Programme 2.1.2: Crops

Code

Type

Title

A1

A2

A3

B1

B2

C1

C2

D1

D2

E1

E2

E3

212A1

TP

Alternative Crops and Cultivars for New Opportunities

212A3

TP

Strategies and Technologies for Sustainable Crop and Grassland Production Systems

212A4

TP

EMPRES - Plant Pests Component

212A5

TP

"Mainstreaming IPM" by Enhancing Essential Ecological Processes

212A8

TP

Facilitating Plant Production and Protection Decision Making

212A9

TP

Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources, including through Biotechnology, and Seed Sector Development

212P1

CP

Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

212P2

CP

Pesticide Management

212P3

CP

Migratory Pest Management

212P4

CP

Technical Support to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

212P5

CP

Support to Strategy Formulation and Promotion of Specific Action for Rice Development in Member Countries of the International Rice Commission (IRC)

212S1

TS

Advice to Countries and Support to Field Programme

Legend

Greater than zero, less than US$ 1.5 million

US$ 1.5 million to 3 million

US$ 3 million to 5 million

More than US$ 5 million

201. The programme has been adjusted to address more fully emerging priorities relating to: intensification and diversification of crop production; contributions to improved rural livelihoods; conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources in the context of the IT-PGRFA; increased demand for policy and technical support to national IPM programmes; and the growing importance of phytosanitary standards and pesticide management in trade and environmental protection. It may be noted that:

1. entities 212A1 and 212A3 will de-emphasise work on palms and rangeland systems and focus more on mixed crop/pasture systems, horticulture and other high value crops;
2. work on plant genetic resources conservation, seed sector development, plant breeding, crop associated biodiversity and other aspects of the use of PGR, including plant biotechnology, is brought together in the new CP 212A9, absorbing previous 212A7;
3. 212P4 has been modified to provide technical support to the IT-PGRFA, including a new major output to support international networks of ex situ collections;
4. in line with the high priority accorded by Members, resources for the Secretariat of the IPPC are proposed to be substantially increased under 212P1 to support international standard setting, an information exchange system and coordination of regional plant protection organizations; and
5. additional resources are also allocated to 212P2 on pesticide management to increase the capacity of the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) process for the establishment of maximum residue limits and to strengthen the implementation of the Code of Conduct on Distribution and Use of Pesticides and the establishment of standards on pesticide quality.

202. The significant resource increases proposed in the MTP 2002-07 for 212P1 and 212P2 in support of IPPC and pesticide management, could not be maintained in the PWB, resulting:

1. under 212P1 in fewer standards set, reduced participation of developing countries in standard setting, delay in meeting mandatory requirements on information exchange, and reduced support to regional organizations;
2. under 212P2, less resources were allocated to follow-up activities on the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, and reduced inputs were made to JMPR and Codex on pesticide residues.

Rationale

203. Development problem to be addressed: small family farms cannot increase income based on the production of staple food crops alone. They need higher-value products such as fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices, flavourings, natural colorants, medicinal plants and neutraceuticals. However, introducing new crops is unlikely to foster sustainable development unless tested technological and commercial packages are introduced at the same time.

204. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: diversification in alternative crops and locally adapted varieties will help farming households maintain a comparative advantage and reduce risks associated with environmental and market factors, thus improving food security and their income generation capacity.

205. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: small-scale farmers and processors (including women and young farmers) and whole farming communities, as well as private sector entrepreneurs and commercial growers.

Objective(s)

206. Broadening of the extension services syllabus and expertise in alternative food and cash crops and cultivars, and increased areas planted with such crops (crop diversification) in targeted eco-zones.

Indicator(s)

1. Increase in planted area/greenhouse construction for locally adapted or introduced crops/cultivars.
2. Increase in use of perennial and/or carbon-neutral or positive stabilising species.
3. Evidence of interest in high-value crops, promoted by this entity, shown by governments, public institutions, donors and private enterprises.

