal of Food Science, 56: 391-393.

Stadelman, W.J., & Rhorer, A.R. 1987. Egg quality: Which is best - in-line or off-line production? Egg Industry, 93: 8-10.

Sunagawa, H., Ikeda, T., Takeshi, K., Takada, T., Tsukamoto, K., Fujii, M. Kurokawa, M., Watabe, K., Yamane, Y., & Ohta, H. 1997. A survey of Salmonella Enteritidis in spent hens and its relation to farming style in Hokkaido, Japan. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 38(2-3): 95-102.

Todd, E.C.C. 1996. Risk assessment of use of cracked eggs in Canada. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 30: 125-143.

Van Gerwen, S.J.C. 2000. Microbiological risk assessment of food. A stepwise quantitative risk assessment as a tool in the production of microbiologically safe food. Wageningen University, The Netherlands [PhD Thesis].

USDA-FSIS. 1998. Salmonella Enteritidis Risk Assessment. Shell Eggs and Egg Products. Final Report. Prepared for FSIS by the Salmonella Enteritidis Risk Assessment Team. 268 pp. Available on Internet as PDF document at: www.fsis.usda.gov/ophs/risk/contents.htm.

Vose, D. 1996. Quantitative Risk Analysis - A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation Modelling. Chichester, England: Wiley.

Whiting, R.C., & Buchanan, R.L. 1997. Development of a quantitative risk assessment model for Salmonella Enteritidis in pasteurized liquid eggs. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 36(2-3): 111-125.

Zwietering, M.H., de Wit, J.C., Cuppers, H.G., & van’t Riet, K. 1994. Modelling of bacterial growth with shifts in temperature. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 60: 204-213.


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