Oliver A. Ryder
The wild horse of the Asian steppe was first described to western scientists by Poliakov in 1881. The considerable interest that this significant discovery created ultimately resulted in the capture of Przewalski's horse foals, their transfer to captive environments, subsequent acclimatization, and successful captive breeding. Many zoologists were fascinated by this unique creature but, were it not for the dedicated efforts of the early owners and breeders of Przewalski's horses they would almost surely be extinct today.
All Przewalski's horses living today in captivity trace their ancestry to twelve animals brought out of Mongolia at the turn of the century and a single mare captured in 1947. Growth of the captive population was at first slow and the population numbers declined severely during World War II. The dedicated interest of zoologist Dr. Erna Mohr resulted in the publication of the first Pedigree Book of the Przewalski's Horse. International Symposia have been held to consider the biology of this endangered species beginning in 1959. Following the publication of the first Pedigree Book by Dr. Mohr in Prague, Czechoslovakia zoo has maintained the studbook under the direction of Dr. Jiri Volf. The initial studbook and the annual update of new information have set a standard for all subsequent studbooks.
A studbook is a historical record of births, deaths and parentage of individuals. Although many extremely useful tools for genetic analysis are available now it is still the case that the single most powerful tool for genetic analysis is studbook data. Thus the numerous volumes of the Pedigree Book of Equus przewalskii constitute one of the most sophisticated and useful records of long-term captive breeding.
Aspects of analysis of studbook data such as the calculation of demographic parameters suggest the growth potential of captive populations. Other calculations based upon pedigree data are reflections of the degree to which the genetic contributions of individuals brought into captivity have been assimilated into subsequent generations of captive individuals. The techniques and methodologies of pedigree analysis are a continuing focus of medical scientists and zoologists. For very few species of large mammals do pedigree data exist over ten or more generations. Consequently the application of new and sophisticated genetic analysis techniques provides additional insights concerning the extent to which captive populations may differ from the free-living populations from which they were derived.
DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
The growth of the captive population of Przewalski's horses has been thoroughly documented by Studbookkeeper Dr. Volk and elaboration has been provided by Bouman, Foose and others. The captive population is growing at a sufficient rate that significant new collections of Przewalski's horses have been established in Asia and Australia while, at the same time, substantial increases in the sizes of collections have taken place at institutions that have long histories of propagating the species. It is growing increasingly clear that Przewalski's horse individuals surplus to the requirements for adequate conservation of the species ex situ are now available in limited numbers and that in a few short years substantial numbers of individuals will be available for appropriate restoration and reintroduction projects. The relatively large numbers of individuals in the younger age classes of the world population of Equus przewalskii suggest that sufficient numbers of animals for establishing an appropriate programme of restoration of the species to its historic range in the People's Republic of Mongolia will be available (Figure 1). The broad base of the age distribution suggests that, under continued patterns of reproduction such as have been occurring recently, the population is capable of rapid expansion.
INBREEDING IN PRZEWALSKI'S HORSE
The early history of breeding Przewalski's horses in captivity was greatly influenced by the significance of domestic horsepower for human societies. Numerous governmental and non-governmental institutions were interested in the possibility of producing superior domestic horses and, considering this background, it is not at all surprising that numerous hybrids between Equus przewalskii and E. caballus were created. Fortunately, only one documented hybrid is depicted in the International Studbook. Similarly, selective inbreeding has long been recognized as an important tool for the agricultural breeder. It is not unexpected that the early breeding of Przewalski's horses included matings of close relatives. Furthermore, the pioneering work of modern population geneticists was unavilable to those first owners and breeders of Przewalski's horses. The propensity for normally outbreeding populations to suffer losses of vitality (i.e. fitness depression) as a result of consanguineous matings is well documented for mammalian populations. The negative effect may be only transitory and, for those populations able to have sufficient numbers of offspring surviving to produce numerous progeny themselves, the deleterious alleles may be purged. In populations founded by relatively few individuals, inbreeding is unavoidable and some genetically less-fit individuals are expected to succumb. In such small populations low to moderate levels of inbreeding may be necessary in order to avoid population extinction (e.g. Speke's gazelle at St. Louis Zoo, Missouri, USA ([Templeton and Read, in press]).
