TABLES A–N.
| A: BENIN | Sources: Kay (2001), FAO (1995), République Populaire du Bénin (1976) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 86000 (1982); 300000 (1994) |
| Large irrigation schemes (ha) | 7556 (1994) |
| Medium scale (ha) | 192 (1994) |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes (ha) | 1038 (1994) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 22000 (1982); 17224 under fully controlled irrigation in 1994. |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | River floodplains and hill irrigation (SH), surface irrigation (40% of areas under controlled irrigation in 1994) |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 1167 |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Rice (93% of irrigated crops), 2. Onion (5%) (1993) |
| Constraints to irrigation development | N/A |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | N/A |
| IIA activities carried out | Some holes, or canals/channels, dug to raise fish in the floodplain of the Ouémé and Sô rivers were reported in the late 1970s. |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | N/A |
| Constraints to IIA development | In the late 1970s, the Ouémé River valley (floodplain) irrigation project was managed for crop cultivation leaving little scope for fish production, even integrated with rice. Heavy pesticide use was also a constraint. |
| IIA research carried out | N/A |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | N/A |
| B: BURKINA FASO | Sources: Kabré and Zerbo (2001), Kabré (2000), Kay (2001), Coche and Pedini (1998), FAO (1995) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | > 200000 (2001). Small irrigation potential. |
| Large irrigation schemes >500ha (ha) | 7980 (1992) |
| Medium scale (ha,) | 0 (1992) |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes <100ha (ha) | 7450 (1992) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 45730 under controlled irrigation in 1992; >16000 (2001) |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Surface irrigation (75% of areas under fully controlled irrigation in 1992) / River floodplains (SH). |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 1083 |
| Small water bodies | 2100 (domestic, agriculture, hydro-electricity) |
| Perennial dam reservoirs (ha) | 300 |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Rice (68% of irrigated crops) 2. Vegetables (12%) 3. Sorghum (9%) 4. Sugarcane (8.5%) (1992) |
| Constraints to irrigation development | - Silting of reservoirs - Water wastage - Lack of funding - Health issues (malaria, bilharzia) |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | - Lack of integration in agricultural development programmes - Lack of public funding - Poor understanding of local perceptions |
| IIA activities carried out | - Direct rice-fish integration in the Kou Valley
(1987–1988). - Indirect rice-fish integration in the Bragué irrigation scheme. - Several proposals made for the Sourou irrigation scheme but no implementation. - Small-water bodies fisheries enhancement practised for several years. - In dam reservoirs of Tanguiga, Goudri and Ramitenga - Integrated with vegetables upstream from dams. |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | - Fully controlled irrigation: Kou, Banzon and Sourou
valleys - Inland valley bottom, e.g. Comoé River - Rainfed areas - Integrated fish-livestock projects |
| Constraints to IIA development | - Lack of rice-fish farming
experience - Lack of fingerlings - Competition for on-farm resources, conflict over water allocation - Poor communication networks - Lack of funding (international agencies) - Lack of government direction in rice-fish development - Poor extension |
| IIA research carried out | - Rice-fish with different rice varieties in combination with mono/polyculture of
fish - Breeding programmes to stock ponds and reservoirs - Duck-fish systems |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | - 16 000ha currently under irrigation, priority to
rice - Many small reservoirs - Good fisheries management - Supportive institutional and policy frameworks. - High demand for fish and possibility to develop post-harvest value-adding activities |
| C: CAMEROON | Sources: FAO (2002d), Kay (2001), FAO (1995), Njock (1994) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 240000 (1985) |
| Large irrigation schemes (ha) | 11000 (1982) |
| Medium scale (ha) | N/A |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes (ha) | 9000 (1982) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 20000 (1982); 20970 under controlled irrigation (1987) |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | River floodplains (SH), hill irrigation (SH) |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 0 |
| Small water bodies | 10000 (<3ha) |
| Perennial reservoirs (ha) | N/A |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Rice (77%) 2. Vegetables (19%) 3. Banana (4%) |
| Constraints to irrigation development | - N/A |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | - Lack of co-operation between research institutions and government agencies
