The double burden of malnutrition Case studies from six developing countries

Annex 6: trends in mean per capita iron intake (mg) by food group, 1978 to 2003

Food group/sub-group	Consumption (mg)
	1978	1982	1987	1993	2003
Energy giving foods
Cereals and cereal products	4.7	4.6	4.5	4.1	4.6
Rice and products	3.8	3.4	3.3	2.7	2.8
Maize and products	0.3	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other cereals and products	0.7	0.9	1.0	1.2	1.5
Starchy roots and tubers	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sugars and syrups¹	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fats and oils²	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Body building foods
Fish, meat and poultry	2.6	2.6	2.8	2.9	2.2
Fish and products	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.2	1.0
Meat and products	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.6	1.0
Poultry	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
Eggs	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
Milk and milk products	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
Whole milk				0.1	0.2
Milk products				0.1	0.0
Dried beans, nuts and seeds³	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Regulating foods
Vegetables	1.3	1.2		1.1	1.1
Green leafy and yellow vegetables	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.5
Other vegetables	0.6	0.5	0.8^a	0.5	0.5
Fruits	0.5	0.5		0.3	0.2
Vitamin C-rich foods	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Other fruits	0.3	0.3		0.2	0.2
Miscellaneous	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.8
Beverages⁴					0.4
Condiments					0.3
Others					0.1
Total mg	11.0	10.8	10.7	10.1	10.0

Sample sizes: 1978, 2 800; 1982, 2 280; 1987, 3 200; 1993, 4 050; 2003, 5 514.
¹ Includes soft drinks (sugar content), sherbet and similar preparations.
² Includes grated coconut and coconut milk (fat).
³ Includes mung beans, soybeans, peanuts and other dried beans, nuts.
⁴Includes coffee, tuba (local wine), alcoholic beverages and others.
^a Includes other fruits and other vegetables.
Numbers may not add up to totals owing to rounding off.
Sources: NNS, 1978; 1982; 1987; 1993; 2003.

ANNEX 7: TRENDS IN PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTIONS OF FOOD GROUPS TO IRON INTAKE (MG), 1978 TO 2003

Food group/sub-group	% distribution
	1978	1982	1987	1993	2003
Energy giving foods
Cereals and cereal products	42.6	42.8	42.1	40.9	45.7
Rice and products	34.1	31.1	30.4	26.4	28.8
Maize and products	2.4	3.3	2.3	2.7	1.6
Other cereals and products	6.1	8.3	9.4	11.8	15.3
Starchy roots and tubers	3.0	3.0	1.7	1.5	1.7
Sugars and syrups¹	1.3	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.5
Fats and oils²	0.6	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.7
Body building foods
Fish, meat and poultry	23.8	23.8	25.9	28.4	22.0
Fish and products	20.2	19.0	19.6	21.5	10.0
Meat and products	3.0	3.8	5.4	5.6	10.2
Poultry	0.6	0.9	0.9	1.3	1.8
Eggs	1.8	2.1	2.4	2.9	3.2
Milk and milk products	0.6	0.9	1.2	1.0	1.6
Whole milk				0.9	1.5
Milk products				0.5	0.1
Dried beans, nuts and seeds³	3.4	3.7	4.1	4.0	3.9
Regulating foods
Vegetables	11.7	11.5		11.0	10.5
Green leafy and yellow vegetables	6.7	6.6	5.7	5.7	5.2
Other vegetables	5.0	4.9	7.6^a	5.3	5.3
Fruits	4.5	4.9		3.2	2.4
Vitamin C-rich foods	2.1	2.4	2.1	0.9	0.5
Other fruits	2.4	2.5		2.3	1.9
Miscellaneous	6.4	5.8	6.0	6.2	7.8
Beverages⁴					4.5
Condiments					2.8
Others					0.5
Total mg	11.0	10.8	10.7	10.1	10.0