Avoidance of close inbreeding is generally observed in natural populations of feral horses and other equids. Consequently, to more closely simulate the genetical relationships presumed to have been exhibited by free-living populations of Przewalski's horses as well as to minimize the loss of genetic variability, inbreeding levels should not dramatically increase. Analysis of the world trend in levels of inbreeding as measured by the average coefficients of inbreeding of foals born each year is presented in Figure 2. As the world population grows and with periodic animal transfers among major geographical centres of breeding, e.g. Europe, North America, British Isles, as suggested by Bouman (1979) the worldwide increase in coefficients of inbreeding has been arrested. Since the inception of the Species Survival Plan for the Asian Wild Horse under the auspices of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums a previous trend toward increasingly higher values of coefficients of inbreeding in North American collections has been reversed (Figure 2).
Fig. 1 All institutions - population age structure for species: Przewalski Horse
Fig. 2 Przewalski horse inbreeding coefficients: yearly trend
Coefficients of inbreeding for all Przewalski's horses listed in the International Studbook issued in Prague on 1 January 1984 are presented in Appendix 1.
SELECTIVE BREEDING OF PRZEWALSKI'S HORSES
The milieu in which much of the captive breeding of Przewalski's horses has occurred included both conscious and unconscious selection. Unconscious selection began when the first foals began to die because they could not, in their wildness, adapt to their surrogate mothers and the journey to the west. Even currently, as in-experienced stallions run into fences and break their necks, unconscious (or unwilling) selection occurs. Conscious selection takes other forms. Some selection of stallions by phenotype has undisputedly occurred. On a worldwide basis there has been a 20-year trend of relative reduction on the genetic contribution of the E. caballus mare (who was the dam of #56, Halle 1) to the gene pool of captive E. przewalskii (Figure 3). During the same period of time there has been a dramatic increase in the relative genetic contribution of the last wild-caught mare, #231 Orlica III (Figure 3). Under common circumstances and for species whose populations are quite small (less than 100) conscious selection should be severely restricted. For other, larger, populations, and for the special case of introgression (in which genes from one species are introduced into another species) some selection against individuals with extreme attributes (“outliers”) or selection for reduction in the overall genetic contribution of the introgressing individual(s) is acceptable (Frankham et al., in press). This is, in fact, the currently occurring worldwide trend for captive E. przewalskii.
The extent to which the selection against the domestic mare has reduced the genetic variation derived from #58 Halle C, the single genetically effective offspring of two wild-caught individuals (#11, Bijsk 1 and #12, Bijsk 2), is a subject of current investigation (MacClure et al., in press; Gilpin et al., in preparation). It should be noted that studies of blood group and electrophoretic variation in Przewalski's horses have indicated that lower average levels of heterozygosity are present in those horses descended from #56 Halle 1 without the incorporation of genetic input from #285, Askania 3, Bars, than are observed among either the descendants of #56 Halle 1 after the introduction of genetic contribution from Bars to the captive gene pool or among the horses lacking genetic input from the domestic mare (Ryder et al. Equus, in press; Ryder et al. 1982).
POPULATION MANAGEMENT FOR GENE POOL PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION
There is ample documentation establishing the phenotypic diversity of the Przewalski's horses imported from Mongolia (Mohr 1959). Genetic analysis of proteins and DNA from recent generations of Przewalski's horses has readily demonstrated that substantial variability remains within the captive gene pool. It is this reservoir of genetic variation that represents the potential source of adaptive variation upon which natural selective forces will act as individuals are restored to free-living conditions. Consequently, an important aspect of the total effort to preserve Przewalski's horses and restore them to appropriate habitats is the maintenance of genetic variation within the captive gene pool in order that the restoration efforts have the greatest chances for success. The dependence of an established free-living population of Przewalski's horses upon the captive population will not cease until many generations of breeding in nature have occurred. Even at that time it is highly probable that some periodic exchanges of individuals will be considered desirable. Genetic bottlenecks must be anticipated as a result of strong selective forces acting on the reintroduced population as has been demonstrated for the reintroduction of the Arabian oryx (Stanley-Price et al., in press).
Fig. 3 Przewalski horse founder blood representation
In order to minimize the loss of gene pool resources for captive Przewalski's horses it is desirable to incorporate a relatively greater proportion of males born in one generation as sires of the next generation. For example three living stallions had sired 133 foals as of 1 January 1982 whereas some stallions with comodious pedigrees are underrepresented or not represented at all in subsequent generations. A listing of the reproductive contributions of all stallions having sired offspring listed in the studbook from its inception until 1 January 1982 appears in Appendix II.