(development) - Lack of coherent aquaculture development policy and targeted funding - Lack of credit facilities for fish farmers and low availability of fingerlings - Poor management of aquaculture and breeding labs - Lack of socio-economic considerations related to aquaculture development, incl. lack of economic performance indicators - Lack of extension - Difficulties linked to land tenure |
| IIA activities carried out | N/A |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | N/A |
| Constraints to IIA development | - Deteriorating irrigation infrastructures |
| IIA research carried out | N/A |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | N/A |
| D: CHAD | Sources: Kay (2001), FAO (1995) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 1200000 (1982); 935000 (1994)3. |
| Large irrigation schemes >500ha (ha) | 9250 (grande irrigation) |
| Medium scale (ha) | N/A |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes <100ha (ha) | 4770 (petite irrigation) (1988) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 113420 (1988) |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Flood recession (69% of total area under irrigation), inland valley bottoms (19%), full/partial control irrigation (12%, of which, 77% using surface irrigation). River floodplains and rainwater harvesting (SH) |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 833 |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Sorghum (62% of irrigated crops, cultivated in flood recession areas) 2. Rice (24%, cultivated in full and partial control schemes and inland valley bottoms 3. Cereals (except rice and sorghum, 9%). |
| Constraints to irrigation development | - Irregularity in water supply to water sources due to variable climatic conditions - River (Logone) waters shared between Cameroon and Chad, limiting dry season irrigation - Declining level of Lake Chad which constrains irrigation in associated schemes, increases salinity and lower supply in drinking water |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | N/A |
| IIA activities carried out | N/A |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | N/A |
| Constraints to IIA development | - [already heavy competition for Lake Chad waters, increased by declining availability] |
| IIA research carried out | N/A |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | - Since the 1990s, emphasis is placed on development of smallholder irrigation schemes with farmers' involvement. |
| E: COTE D'IVOIRE | Sources: Gnekpo and Ziehi (2001), Kay (2001), Coulibaly (2000), Oswald et al. (1996), FAO (1995), Ziehi (1994) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 130000 (1982), 475000 (1994) |
| Large irrigation schemes >500ha (ha) | 42000 (1982) |
| Medium scale (ha) | N/A |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes <100ha (ha) | 10000 (1982) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 89000 under controlled irrigation in 1994; 72000 (2001). |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Fully controlled irrigation (54%) and equipped valley bottoms (28%) in 1994. River flood plains (SH) |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 1583 |
| Small water bodies | 172 (1994) |
| Perennial dam reservoirs (ha) | |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Rice (gravity, mainly in inland valley bottoms) 2. Sugarcane (sprinkler) 3. Plantain (sprinkler) 4. Vegetables (gravity) |
| Constraints to irrigation development | In 1994, irrigated agriculture has a minor role compared to rainfed agriculture. - Lack of national planning - High investment costs - No irrigation research - No irrigation tradition (rainfed crops) |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | Despite aquaculture development supported by adequate research facilities and government support (extension, credit and subsidies), - Lack of production statistics - Farmers too dependent on external support (extension) - Problems related to targeting of fish farmers for aquaculture activities and credit (small holders, incl. young and women) - Country's economic situation - Lack of research on socio-economic aspects of aquaculture development |
| IIA activities carried out | - Enhanced fisheries in small reservoirs - Rice-fish: within, upstream and upstream of paddy fields. “Projet d'appui à la Profession Piscicole du Centre Ouest” in Doloa Region (farm-based but no dissemination of results) - Fish in ponds adjacent to lowland rice fields in peri-urban zones |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | South and West of the country (Zone de Forêt): perennial streams and higher rainfall. |
| Constraints to IIA development | - Lack of institutional support and funding supporting integrated activities. - Lack of information and high irrigation costs which small farmers and women cannot afford. No credit. - Pesticide use in agriculture. - Insufficient extension and technical support. - Droughts and conflicts among water users. |