ANNEX 8: MEAN DAILY PER CAPITA FOOD CONSUMPTION BY REGION, 2003

Food group/sub-group	Philippines	NCR	Ilocos	CAR	Cagayan Valley	Central Luzon	Calabarzon	Mimaropa	Bicol
	Consumption, in grams raw as purchased
Energy giving foods
Cereals and cereal products	364	320	377	393	389	363	352	399	361
Rice and products	303	267	350	363	359	325	315	371	296
Maize and products	31	5^a	1^a	4^a	6^a	4^a	4^a	4^a	27^a
Other cereals and products	30	47	26	26	24	34	33	24	38
Starchy roots and tubers	19	19^a	14^a	34^a	32^a	13^a	10	26^a	23^a
Sugars and syrups¹	24	28	27	25	22	27	24	23	23
Fats and oils²	18	29	16^a	14^a	16	18	22	17^a	17
Body building foods
Fish, meat and poultry	185	226	188	175	149	209	194	167	146
Fish and products	104	94	102	59	69	102	98	96	97
Meat and products	61	102	75	84	54^a	82	73	59	43^a
Poultry	20	30^a	11^a	3^a 2	26^a	25	23^a	12^a	6^a
Eggs	13	18	14	10^a	12	18	15^a	11	8^a
Milk and milk products	49	76	42	30^a	37^a	65	64	27	29
Whole milk	35	53	37	26^a	26^a	40	41	21	24^a
Milk products	14	23	5	4	11	25	23	6	5
Dried beans, nuts and seeds³	10	13^a	8	18^a	13	9	8	9^a	10
Regulating foods
Vegetables	111	88	171	155	132	99	99	129	118
Green leafy and yellow vegetables	31	22	43	49	46	19	24	22	30
Other vegetables	80	66	128	106	86	80	75	107	88
Fruits	54	60^a	41^a	49^a	22^a	56	43^a	87^a	52^a
Vitamin C-rich foods	12	15^a	11^a	16^a	7^a	13^a	10^a	16^a	13^a
Other fruits	42	45^a	30^a	33^a	15^a	43^a	33^a	71^a	39^a
Miscellaneous	39	56^a	29	26^a	26^a	38	50^a	41^a	25^a
Beverages⁴	26	43^a	16^a	18^a	15^a	20	36^a	28^a	14^a
Condiments	10	10	11	6	9	10	10	10	10
Others	3	3	2	2	2	8	4	3	1
Total food	886	933	927	929	850	915	881	936	812

Food group/sub-group	Western Visayas	Central Visayas	Eastern Visayas	Zamboanga Peninsula	Northern Mindanao	Davao	Sossk-Sargen	Caraga	ARMM
	Consumption, in grams raw as purchased
Energy giving foods
Cereals and cereal products	390	350	357	380	404	381	401	385	350
Rice and products	351	187	309	243	252	300	364	308	336
Maize and products	18^a	136	26^a	116^a	133^a	55^a	22^a	54^a	1^a
Other cereals and products	21	27	22^a	21^a	19	26	15	23	13
Starchy roots and tubers	14^a	18^a	18^a	22^a	35^a	30^a	17^a	25^a	29^a
Sugars and syrups¹	22	21	20	17	16	28	24	21	21
Fats and oils²	11	13	19	13^a	16	16^a	11	14^a	12^a
Body building foods
Fish, meat and poultry	200	153	168	138	158	194	170	157	151
Fish and products	140	103	122	108	101	113	117	105	120
Meat and products	43	43^a	34^a	21^a	37	53^a	39^a	35^a	13^a
Poultry	17^a	7^a	12^a	9^a	20^a	28^a	14^a	17^a	18^a
Eggs	14	12	8^a	8^a	10^a	14	9^a	10^a	9^a
Milk and milk products	49^a	31^a	33^a	21^a	46	57^a	32^a	36^a	19^a
Whole milk	35^a	26^a	28^a	20^a	38	37	21	29	19^a
Milk products	14^a	5^a	5^a	1^a	8^a	20^a	11^a	7^a	0^a
Dried beans, nuts and seeds³	8^a	11^a	10	9^a	13^a	11	8	9^a	4^a
Regulating foods
Vegetables	127	108	93	84^a	131	101	139	121	80
Green leafy and yellow vegetables	35	43^a	20	29^a	42	39	44	37	19
Other vegetables	92	65	73	55^a	89	62	95	84	61
Fruits	58^a	39^a	44^a	51^a	66^a	98^a	56	60^a	38^a
Vitamin C-rich foods	7^a	9^a	4^a	3^a	17^a	24^a	13^a	12^a	4^a
Other fruits	51^a	30^a	40^a	48^a	49	74^a	43	48^a	34^a
Miscellaneous	40^a	30	43^a	23^a	38^a	43^a	31	48^a	16^a
Beverages⁴	28^a	17^a	31^a	9^a	24^a	29^a	18^a	33^a	9^a
Condiments	10	12^a	11	12	12	12	11	14	6
Others	2^a	1^a	1^a	2^a	2^a	2^a	2^a	1^a	1^a
Total food	933	786	813	766	933	973	898	886	729

Sample size: 5 514.
¹ Includes soft drinks (sugar content), sherbet and similar preparations.
² Includes grated coconut and coconut milk (fat).
³ Includes mung beans, soybeans, peanuts and other dried beans, nuts.
⁴Includes coffee, tuba (local wine), alcoholic beverages and others.
^a CV ³ 15 percent.
Numbers may not add up to totals owing to rounding off.
Source: NNS, 2003.