Rather than placing single stallions in many small zoos with inadequate exercise space for Przewalski's horses, several new male-only groupings have been created in zoos in the British Isles and the United States. One new stallion group at Woburn Abbey re-establishes the species at one of the historical sites of early captive breeding success. Such groupings probably more closely reflect the natural groupings of adolescent males occurring in free-living populations of other equids. Care must be taken in the creation of all-male groups. Factors such as the relatedness of the colts, the age differential among individuals, and animal density must be taken into consideration. Even so, fighting and occasional injury may occur.
PRZEWALSKI'S HORSE AND THE EVOLUTION OF MONODACTYL EQUIDS
Following Poliakov's identification of the Mongolian wild horse as a species distinct from domestic horses in 1881, controversy surrounded the systematic status of the wild horse of Mongolia. The discovery that the diploid chromosome number of E. przewalskii differs from that of domestic horses provided new insights into the systematic differentiation of the two taxa (Benirschke and Malouf 1966). More recently, blood grouping analysis, electrophoretic studies and comparative studies of DNA have added further information concerning the genetic differentiation of Przewalski's and domestic horses (Ryder et al. in press; Ryder et al. 1979; Ryder et al. 1981; Ryder et al. 1982). A comparison of mitochondrial DNA restriction maps of E. przewalskii (representing three separate female founders) and E. caballus suggests the extent of divergence of their mitochondrial genomes is not indicative of a recent close genetic relationship. These data rather suggest that it was well before humans domesticated wild horses that Przewalski's horses and the wild ancestors of domestic horses had diverged from a common ancestor (George and Ryder 1983; George and Ryder, submitted for publication).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The contributions of The Canyon Colorado Equid Sanctuary, Wagon Mound, New Mexico (USA) in the form of computer-generated studbook analyses (represented by Figures 1, 2 and 3 as well as Appendix I) are gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by NIH grant GM23073, the Zoological Society of San Diego, and the Ceasar Kleberg Foundation.
REFERENCES
Bouman J. 1979 A possible stallion exchange strategy in order to decrease inbreeding in the Przewalski horse. In: Genetics and Hereditary Diseases of the Przewalski Horse. J. Bouman (ed). Foundation Pres. Prot. Przewalski Horse. Rotterdam. pp. 119– 124.
Buisman A.K. 1982 and van Weeren R. Breeding and management of Przewalski horses in captivity. In: Breeding Przewalski Horses in Captivity for Release in the Wild. Bouman and Bouman (eds). Foundation Pres. Prot. Przewalski Horse. Rotterdam.
Foose T.J. 1980 Demographic management of endangered species in captivity. Intl. Zoo Yrbk. 20: 154–165.
Frankham R., Hemmer H., Ryder O.A., Cothran E.G., Soule M.E., Murray N.D. and Snyder M. Selection in captive populations. (In press, Zoo Biology).
George M. 1983 and Ryder O.A. Evolutionary relationships among the Equidae inferred by mitochondrial DNA mapping. Abstract presented at the 63rd Ann. Mtg. of the American Society of Mammalogists.
George M. and Ryder O.A. Mitochondrial DNA evolution in Equus. (Submitted).
MacClure J.W., VandeBerg J.L., Read B. and Ryder O.A. Pedigree analysis by computer simulation. (In press, Zoo Biology).
Mohr E. 1959 Das Urwildpferd. A. Ziemsen Verlag. Wittenberg. Lutherstadt.
Ryder O.A., Bowling A.T., Brisbin P.C., Carroll P.M., Gadi I.K., Hansen S.K. and Wedemeyer E.A. Genetics of Equus przewalskii, Poliakov (1881): Analysis of genetic variability in breeding lines, comparison of equid DNAs, and a brief description of a cooperative breeding program in North America. (In press, Equus 2: [Berlin]).
Ryder O.A., 1981 Brisbin P.C., Bowling A.T. and Wedemeyer E.A. Monitoring genetic variation in endangered species. In: Evolution Today. Scudder and Reveal (eds). pp. 417–424.
Ryder O.A., 1982 Fisher R.A., Putt W. and Whitehouse D. Genetic differences among subgroups of a captively-bred endangered species: The case of the Mongolian wild horse, E. przewalskii. Ann. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zool. Parks Aquar. pp. 91–102.
Ryder O.A., 1979 Trommershausen-Smith A.T., Hansen S.K., Suzuki Y., Sparkes M.C., Sparkes R.S., Clegg J.B., Oosterhuis J.O., Nelson L.S., Robinson P.T., Meier J. and Benirschke K. Biochemical variation in Przewalski's horses of the Munich line in the United States. In: Genetics and Heredity Diseases of the Przewalski Horse. J. Bouman (ed). Foundation Pres. Prot. Przewalski Horse. Rotterdam. pp. 41–60.