Major Output(s)

1. Collection and integration of fragmented knowledge on lesser-known crops with localised and/or international potential.
2. Assessment and promotion of high-value crops for distinct agro-ecological environments.
3. Technology transfer for integrated greenhouse crop production and protection management.

Rationale

207. Development problem to be addressed: crop productivity increase has often been detrimental to natural resources, giving rise to widespread concerns over the sustainability of agricultural intensification (e.g. from the biological, ecological, economic and social perspectives). Another approach is embodied by the Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD). Emerging export markets for organically cultivated commodities offer prospects for developing country farmers and pastoralists, and represent a niche area to which science can contribute much in terms of improved crops' and pastures' systems. Technologies are often available in a particular country or international research centre, but have not been transferred to benefit production at farm level or to other countries.

208. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: this technical project focuses on inter-disciplinary efforts towards the development and effective implementation of strategies and integrated technologies capable of reducing food insecurity and improving rural livelihoods, while ensuring that natural resources are not degraded.

209. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: smallholders, home garden owners, urban or peri-urban agricultural producers and pastoral communities will benefit from guidance regarding sustainable and profitable methods of crop production and their implementation. Consumers and the public at large should ultimately be assured of better quality and safer food, produced in ways which do not harm the environment.

Objective(s)

210. Strategies adopted, and technologies tested and disseminated for sustainable crops and grassland production and protection systems.

Indicator(s)

1. Evidence of successful application to field level of various guidelines and technologies.

Major Output(s)

1. Improved management techniques in smallholder cropping systems.
2. Introduction of improved cropping systems for increased and sustainable crop productivity.
3. Strategies and technologies for natural, low-input grassland systems and maintenance and use of biodiversity.
4. Technologies and improved knowledge base for intensive forage production and conservation.
5. Implementation of the "Global Cassava Development Strategy".
6. Development of Good Agricultural Practice Protocols, including organic agriculture, in diverse production systems.
7. Sustainable intensification practices for urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems.

Rationale

211. Development problem to be addressed: transboundary plant pests, and in particular desert locusts, are a continuing threat to the livelihoods of rural populations and to the overall food security of affected countries. Prevention and control programmes must be effective, while respecting human health and the environment.

212. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: strengthened early warning and early reaction systems to desert locust outbreaks contribute to cost-effective and environmentally-friendly control of locust populations in affected countries.

213. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: farmers and pastoral communities will benefit from protection of crops and pastures. The public at large will gain from the reduction and substitution of chemical pesticides with bio-pesticides.

Objective(s)

214. To minimise the risk of transboundary plant pest emergencies, initially focusing on desert locusts, through support of early warning systems, early reaction and research capabilities.

Indicator(s)

1. Examples of timely control of critical desert locust situations, due to improved early warning capacity.
2. Increase in use of bio-pesticides in locust-affected countries.
3. Reduced use of chemical pesticides for effective control of locust outbreaks.

Major Output(s)

1. Coordination of EMPRES activities.
2. Improved locust survey and early warning systems.
3. Support to early locust control capacity building.
4. Desert locust management methods and strategies.

Rationale

215. Development problem to be addressed: countries face conflicting pressures to reduce both risks to consumers from pesticide residues in food as well as international phytosanitary risks. Chemically-based pest management leads to reduced agro-biodiversity and disrupted ecological functions and services, and ultimately leads to pest outbreaks and production instability. Health hazards associated with acute pesticide exposure are compounded by poor nutrition and infectious diseases, hence contributing to household food insecurity and poverty.

216. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as the preferred pest management strategy, communities should be enabled with adequate donor support to set up and sustain farmers field schools (FFS) that teach IPM. Knowledge acquired in FFS will make it possible to restrict and eliminate toxic pesticides, replacing them with recommended production techniques that enhance ecosystem services such as pest regulation by natural predators.

217. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: rural communities should benefit from more stable income due to fewer pest outbreaks, safer food, and lower risks from exposure to pesticides. Consumers (mostly urban) should experience lower health risks from pesticide residues in food and other agricultural products. The environment will be better preserved, with less disruption of ecosystem functions embodied in biodiversity.