ANNEX 9: MEAN DAILY PER CAPITA ENERGY AND NUTRIENT INTAKES AND PERCENTAGE ADEQUACY BY REGION, 2003

	Region
	NCR	Ilocos	Cagayan	CAR	Central Luzon	Cala-Barzon
Energy (kcal)
Intake	1 942	1 944	1 940	2 072	1 955	1 888
RNI	1 955	1 922	1 938	1 971	1 946	1 943
% adequacy	99.4	101.2	100.1	105.1	100.5	97.2
Protein (g)
Intake	61.4	56.6	53.3	60.4	57.9	56.7
RNI	56.8	56.8	56.9	57.3	56.9	56.9
% adequacy	108.1	99.6	93.5	105.4	101.8	99.7
Iron (mg)
Intake	11.2	11.0	10.2	11.4	10.6	10.4
RNI	17.3	16.3	16.6	16.8	16.8	17.2
% adequacy	64.6	67.5	61.3	67.8	62.8	60.3
Retinol equivalent (mcg)
Intake	557.1	524.3	461.1	718.2	374.2	583.5
RNI	499.6	497.8	497.7	497.9	500.0	498.2
% adequacy	111.5	105.3	92.6	144.2	74.8	117.1
Calcium (g)
Intake	0.46	0.50	0.45	0.47	0.42	0.41
RNI	0.76	0.77	0.77	0.77	0.76	0.77
% adequacy	60.8	65.5	58.5	60.4	55.2	54.1
Thiamine (mg)
Intake	0.97	0.93	0.89	1.17	0.89	0.91
RNI	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03
% adequacy	93.9	90.3	86.8	113.1	86.6	88.3
Riboflavin (mg)
Intake	0.84	0.78	0.74	0.88	0.74	0.82
RNI	1.08	1.07	1.07	1.08	1.07	1.07
% adequacy	77.8	73.3	68.7	82.0	69.2	76.3
Niacin (mg)
Intake	22.4	21.4	20.2	24.7	20.9	21.6
RNI	13.3	13.2	13.3	13.3	13.2	13.3
% adequacy	168.4	161.5	152.2	185.6	157.9	162.5
Ascorbic acid (mg)
Intake	47.8	45.5	42.9	60.8	42.6	39.5
RNI	62.8	62.2	62.3	62.3	62.3	62.5
% adequacy	76.0	73.1	68.9	97.6	68.3	63.3

Nutrients	Region
Nutrients	Mima-Ropa	Bicol	Western Visayas	Central Visayas	Eastern Visayas	Zamboanga Peninsula
Energy (kcal)
Intake	2 008	1 856	1 936	1 782	1 803	1 762
RNI	1 921	1 924	1 937	1 925	1 912	1 914
% adequacy	104.5	96.5	99.9	92.6	94.3	92.1
Protein (g)
Intake	54.8	50.6	58.0	51.8	51.6	50.6
RNI	56.0	56.7	56.4	56.4	55.9	56.0
% adequacy	97.8	89.2	102.8	91.8	92.4	90.4
Iron (mg)
Intake	10.1	9.2	10.5	8.7	8.7	7.9
RNI	16.6	16.5	16.5	16.5	16.1	16.7
% adequacy	61.2	55.9	63.8	52.9	53.9	47.7
Retinol equivalent (mcg)
Intake	469.5	371.3	426.2	349.1	361.5	337.7
RNI	495.0	500.7	496.1	495.6	491.5	492.1
% adequacy	94.9	74.2	85.9	70.4	73.5	68.6
Calcium (g)
Intake	0.43	0.40	0.50	0.42	0.41	0.37
RNI	0.76	0.76	0.76	0.77	0.76	0.77
% adequacy	56.5	51.8	65.8	54.4	54.4	48.6
Thiamine (mg)
Intake	0.88	0.80	1.08	0.79	0.77	0.69
RNI	1.01	1.03	1.02	1.02	1.01	1.01
% adequacy	87.1	77.7	106.2	77.3	76.6	68.0
Riboflavin (mg)
Intake	0.67	0.62	0.70	0.64	0.61	0.57
RNI	1.05	1.07	1.06	1.06	1.05	1.05
% adequacy	63.8	57.4	65.6	60.1	58.4	54.4
Niacin (mg)
Intake	21.3	18.3	21.7	16.2	19.4	16.8
RNI	13.0	13.2	13.1	13.1	12.9	13.0
% adequacy	163.5	138.6	165.1	124.1	149.6	129.5
Ascorbic acid (mg)
Intake	52.8	47.2	45.9	50.1	38.1	37.7
RNI	60.8	62.3	61.6	61.3	60.7	60.7
% adequacy	86.9	75.7	74.4	81.8	62.8	62.1