Templeton A.R. and Read B. Factors eliminating inbreeding depression in a captive herd of Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei). (In press, Zoo Biology).
Volf J. 1960 Pedigree Book of the Przewalski Horse. Zoological Garden, Prague, Czechoslovakia.
et seq.
APPENDIX I
CANYON COLORADO EQUID SANCTUARY
FOR SPECIES: Przewalski Horse
MATRIX/KEY (STUDBOOK NO.) CROSS REFERENCE TABLE
MAT# | KEY# | NAME | ICOEF |
1 | 0001 | KOBDO 1 | .000 |
2 | 0002 | KOBDO 2 | .000 |
3 | 0003 | KOBDO 3 | .000 |
4 | 0004 | KOBDO 4 | .000 |
5 | 0005 | KOBDO 5 | .000 |
6 | 0006 | KOBDO 6 | .000 |
7 | 0007 | KOBDO 7 | .000 |
8 | 0008 | MOSKVA 1 | .000 |
9 | 0009 | MOSKVA 2 | .000 |
10 | 1200 | DOMESTIC MONGOL. | .000 |
11 | 0010 | MOSKVA 3 | .000 |
12 | 0011 | BIJSK 1 | .000 |
13 | 0012 | BIJSK 2 | .000 |
14 | 0013 | BIJSK 3 | .000 |
15 | 0014 | BIJSK 4 | .000 |
16 | 0015 | BIJSK 5 | .000 |
17 | 0016 | BIJSK 6 | .000 |
18 | 0017 | BIJSK 7 | .000 |
19 | 0018 | BIJSK 8 | .000 |
20 | 0019 | BIJSK 9 | .000 |
21 | 0020 | BIJSK 10 | .000 |
22 | 0021 | BIJSK 11 | .000 |
23 | 0022 | BIJSK 12 | .000 |
24 | 0023 | BIJSK 13 | .000 |
25 | 0024 | BIJSK 14 | .000 |
26 | 0025 | BIJSK 15 | .000 |
27 | 0026 | BIJSK 16 | .000 |
28 | 0027 | BIJSK 17 | .000 |
29 | 0028 | BIJSK 18 | .000 |
30 | 0029 | BIJSK 19 | .000 |
31 | 0030 | BIJSK 20 | .000 |
32 | 0031 | BIJSK 21 | .000 |
33 | 0032 | BIJSK 22 | .000 |
34 | 0033 | BIJSK 23 | .000 |
35 | 0034 | BIJSK 24 | .000 |
36 | 0035 | BIJSK 25 | .000 |
37 | 0036 | BIJSK 26 | .000 |
38 | 0037 | BIJSK 27 | .000 |
39 | 0038 | BIJSK 28 | .000 |
40 | 0211 | WOBURN 6 | .000 |
41 | 0212 | WOBURN 7 | .000 |
42 | 0039 | BIJSK A | .000 |
43 | 0040 | BIJSK B | .000 |
44 | 0041 | BIJSK C | .000 |
45 | 0042 | BIJSK D | .000 |
46 | 0043 | BIJSK E | .000 |
47 | 0044 | BIJSK F | .000 |
48 | 0045 | BIJSK G | .000 |
49 | 0046 | BIJSK H | .000 |
50 | 0047 | BIJSK J | .000 |
51 | 0048 | BIJSK K | .000 |
52 | 0049 | BIJSK L | .000 |
53 | 0050 | KOBDO A | .000 |
54 | 0051 | KOBDO B | .000 |
55 | 0052 | KOBDO C | .000 |
56 | 0053 | KOBDO D | .000 |
57 | 0054 | KOBDO E | .000 |
58 | 0206 | WOBURN 1 | .000 |
59 | 0421 | ASKANIA K | .000 |
60 | 0056 | HALLE 1 | .000 |
61 | 0055 | HALLE A | .000 |
62 | 0422 | ASKANIA L | .000 |
63 | 0057 | HALLE B | .000 |
64 | 0423 | ASKANIA M | .000 |
65 | 0058 | HALLE C | .000 |
66 | 0203 | GOOILUST 1 | .000 |
67 | 0100 | YORK 1 | .000 |
68 | 0424 | ASKANIA N | .000 |
69 | 0124 | PARIS 1 | .000 |
70 | 0204 | GOOILUST 2 | .000 |
71 | 0425 | ASKANIA O | .000 |
72 | 0426 | ASKANIA P | .000 |
73 | 0101 | YORK 2 | .000 |