| IIA research carried out | N/A |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | - Irrigated rice areas should increase by 34 000ha between 1992 and 2015 - Inland valley bottoms and coastal swamps are favourable to irrigated rice culture (equivalent to 275 000ha) but remains under-exploited |
| F: GHANA | Sources: Kay (2001), Owusu and Kuwornu (2001), Coche and Pedini (1998), Kumah et al. (1996), FAO (1995), Kortenhorst (1985) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 500000 (2001). Huge irrigation potential. Estimated at 1900000 in 1994. |
| Large irrigation schemes (ha) | 4720 (1994) |
| Medium scale (ha) | 1204 (1994) |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes (ha) | 450 (1994) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 10000 (80% gravity) to be increased to 100000 by 2020. |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Surface (90%, including SH gravity irrigation schemes based on diversion of water stored in small dams), river floodplains (SH) and inland valley swamps. |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 333 |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Rice (floodplains) 2. Cash crops (veg., fruits, flowers) |
| Constraints to irrigation development | - High capital investment for irrigation infrastructure - Poor management of government funds - Lack of consistent policies for both small and large-scale projects - Land tenure system that constraints individual involvement - Limited capability to identify and formulate projects adapted to local land and water resources (topography) - Failure to take into account gender issues in the design of irrigation schemes for rice production. |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | - Modest success of aquaculture extension |
| IIA activities carried out | Early promotion of aquaculture and culture-based fisheries in irrigation systems: - on-farm pond aquaculture - enhanced fisheries in dam reservoirs - conversion of 5% of irrigated area in ponds - rice-fish trials in large-scale irrigation schemes in the Upper East Region. |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | - Tono, Vea and Dawhenya irrigation schemes (rice-fish) - Mampong Valley (vegetable-fish) and inland valley bottoms |
| Constraints to IIA development | - Inadequate extension - Lack of fish seed, feed, capital and information for farmers - High investment for irrigation development - Socio-cultural factors |
| IIA research carried out | - Rice-fish - Vegetable-fish (Institute of Renewable Natural Resources) |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | - Breeding and fingerling production - Adequate distribution and marketing support - Existence of an integration policy - Inland valley swamps identified as a cheaper alternative to large-scale irrigation schemes but, if developed for rice, sedimentation and siltation will have to be controlled by improved tillage |
| G: GUINEA | Sources: Agro-Ind. (2002), FAO (2002e), Kay (2001), FAO (1995) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 150000 (1982), 520000 (1994) |
| Large irrigation schemes (ha) | 8233 (1994) |
| Medium scale (ha) | N/A |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes (ha) | 7308 (1994) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 45000 (1982); 99148 (1994) |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Fully controlled irrigation (16% of total area under irrigation, incl. surface (90%), inland valley bottoms (swamps) (78%) and river floodplains (SH) |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 417 |
| Main irrigated crops | N/A |
| Constraints to irrigation development | N/A |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | [assumed to be similar to those constraining inland capture fisheries development: - lack of equipment - limited access to credit - isolation and remoteness of villages, poor access to internal markets - lack of processing infrastructures (preservation of fish)] |
| IIA activities carried out | N/A |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | N/A |
| Constraints to IIA development | [Inadequate land tenure in irrigation schemes] |
| IIA research carried out | N/A |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | - Mangrove management is oriented towards integrated production systems (rice, fish, salt etc.) |
| H: MALI | Sources: Bamba and Kienta (2001, 2002), Kay (2001), Niare et al. (2000), Coche and Pedini (1998), FAO (1995), ODI (undated) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 560000 (1992); 1100000 |
| Large irrigation schemes (ha) | 63119 (1994) |
| Medium scale (ha) | N/A |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes (ha) | 15501 (1994) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 191469 (1994); 200000. Segou is the largest area equipped for irrigation. |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Surface (100% in fully controlled large-scale irrigation schemes), floodplains of rivers Niger and Bani (SH), inland valley bottoms in SW part of the country. Flood recession cropping area constitutes 57% of total area under irrigation. |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 2167 |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Rice (80%) 2. Sorghum 3. Sugarcane 4. Tea |