Objective(s)

218. IPM becomes, before 2012, the preferred pest management strategy for the majority of member countries, with the farmers field schools becoming the leading model for community-based participatory technology development.

Indicator(s)

1. Financial size and number of benefiting farmers of national IPM programmes.
2. Examples of approved national pesticide reduction strategies, national policy reforms in support of, or explicitly mentioning IPM.
3. Improvements in the quality of IPM deliverables at community level.

Major Output(s)

1. Integrated pest management policies.
2. Support to national Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes.
3. Principles of population dynamics, epidemiology and evolution introduced in the framework of agro-biodiversity.

Rationale

219. Development problem to be addressed: farmers require demand-oriented, operational knowledge rather than "blanket advice". Yet, technical information on seed and planting material, crop production, plant protection and plant breeding and biotechnology is often not well referenced and tailored to particular ecological contexts at the country level.

220. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: ensuring comprehensiveness and closer demand-orientation of technical information will lead to enhanced technology adoption and crop production. The hitherto neglected dimension of ecological knowledge will be given increased attention, to ensure that short-term objectives of crop production increases are not at the cost of long-term ecological sustainability.

221. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: farmers should obviously directly benefit from an improved knowledge base on seed and planting material, plant production and protection techniques.

Objective(s)

222. Extension systems ensuring demand-oriented, collaborative and timely delivery of technical advice and planting material, with improved quantity, quality and relevance of technical information and reduced transaction costs during information collection and dissemination.

Indicator(s)

1. Coverage and use of the various Internet systems collectively developed and operated with partners.
2. Increased capacity and shortened response time of supported national extension services in providing technical information.
3. Extent to which local research and extension officers are working with farmers in a demand-oriented manner.

Major Output(s)

1. Plant production and protection decision-support system, and attendant modular data products.
2. Dissemination of information to countries through selected crop and grassland databases.
3. Decision support system on plant breeding and biotechnology to strengthen National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS).

Rationale

223. Development problem to be addressed: farmers and breeders need access to genetic resources and related information and technologies, including through seed provision, to achieve sustainable increases in production and/or maintain profitability. This is underpinned by the Global Plan of Action (GPA) for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA).

224. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: development of, and easier access to high-quality, locally adapted planting material, and improved on-farm management of agricultural biodiversity will enable farmers to achieve sustainable production increases, contributing to food security.

225. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: farming communities (including resource-poor farmers in marginal areas) and the public at large will benefit from increased food security.

Objective(s)

226. Wide dissemination and use, as well as conservation of plant genetic resources and related biodiversity, through strengthening of the seed sector and plant breeding capacities at national level, and effective implementation of the GPA for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of PGRFA.

Indicator(s)

1. Examples of activities stemming from GPA implementation.
2. Examples of national programmes and private enterprises disseminating locally-adapted cultivars and good-quality planting material in part due to this entity.
3. National programmes for PGRFA established, strengthhened, and/or incorporating seed and plant breeding activities.

Major Output(s)

1. Capacity building for enhanced use of PGRFA, including through plant breeding strategies and biotechnology.
2. Enhanced management practices of crop and crop-associated biodiversity through application of the ecosystem approach.
3. Support to on-farm management, exchange and improvement of PGRFA, and national seed systems ensuring complementarity between private, public and informal systems.
4. Improved and harmonised regulatory frameworks for PGRFA, seeds and variety release.
5. Due attention to seeds and PGRFA in disaster preparedness, relief and rehabilitation.
6. Improved access to, and transfer of PGRFA and seed related technologies, including biotechnology.

Rationale

227. Development problem to be addressed: the negative effects of plant pests on crop production and conservation, national plant resources and biodiversity.

228. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: The IPPC provides an essential framework and forum for international cooperation, harmonisation and technical exchange between contracting parties. It is predicated on the assumption that effective multilateral action is necessary to prevent the spread and introduction of pests and to promote measures for their control.

229. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: farmers, as far as protection of their crops is concerned; general public through protection of agricultural systems and the environment, as well as facilitation of trade.

Objective(s)

230. Promote appropriate regulatory frameworks and effective national and international phytosanitary measures for the control of plant pests.

Indicator(s)

1. Examples of measures taken by national plant protection services in support of IPPC implementation.
2. Examples of national strategies, policies and projects formulated and/or implemented in the light of IPPC.

Major Output(s)

1. Harmonised phytosanitary measures.
2. Harmonised approaches among concerned international and regional agreements and organizations.
3. Exchange of mandatory phytosanitary information.
4. Support national phytosanitary systems.

Rationale

231. Development problem to be addressed: the use of pesticides is necessary to sustain and increase crop production levels. However, pesticides - and notably obsolete ones - pose serious risks to human health and the environment.

232. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: this entity supports the Interim Secretariat of the Rotterdam Convention for the application of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. The standards facilitate the trade of pesticides and agricultural products, while at the same time protecting human health and the environment. Improved information exchange, the use of less hazardous alternatives (bio-pesticides) and the disposal of obsolete pesticides are other areas of interest which should contribute to reducing risks associated with pesticides.

233. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: farmers and other users of pesticides, as well as consumers through the reduction of pesticide-related health and environmental risks.

Objective(s)

234. Sound and safe pesticide management practices in compliance with international standards.

Indicator(s)

1. Examples of progress made in the international regulatory framework for sound pesticide management, due in part to this entity.
2. Reduction of trade, use and storage of hazardous pesticides.

Major Output(s)

1. Updating and promotion of the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides.
2. Standards for pesticide product quality and recommendations for pesticide residues.
3. Interim Secretariat to the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.
4. Prevention of obsolete pesticide stocks and facilitation of their disposal.
5. Technologies for replacement of pesticides highly hazardous for the environment.
6. Dissemination of know-how and technical services for sound pesticide management.

Rationale

235. Development problem to be addressed: transboundary plant pests, in particular the desert locust, but also other locusts, grain-eating birds and armyworm, may cause substantial crop damage and represent a continuing threat to the livelihood of rural populations and to the overall food security of affected countries. Prevention and control programmes must be effective, while respecting human health and the environment.

236. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: migratory pests, by nature, practically affect more than one country, and management practices in one country have effects in other countries. The management of migratory pests, therefore, needs to be supported by effective inter-country approaches and cooperation.

237. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: farmers and pastoral communities in affected regions will benefit from improved protection of crops and pastures. The public at large will gain from the reduction and substitution of chemical pesticides with bio-pesticides.

Objective(s)

238. Regional and inter-regional cooperation and coordination for the management of migratory pests, in particular desert locusts, but also other locusts, grain-eating birds and armyworms.

Indicator(s)

1. Examples of concerted actions taken as a response to special alerts on critical desert locust situations.
2. Examples of policy decisions to control transboundary pests agreed among nations of the same region.

Major Output(s)

1. Monthly bulletins on the desert locust situation, including forecasts, special alerts and summaries on other locust outbreaks.
2. Promotion of cooperation in desert locust management.
3. Technical support services to governments on migratory pest control.

Rationale

239. Development problem to be addressed: the conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA, facilitated access to these resources and sharing of benefits derived from their use, and are essential to food security and sustainable agriculture. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was underwritten by Members in this light.

240. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: the wide implementation of the International Treaty on PGRFA will result in the conservation and enhanced use of plant genetic resources. Access by farmers to high-quality, locally-adapted planting material will provide the basis for sustainable production increases and contribute to food security and diversity.

241. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: parties to the International Treaty on PGRFA and other countries, through effective technical support to the Treaty itself and its supporting components. Farming communities and the public at large will benefit from increased food security and diversity.