74 | 0113 | CINC 1 | .000 |
75 | 0059 | HALLE 2 | .125 |
76 | 0102 | YORK 3 | .250 |
77 | 0427 | ASKANIA R | .000 |
78 | 0103 | YORK 4 | .000 |
79 | 0205 | GOOILUST 3 | .000 |
80 | 0428 | ASKANIA S | .000 |
81 | 0060 | HALLE 3 | .125 |
82 | 0429 | ASKANIA T | .000 |
83 | 0125 | PARIS 2 | .000 |
84 | 0061 | HALLE 4 | .125 |
85 | 0430 | ASKANIA U | .000 |
86 | 0104 | YORK 5 | .000 |
87 | 0431 | ASKANIA V | .000 |
88 | 0105 | YORK 6 | .250 |
89 | 0106 | YORK 7 | .000 |
90 | 0126 | PARIS 3 | .000 |
91 | 0114 | PHIL 1 | .000 |
92 | 0107 | YORK 8 | .250 |
93 | 0062 | HALLE 5 | .125 |
94 | 0063 | HALLE 6 | .313 |
95 | 0108 | YORK 9 | .000 |
96 | 0115 | PHIL 2 | .000 |
97 | 0064 | HALLE 7 | .313 |
98 | 0432 | ASKANIA Z | .250 |
99 | 0187 | ASKANIA A | .125 |
100 | 0116 | PHIL 3 | .000 |
101 | 0065 | HALLE 8 | .125 |
102 | 0066 | HALLE 9 | .313 |
103 | 0117 | PHIL 4 | .000 |
104 | 0067 | HALLE 10 | .125 |
105 | 0188 | ASKANIA B | .250 |
106 | 0433 | ASKANIA a | .125 |
107 | 0118 | PHIL 5 | .000 |
108 | 0434 | ASKANIA b | .250 |
109 | 0222 | SIDNEY 1 | .250 |
110 | 0435 | ASKANIA C | .250 |
111 | 0436 | ASKANIA d | .250 |
112 | 0127 | PARIS 4 | .000 |
113 | 0437 | ASKANIA e | .125 |
114 | 0109 | YORK 10 | .250 |
115 | 0438 | ASKANIA f | .250 |
116 | 0189 | ASKANIA C | .125 |
117 | 0119 | PHIL 6 | .000 |
118 | 0439 | ASKANIA g | .250 |
119 | 0191 | ASKANIA E | .125 |
120 | 0068 | PRAHA 1 | .313 |
121 | 0110 | YORK 11 | .250 |
122 | 0177 | LONDON 1 | .000 |
123 | 0440 | ASKANIA h | .250 |
124 | 0192 | ASKANIA F | .125 |
125 | 0223 | SIDNEY 2 | .250 |
126 | 0069 | PRAHA 2 | .313 |
127 | 0216 | WOBURN 11 | .000 |
128 | 0178 | LONDON 2 | .000 |
129 | 0224 | SIDNEY 3 | .375 |
130 | 0111 | YORK 12 | .250 |
131 | 0070 | PRAHA 3 | .313 |
132 | 0194 | ASKANIA H | .188 |
133 | 0197 | BERLIN 1 | .250 |
134 | 0441 | ASKANIA j | .188 |
135 | 0442 | ASKANIA k | .313 |
136 | 0120 | WASH 1 | .250 |
137 | 0179 | LONDON 3 | .000 |
138 | 0071 | PRAHA 4 | .313 |
139 | 0443 | ASKANIA i | .188 |
140 | 0444 | ASKANIA m | .188 |
141 | 0198 | BERLIN 2 | .250 |
142 | 0112 | YORK 13 | .250 |
143 | 0180 | LONDON 4 | .000 |
144 | 0225 | SIDNEY 4 | .250 |
145 | 0226 | SIDNEY 5 | .375 |
146 | 0445 | ASKANIA n | .188 |
147 | 0121 | WASH 2 | .250 |
148 | 0446 | ASKANIA o | .188 |
149 | 0447 | ASKANIA p | .250 |
150 | 0072 | PRAHA 5 | .313 |
151 | 0199 | BERLIN 3 | .250 |
152 | 0448 | ASKANIA r | .188 |
153 | 0449 | ASKANIA s | .188 |
154 | 0450 | ASKANIA t | .313 |
155 | 0181 | LONDON 5 | .000 |
156 | 0451 | ASKANIA u | .375 |
157 | 0193 | ASKANIA G | .125 |
158 | 0140 | HELL 13 | .406 |