| Constraints to irrigation development | - Limited irrigation research - Under-exploitation of irrigated areas - Unfavourable climatic conditions (important evaporation, irregular rainfall) and uneven distribution of water resources in the country. - High infrastructure costs (reservoir building) - No farmers' organisations and too many irrigation extension officers (lack of extension cohesion). |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | - Focus on fish biology, feed formulation, pond fertilisation and artificial breeding. - Lack of consideration given to the socio-economic aspects of the activity (land access, appropriation of techniques, competition between fish farming and capture fisheries). |
| IIA activities carried out | Several types of integration of aquaculture in large-scale irrigation schemes have been tried but are currently dominated by rice-fish activities. Rice-fish is promoted in Segou (demonstration pond in community-managed irrigation scheme, as part of SPFS) and Mopti (floodplain) areas. |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | Mopti, Ségou and Sélingué areas. High potential for improved rice-fish ponds in partial control large-scale irrigation schemes in the Delta Central of the Niger River (>80,000ha at Mopti and Segou, deepwater rice areas). |
| Constraints to IIA development | Little potential for IIA in flood-dependent irrigation schemes (e.g. Niger River) due to reduced peak floods. Constraints mainly linked to aquaculture development: - Lack of extension officers and limited promotion of the activity among rural populations - Limited access to credit for the activity - Limited institutional support (Chambres d'Agriculture) - Seasonal water availability - Use of pesticides in agriculture - Lack of institutional support and funds for aquaculture development - Single purpose management of irrigated rice areas - Low priority amongst farmers |
| IIA research carried out | Rice-fish trials |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | May be limited due to lack of water availability but current irrigation infrastructures are being rehabilitated and private sector initiative in irrigation development promoted. Emphasis is placed on stakeholders' involvement in water management and infrastructure maintenance [which could stimulate the creation of a favourable context for IIA development] |
| J: NIGER | Sources: Kay (2001), FAO (1995) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 100000 (1982); 270000 (1990) |
| Large irrigation schemes (ha) | 10000 (1982) |
| Medium scale (ha) | N/A |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes (ha) | 20000 (1982) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 30000 (1982), 66480 (1989) under full + partial control irrigation, 78480 (1989) under irrigation. |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Full + partial control irrigation (85% of total irrigated area), flood recession cropping area (15%), River Niger floodplain (SH). Dry-season irrigation widespread (vegetables) but supplementary irrigation in the wet season is not. |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 3000 |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Rice 2. Cotton 3. Wheat |
| Constraints to irrigation development | - Farmers see irrigation as a means to diversify crop production, not to increase productivity - Limited farmers' participation in irrigation planning - Lack of irrigation infrastructures and high irrigation costs, in particular in remote areas - Priority given to rainfed agriculture |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | N/A |
| IIA activities carried out | N/A |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | N/A |
| Constraints to IIA development | N/A |
| IIA research carried out | N/A |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | N/A |
| K. NIGERIA | Sources: Kay (2001), Egborge (1996), FAO (1995), Ezenwa (1994), Thomas (1994), Dike (1990), Ita (1976) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 2000000 (1982); 3317000 (1993) |
| Large irrigation schemes (ha) | 50000 (1982) |
| Medium scale (ha) | N/A |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes (ha) | 800000 (1982) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 850000 (1982); 956535 (1991) |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Flood recession plains (fadama) (76% of total area under irrigation): River Niger floodplain (SH) in northern Nigeria, full/partial control irrigation (23%). Also hill irrigation and rainwater harvesting (SH). |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 2750 |
| Small water bodies | N/A |
| Perennial dam reservoirs (ha) | 300000 (includes lakes). 60 large dams and 100 small dams. |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Rice (75%), 2. Vegetables (15%), 3. Wheat. |