Objective(s)

242. To assist parties in implementing the Treaty and its supporting components (the Global Plan of Action, international ex situ collections, PGRFA networks, and the global information system), hence contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA, facilitated access to these resources and the sharing of benefits derived from their use.

Indicator(s)

1. Summary status of implementation of, and examples of actions taken to implement the Global Plan of Action.
2. Number of information requests to the Global Information System.
3. Adoption of the revised Global Plan of Action.

Major Output(s)

1. Rolling Global Plan of Action (GPA) for the conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA refined on the basis of an agreed periodically updated report on the State of the World's PGRFA.
2. Facilitating mechanism for the implementation by all stakeholders of the Global Plan of Action.
3. Support to international networks of ex situ collections.
4. Contributions to an enhanced Global Information System for PGRFA, including seeds and crop improvement.
5. Support to seed security networks.
6. Technical support to the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and its Intergovernmental Technical Working Group (ITWG) on PGRFA.

Rationale

243. Development problem to be addressed: Rice is the staple food for more than 3 billion people in the world and provides 50-60% of daily energy requirements in their diets. Yield increase was the principal factor contributing to the rapid growth in the world's rice production during the 1970s and 80s. But since 1990, the average growth has decelerated considerably, from about 2 percent per year in the 1980s to about 1 percent per year in the 1990s. Intensive rice production also needs to be adjusted in order to reverse growing environmental degradation, such as agro-chemical pollution, increased pest infestation and loss of biodiversity, while water and land resources for rice production have become more scarce.

244. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: the coordination of national, regional and global efforts should greatly assist sustainable rice production for food security and poverty alleviation, and will remain the main focus of the International Rice Commission.

245. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: rice-growing farmers should benefit from the continued refinement of national policies and technologies available for rice intensification. Rice consumers would benefit from continued availability of their staple food and price stability.

Objective(s)

246. Adjustment of national rice development programmes, and wide implementation of the Commission's recommendations aimed at increasing rice production on a sustainable and environmentally-friendly basis.

Indicator(s)

1. Number of staff of national programmes trained on new technologies and guidelines.
2. Number of national programmes actively implementing recommendations from the Commission.
3. Examples of corrective actions taken at the country level as a result of the Commission's recommendations.
4. Demand for IRC Newsletter.

Major Output(s)

1. Harmonisation of action on rice development in countries through IRC sessions, meetings and steering committee, and inter-regional cooperative networks.
2. Assistance for the implementation of IRC's recommendations in countries and monitoring of their impact.
3. Collation, analysis and publication of information on innovative rice technologies, production factors, constraints and opportunities in different agro-ecologies.
4. Support to the International Year of Rice to be held in 2004.

247. This entity covers technical services in the broad range of disciplines addressed by Programme 2.1.2.

Programme 2.1.3: Livestock

Code

Type

Title

A1

A2

A3

B1

B2

C1

C2

D1

D2

E1

E2

E3

213A3

TP

Contribution of Livestock to Poverty Alleviation

213A5

TP

Developing the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources

213A6

TP

Veterinary Public Health Management and Food and Feed Safety

213A7

TP

EMPRES - Livestock

213A8

TP

Technologies and Systems for Efficient Natural Resource Use in Livestock Production

213A9

TP

Environmental Management of Insect Borne Diseases

213B1

TP

Livestock Sector Analysis and Strategy Development

213P1

CP

Global Livestock Information System and Knowledge Framework

213S1

TS

Advice to Member Countries and Support to the Field Programme

Legend

Greater than zero, less than US$ 1.5 million

US$ 1.5 million to 3 million

US$ 3 million to 5 million

More than US$ 5 million

248. The Programme was significantly restructured in the 2000-01 biennium to clarify and facilitate the management of the positive and negative impacts of the rapidly expanding and changing global livestock sector. The Programme is designed primarily to provide decision support through information and to enhance capacities in animal production and health technologies and policies. No fundamental changes are proposed for the period 2004-09. Four entities have benefited from relatively higher regular programme resources in line with priorities expressed by Members: 213A3 to support the diversification component of the SPFS, 213A6, 213A7 and 213A9. Identified opportunities for other income have been reflected in the tables below, while still being sought for 213A5, Developing the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources.