Nutrients	Region
Nutrients	Northern Mindanao	Davao	Soccsk-Sargen	Caraga	ARMM
Energy (kcal)
Intake	1 955	1 998	1 911	1 898	1 683
RNI	1 994	1 948	1 980	1 898	1 874
% adequacy	98.0	102.6	96.5	100.0	89.8
Protein (g)
Intake	57.7	59.0	56.8	52.6	47.4
RNI	58.1	56.9	57.2	55.4	53.7
% adequacy	99.3	103.8	99.2	94.9	88.3
Iron (mg)
Intake	9.9	10.4	9.3	9.8	7.5
RNI	16.6	16.9	16.8	16.2	16.0
% adequacy	59.2	61.3	55.6	60.8	46.8
Retinol equivalent (mcg)
Intake	399.3	451.5	380.0	597.9	236.2
RNI	505.0	504.1	502.0	495.6	484.7
% adequacy	79.1	89.6	75.7	120.7	48.7
Calcium (g)
Intake	0.46	0.45	0.41	0.44	0.32
RNI	0.77	0.76	0.77	0.75	0.75
% adequacy	59.6	58.5	53.2	58.1	43.3
Thiamine (mg)
Intake	0.83	0.87	0.83	0.80	0.59
RNI	1.05	1.03	1.03	1.00	0.97
% adequacy	78.8	84.9	80.9	79.9	61.6
Riboflavin (mg)
Intake	0.67	0.76	0.66	0.72	0.53
RNI	1.10	1.08	1.08	1.05	1.01
% adequacy	61.2	70.9	61.0	69.2	52.9
Niacin (mg)
Intake	19.8	21.8	22.3	19.4	19.1
RNI	13.5	13.2	13.3	12.9	12.3
% adequacy	146.6	165.1	167.9	151.1	155.3
Ascorbic acid (mg)
Intake	62.0	61.8	48.1	52.8	31.8
RNI	63.4	62.4	62.3	60.3	57.7
% adequacy	97.8	99.1	77.3	87.6	55.1

Sample size: 5 514.
Source: NNS, 2003.

ANNEX 10: TRENDS IN LEADING CAUSES OF MORTALITY AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DEATHS, 1970 TO 2000

Cause	1970		1975		1980		1985		1990		1995		2000
Cause	Rate	% of total	Rate	% of total	Rate	% of total	Rate	% of total	Rate	% of total	Rate	% of total	Rate	% of total
Pneumonias	118.2	17.6	102.0	16.0	93.6	15.2	96.7	15.8	66.3	13.1	49.0	10.4	42.7	8.9
Diseases of the heart	34.0	5.0	56.6	8.9	60.8	9.8	10.8	66.3	74.4	14.7	73.2	15.5	79.1	16.5
Tuberculosis, all forms	80.1	11.9	69.2	10.9	59.6	9.7	57.9	9.5	39.1	7.7	39.4	8.3	36.1	7.5
Diseases of the vascular system	35.8	5.3	31.8	5.0	43.8	7.2	49.7	8.1	54.2	10.7	56.2	11.9	63.2	13.2
Malignant neoplasms	25.7	3.8	29.4	4.6	33.2	5.4	33.2	5.4	35.7	7.1	41.5	8.8	47.7	9.9
Accidents	24.8	3.7	19.1	3.0	18.7	3.0	18.4	3.0	6.4	1.3	23.0	4.9	42.4	8.8
Avitaminosis and other nutritional deficiencies	25.5	3.8	26.0	4.1	15.3	2.5	13.0	2.1	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis	-	-	-	-	9.3	1.5	10.0	1.6	8.3	1.6	9.6	2.0	10.4	2.2
Other infectious diseases (gastroenteritis and colitis, bronchitis, diarrhoeas, measles)	62.9	9.2	43.0	6.8	38.6	6.2	35.8	5.8	17.6	3.5	-	-	-	-
Lifestyle-related diseases (COPD and allied conditions, other diseases of the respiratory system, diabetes)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	36.1	7.7	54.7	11.3
Other diseases (ill-defined disease peculiar to early infancy, tetanus, septicaemia)	19.1	2.8	10.0	1.6	-	-	-	-	9.4	1.9	-	-	-	-

Rates are given per 100 000 of population.