| Constraints to irrigation development | - Fadamas are subject to conflict for multiple uses (agriculture, fishing, grazing or hunting) and users (farmers/fishers, national irrigation development planners and conservationists) - High cost of irrigation development - Inadequacy of planning and design of command areas or of canal systems - Past experiences of poor management in large-scale systems and wrong crop choices (e.g. wheat) - Lack of training and extension in small public projects - Changing hydraulic regime of floodplains (fadamas) due to dam construction upstream, upsetting traditional, informal irrigation water use |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | - High evapotranspiration, siltation and floating littoral vegetation infestations - Inadequate supply of inputs, fish seed and feed - Lack of aquaculture production statistics and database on endemic fish biology and ecology and lack of economic profitability indicators - Insufficient extension services, technical expertise and research-extension linkages - Low priority of aquaculture in government plans and budget allocations - Neglect of social and ethnic differences between target groups. - Lack of access to land and credit by small farmers |
| IIA activities carried out | - Construction of fishponds in Hadejia-Nguru floodplain (but failure in 1994) - Polyculture and single-species in floating cages in Kainji Dam reservoir (1976) |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | The floodplain of the Niger River is considered the greatest untapped potential for irrigation development, along with the River Benue and artificial reservoirs, could accommodate fish culture and IIA activities. Hadeja-Nguru wetland (NE of the country) hosts small-scale irrigation and deep-rice farming which is suitable for rice-fish integration. |
| Constraints to IIA development | - Access to land and pond construction costs beyond the reaches of poor farmers - Promotion of fertilizer use to increase agricultural productivity |
| IIA research carried out | - Research programme on cage, pen, enclosure systems and management of natural lakes and irrigation reservoirs |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | - Extensive water systems below exploitation - On-going research on alternative aquaculture systems (cages, pens, floodplain culture) |
| L. SENEGAL | Sources: Sanni (2002), Kay (2001), Diallo (1995), FAO (1995) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 180000 (1982), average 400000 (1994) |
| Large irrigation schemes (ha) | 23135 (1994) |
| Medium scale (ha) | 4265 (1994) |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes (ha) | 44000 (1994) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 100000 (1982); 141400 (1994) including 71400 under full/partial control irrigation; over 155000 (2002). |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Full/partial control irrigation (50% of total area under irrigation), inland valley bottoms (26%) and flood recession areas (23%). River Senegal floodplain and inland valley bottoms (swamp irrigation) (SH). Irrigated mangrove rice in Casamance. Rice irrigation divided in 3 types: large-scale schemes (grands périmètres), small-scale private/individual systems (périmètres d'irrigation privée) and village irrigation schemes (périmètres irrigués villageois). |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/yr over 1985–1997) | |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Rice (95% of irrigated areas) 2. Sugarcane (6% of irrigated areas) 3. Vegetables, fruits, maize. |
| Constraints to irrigation development | Despite growing urban demand and export-oriented crop production, irrigation development faces: - Agro-technical constraints (poor management of irrigated crops) - Socio-economic constraints (farmers' dependency on state, credit defaulting, problems related to water allocation) - Institutional constraints (traditional irrigation practices remain dominant, crop diversification rather than intensification) |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | Fish culture is limited following unsatisfactory results from internationally-funded projects on intensive pond culture, cage culture, extensive culture and rice-fish farming due to, in Senegal River valley: - Environmental constraints (variations in hydrological regime, soil porosity, high water turbidity, low temperature and mineral content, low consultation regarding water management policies) - Technological and institutional constraints (poor site selection, lack of research-development co-ordination, lack of fingerlings, extension staff, poor project management and premature technology transfer to farmers) - Socio-economic constraints (high costs of equipment for aquaculture, competition with marine fish and other on-farm resources, including labour, inadequate choice of target groups). In Casamance, poor results were caused by inadequate pond management and feeding, predation, high maintenance and labour costs. |