249. The impact of lower resources in 2002-03 was in terms of delays of country reports in relation to the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources (213A5) and less work on veterinary public health (213A6) and on global livestock sector analysis (213B1). Additional resources were also proposed for 213A7, EMPRES - Livestock, but did not materialise in the PWB, resulting in delays in the implementation of a pathway for verification of freedom from rinderpest and constrained the expansion of work on other transboundary animal diseases (TADs). In some cases, extra-budgetary resources helped to offset the impact.

Rationale

250. Development problem to be addressed: rural livestock producers in resource-poor areas face numerous constraints, i.e. lack of access to markets, goods and services, weak institutions and lack of skills, knowledge and appropriate technologies. Both production and productivity remain well below potential, and losses and wastage can be high. However, adapted breeds and local feed resources are available, along with proven technologies that include preservation and value-adding product processing. Together, they have the potential to substantially improve productivity and income generation.

251. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: decision support tools produced by this entity will be tried and adopted by development agencies (national, bi- and multilateral and Non-governmental Organizations) in formulating and implementing programmes targeted at vulnerable communities in developing countries, thereby expanding their advisory and extension capacities, and leading to higher technologies adoption rates.

252. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: poor rural and peri-urban households depending on low-input livestock production systems in LIFDCs will benefit from improved productivity of their animals, and increased income through a greater marketable share of their produce. Consumers should benefit from increased access to quality food of animal origin.

Objective(s)

253. Improved techniques for livestock husbandry and health, animal product processing and market access used in programmes aiming at poor farm households; national poverty reduction strategies increasingly addressing potential improvements in small-scale animal husbandry.

Indicator(s)

1. Number of countries with documented uptake of supported technologies, in particular by farmers involved in the SPFS.
2. Examples of programmes and policy interventions based on the entity's approach.

Major Output(s)

1. Decision-support for sustainable resource use in smallholder, low-input livestock production systems.
2. Decision support for increasing household income through improvements in processing and distribution of value-added animal products in smallholder, low-input livestock production systems.
3. Strategies and decision support to improve access to essential goods and services by smallholder livestock producers.

Rationale

254. Development problem to be addressed: the contribution of animal biodiversity to food and agriculture production is substantial, but yet not well appreciated. Past attempts in using genetic improvement of domestic animals have not always taken into account important factors, such as the variability of local conditions and production systems. Conservation and development of animal genetic resources (AnGR) is essential to enable farmers to adapt to changing environmental conditions and consumer demands.

255. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources covers awareness and capacity building, a country-driven resource assessment process and effective systems for their utilisation and conservation, in order to tap the significant potential of animal genetic resources, contributing to food security and diversification and development in rural areas.

256. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: livestock producers in local communities depending on traditional genetic resources will be able to improve these resources through sustainable breeding plans. Benefits to the environment will stem from management options that utilise natural resources such as pasture lands with minimum degradation.

Objective(s)

257. To improve the management and conservation of farm animal genetic resources at local, country, regional and international levels, including the implementation of priority actions plans and programmes, and the ratification of an international treaty on AnGR.

Indicator(s)

1. Number of countries adopting priority action plans for AnGR, and examples of concrete achievements.
2. Number of countries supporting an international agreement on AnGR.

Major Output(s)

1. Support to national implementation of the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources.
2. First State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources Report with identification of priority actions for improved management and conservation of farm animal genetic resources
3. Preparation and implementation of the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources follow-up mechanism for country assistance.
4. Policy framework and regulatory instruments for animal genetic resources management.

Rationale

258. Development problem to be addressed: zoonotic diseases and veterinary public health problems constitute a major constraint to livestock production and the safe utilisation of animal products by consumers around the world. Sustainable animal production, (veterinary) public health, food security and safety, rural development and trade are compromised by the presence of zoonotic diseases.

259. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: improved veterinary and animal health capacities at the country level are likely to pay off in terms of human public health, consumer confidence and expanding trade.

260. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: rural smallholders, producers and consumers are the focal end beneficiaries. Main benefits comprise healthier and more productive and profitable livestock, safer products and fewer barriers to formal domestic and international trade.

Objective(s)

261. National veterinary public health structures are established or strengthened for the control of priority zoonotic diseases.

Indicator(s)

1. Examples of control programmes and veterinary public health units established or having increased capacities due in part to this entity.
2. Reduction in number of zoonotic diseases measured on a country-by-country basis.

Major Output(s)

1. Veterinary public health concepts and support to control of major zoonotic diseases.
2. Food safety measures and the application of quality control along the "stable to table" process.

Rationale

262. Development problem to be addressed: livestock production is compromised by the presence of animal diseases such that food security, land cultivation, draught power, and the opportunity to market animals and their products may severely suffer. The occurrence of transboundary animal diseases (TADs) limits access to formal markets and international trade and thus reduces opportunities for income generation.

263. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: the alert systems supported by this entity are designed to avoid potential epidemics, thereby reducing health risks to the consumer and protecting trade outlets. The eradication of rinderpest will remove a major threat to world bovine and wildlife animal populations.

264. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: poor farmers in the developing world - whether in peri-urban, mixed or pastoral systems - should benefit as animal diseases reduce sources of income and pose human health concerns. More wealthy groups and nations also benefit, as the control of transmissible diseases in endemic areas translates into reduced risk to national production, herd health, and international trade.

Objective(s)

265. Effective national and regional control and eradication strategies and capabilities for transboundary animal diseases, and enhanced emergency planning by member countries to prevent and/or limit the spread of TADs.

Indicator(s)

1. Level of rinderpest occurrence after rigorous testing campaigns.
2. Examples of early warnings issued in part due to this entity, and of effective control actions taken as a result.
3. Number of countries adopting emergency preparedness and contingency plans for TADs in part due to this entity.

Major Output(s)

1. Support to functional early warning systems for transboundary animal diseases (TADs) at national, regional and global levels.
2. Early-reaction capability, including contingency planning and strategic disease analysis for animal disease emergency management.
3. Application of biotechnology to diagnosis, vaccines and strategic epidemiological analysis of TADs.
4. Leadership and coordination of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP) towards a world free from rinderpest.
5. Coordination of strategies for regional control of priority transboundary animal diseases.

Rationale

266. Development problem to be addressed: the rapid increase in global demand for livestock products and the consequent changes in the livestock sector, often described as the "livestock revolution", require a new set of research and development paradigms to protect and strengthen public goods, veterinary public health and natural resources that are at stake.

267. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: if successfully promoted by extension services and grass-root projects and actively adopted by farmers, good agricultural practices (GAPs) on integrated farming systems, integrated parasite control, feed production, and milk and meat processing will substantially contribute to the sustainability and profitability of livestock production.

268. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: people in cities will benefit from improved supply, quality and hygiene of livestock products. Medium- to high-potential rural areas will benefit from participation in the "livestock revolution" through commercialisation of production and processing industries. The public at large will benefit from enhanced sustainability of livestock production.

Objective(s)

269. Policies are implemented to foster livestock development while protecting public health and the environment; national veterinary and livestock services and other grass-root projects promote GAPs for intensive and semi-intensive livestock systems.

Indicator(s)

1. Environmental policies relating to livestock implemented at national and intergovernmental levels, in part thanks to the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative.
2. Extent to which GAPs are tested, adapted and used by national extension and veterinary services, grass-root projects and international NGOs and CSOs.

Major Output(s)

1. Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative.
2. Dissemination of GAPs for livestock in specific high-potential agro-ecosystems (including integrated production systems), good practices for milk and meat processing (to protect public health, animal health and the environment) and integrated parasite control.
3. Technology transfer towards improved delivery of veterinary and livestock services.