| IIA activities carried out | - Rice-fish culture: research (USAID + Chinese support) in Ndiarème dyu Wallo and Guidakhar, NGO support to development in Fatick (Ndiaye Ndiaye, Ndjosmon, Sanghaï) and Kédougou (Fadiga pond) regions (part of SPFS). - Community-managed fish culture in large-scale irrigation system of Vélingra (Anambe basin). - Pens in dammed valleys of Casamance (1994). - Fish stocked in irrigation canals and large-scale reservoirs. |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | River Senegal floodplain is being developed (as part of a national development plan to 2015) and existing irrigation systems are being rehabilitated. IIA already exists in the inland valleys of Casamance and systems could be improved there. |
| Constraints to IIA development | - Lack of experience in aquaculture, and IIA in particular - Land tenure and high cost of irrigation equipment - Single purpose or low water management efficiency - Lack of credit for aquaculture activities and of extension support |
| IIA research carried out | N/A |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | - Rehabilitation of current schemes and development of the River Senegal floodplain, provided that aquaculture is taken into account as an additional and complementary use to planned uses (flood recession crops, irrigated cash crops, vegetables and hydro-power) - Rice-fish farming in floodplains holds highest potential, especially in community and individually managed small-scale irrigation systems - Potential in large-scale full control irrigation systems is not as high due to institutional difficulties related to water management and low demand for fish in these areas - High demand for fish - Availability of fingerlings |
| M: SIERRA LEONE | Sources: Kay (2001), FAO (1995), Balarin (1984) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 100000 (1982); 807000 (1981) |
| Large irrigation schemes (ha) | 5000 (1982) |
| Medium scale (ha) | N/A |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes (ha) | 50000 (1982) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 55000 (1982); 155360 (1992) |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Inland valley swamps and mangrove swamps (81% of total area under irrigation) and river floodplains (SH). |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 83 |
| Main irrigated crops | Rice (155 000ha in 1991) |
| Constraints to irrigation development | - Rainfed upland rice dominates agricultural production and is grown by 96% of farmers - Irrigation development primarily related to a return to political stability |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | - Deficient socio-economic and infrastructural conditions constrain the development of large-scale aquaculture but small-scale projects have shown potential |
| IIA activities carried out | N/A |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | N/A |
| Constraints to IIA development | N/A |
| IIA research carried out | N/A |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | - Considerable potential for development of small-scale hydro-electric schemes that could be designed to accommodate irrigation [and aquaculture.] - Swamps considered as the most promising land to increase rice production [which could then be integrated to aquaculture] - Use of rice fields for rice-fish farming holds promises (with 10 percent of fields used for IIA, 8000 tons of fish could be produced per year. |
| N: TOGO | Sources: Kay (2001), FAO (1995), Kusiaku (1976) |
| Irrigation potential (ha) | 86000 (1982), 180000 (1990) |
| Large irrigation schemes (ha) | 900 (1990) |
| Medium scale (ha) | 772 (1990) |
| Small-holder / small-scale schemes (ha) | 336 (1990) |
| Irrigated areas (ha) | 13000 (1982); 7008 (1990) |
| Dominant type of irrigation / main environment | Inland valley bottoms (71% of total area under irrigation), full/partial control irrigation (28%, of which 72% use surface irrigation). Small to medium-sized earth dams commanding downstream areas by channels and river floodplain (SH) |
| Rate of irrigation development (ha/year over 1985–1997) | 0 |
| Main irrigated crops | 1. Sugarcane (45% of irrigated crops) 2. Rice/vegetables (28%) 3. Fruits (23%) |
| Constraints to irrigation development | More than 1 000 ha under full/partial control irrigation are under-exploited or even abandoned due to: - Management problems - Lack of market opportunities for agricultural outputs. - Irrigation not a priority in the country's development planning. |
| Constraints to aquaculture development | - Lack of confidence given to aquaculture extension initiatives by farmers. |
| IIA activities carried out | N/A |
| Potential sites for developing IIA | - Largest irrigation scheme is Anié. |
| Constraints to IIA development | N/A |
| IIA research carried out | N/A |
| IIA potential (current strengths) | - Rehabilitation of existing schemes could stimulate irrigation development [especially if aquaculture is a new activity integrated in
these] - Equipment of inland valley bottoms for irrigation has been a priority since the early 1990s |