Rationale

270. Development problem to be addressed: animal agriculture and associated socio-economic development, are compromised by the presence of insect-borne diseases. In Sub-Saharan Africa, livestock distribution is distorted by the disease threat posed by tsetse. In large areas of sub-humid West Africa, rolling back tsetse would allow for a doubling of livestock and crop production. In East Africa, there is a situation of tsetse invasion of productive farmland in highland areas, a phenomenon that could be climate-related.

271. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: the transmission of insect borne diseases is strongly influenced by environmental factors, therefore, landscape management changes can help control such diseases.

272. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: the intended beneficiaries extend through the animal production chain from livestock keepers to consumers. Expected benefits comprise healthier and more productive livestock, safer products, and a more profitable and sustainable livestock sub-sector.

Objective(s)

273. Adjustments in the production, processing and trade environment, making it safer, cleaner and less conducive to the transmission of insect borne diseases such as trypanosomiasis and screwworm.

Indicator(s)

1. Level of adoption of environmental animal health practices in field projects and national and regional programmes.

Major Output(s)

1. Support to the Programme Against African Animal Trypanosomiasis (PAAT).
2. Environmental animal health management practices for insect borne diseases.

Rationale

274. Development problem to be addressed: livestock production is growing more dynamically than any other agricultural activity, a trend associated with increasing market orientation, intensification and industrialisation. But the hidden costs of the "livestock revolution" are seldom taken into account, and complex subsidies and urban biases distort today's global and national production. Intensification of livestock production also raises human health and environmental concerns. In developing countries, while the number of off-farm jobs in handling, processing and marketing will probably increase, the number of on-farm jobs may decrease in less favoured regions, where lives the bulk of the world's present under-nourished people.

275. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: Decision makers need to be better informed about the hidden costs and benefits of different forms of livestock production, so that they may promote livestock farming that is economically and ecologically efficient and safe, while reducing poverty.

276. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: small-scale livestock producers should gain from a more balanced policy environment. The public at large should benefit from emphasis placed on public health and environmental sustainability issues.

Objective(s)

277. Enhanced awareness among civil society and decision makers of the hidden costs of livestock revolution, leading to public policy changes in favour of fair livestock farming, and public goods such as equity, public health and the environment.

Indicator(s)

1. Countries where livestock sector analysis generated a public debate on livestock policies.
2. Evidence of livestock policies influenced by related sector analysis.

Major Output(s)

1. Global livestock sector analysis.
2. Development of livestock sector strategies.
3. Support to livestock sector policy dialogue and capacity building.

Rationale

278. Development problem to be addressed: driven by population and income increases, livestock production is growing more dynamically than any other agricultural sector and currently accounts for more than 40% of the gross value of agricultural production. This trend will have social, health and environmental implications. Objective, comprehensive and timely information is needed to guide national governments and the international community to successfully respond to the challenges posed by livestock intensification.

279. Proposed contribution to problem resolution: better informed decision makers in the livestock sector should be able to devise more effective development programmes and policies, including enhanced participation of small-scale livestock producers in the "livestock revolution".

280. Intended end beneficiaries and benefits: small-scale livestock producers are the main intended beneficiaries, through their increased participation in expanding markets, while the public at large would benefit from the impact of healthier, more sustainable and equitable livestock production methods.

Objective(s)

281. Improved decision making at local, national, regional and international level with respect to livestock policies and technologies that enhance livelihoods and income opportunities for small-scale livestock producers while at the same time promoting sustainable natural resource use.

Indicator(s)

1. Number of countries adopting equitable and sustainable livestock policies, technologies and codes of practice.

Major Output(s)

1. A Global Livestock Knowledge Framework to provide decision support for sustainable resource use in livestock development.
2. Global Livestock Information System.

282. This entity covers technical and advisory services in the whole gamut of disciplines relevant to livestock production and animal health, including in the context of emergencies.