159 | 0128 | HELL 1 | .000 |
160 | 0122 | WASH 3 | .250 |
161 | 0129 | HELL 2 | .000 |
162 | 0200 | BERLIN 4 | .250 |
163 | 0130 | HELL 3 | .000 |
164 | 0141 | HELL 14 | .000 |
165 | 0182 | LONDON 6 | .250 |
166 | 0123 | WASH 4 | .250 |
167 | 0131 | HELL 4 | .000 |
168 | 0073 | PRAHA 6 | .000 |
169 | 0230 | MONGOL | .000 |
170 | 0142 | HELL 15 | .000 |
171 | 0196 | WARSZAWA 1 | .313 |
172 | 0143 | HELL 16 | .484 |
173 | 0144 | HELL 17 | .000 |
174 | 0195 | ASKANIA J | .375 |
175 | 0132 | HELL 5 | .000 |
176 | 0201 | BERLIN 5 | .250 |
177 | 0452 | ASKANIA v | .375 |
178 | 0074 | PRAHA 7 | .000 |
179 | 0202 | BERLIN 6 | .250 |
180 | 0145 | HELL 18 | .000 |
181 | 0075 | PRAHA 8 | .000 |
182 | 0146 | HELL 19 | .000 |
183 | 0147 | HELL 20 | .000 |
184 | 0183 | LONDON 7 | .000 |
185 | 0148 | HELL 21 | .000 |
186 | 0076 | PRAHA 9 | .000 |
187 | 0149 | HELL 22 | .000 |
188 | 0150 | HELL 23 | .000 |
189 | 0151 | HELL 24 | .000 |
190 | 0152 | HELL 25 | .000 |
191 | 0231 | MONGOL 1 | .000 |
192 | 0153 | HELL 26 | .313 |
193 | 0154 | HELL 27 | .000 |
194 | 0155 | HELL 28 | .000 |
195 | 0134 | HELL 7 | .305 |
196 | 0133 | HELL 6 | .000 |
197 | 0156 | HELL 29 | .000 |
198 | 0157 | HELL 30 | .000 |
199 | 0135 | HELL 8 | .131 |
200 | 0077 | PRAHA 10 | .297 |
201 | 0078 | PRAHA 11 | .219 |
202 | 0079 | PRAHA 12 | .266 |
203 | 0158 | HELL 31 | .156 |
204 | 0159 | HELL 32 | .156 |
205 | 0160 | HELL 33 | .305 |
206 | 0161 | HELL 34 | .156 |
207 | 0136 | HELL 9 | .000 |
208 | 0080 | PRAHA 13 | .297 |
209 | 0081 | PRAHA 14 | .266 |
210 | 0082 | PRAHA 15 | .219 |
211 | 0162 | HELL 35 | .313 |
212 | 0163 | HELL 36 | .313 |
213 | 0164 | HELL 37 | .313 |
214 | 0137 | HELL 10 | .000 |
215 | 0083 | PRAHA 16 | .219 |
216 | 0084 | PRAHA 17 | .297 |
217 | 0085 | PRAHA 18 | .266 |
218 | 0086 | PRAHA 19 | .297 |
219 | 0087 | PRAHA 20 | .266 |
220 | 0165 | HELL 38 | .188 |
221 | 0166 | HELL 39 | .156 |
222 | 0088 | PRAHA 21 | .219 |
223 | 0167 | HELL 40 | .156 |
224 | 0138 | HELL 11 | .000 |
225 | 0168 | HELL 41 | .188 |
226 | 0139 | HELL 12 | .078 |
227 | 0169 | HELL 42 | .156 |
228 | 0089 | PRAHA 22 | .297 |
229 | 0090 | PRAHA 23 | .266 |
230 | 0091 | PRAHA 24 | .219 |
231 | 0184 | LONDON 8 | .328 |
232 | 0170 | HELL 43 | .188 |
233 | 0171 | HELL 44 | .156 |
234 | 0219 | BLIJDORP 1 | .332 |
235 | 0092 | PRAHA 25 | .266 |
236 | 0185 | LONDON 9 | .328 |
237 | 0172 | HELL 45 | .250 |
238 | 0093 | PRAHA 26 | .309 |
239 | 0094 | PRAHA 27 | .309 |
240 | 0173 | HELL 46 | .156 |
241 | 0227 | CATSKILL 1 | .156 |
242 | 0220 | BLIJDORP 2 | .332 |
243 | 0228 | CATSKILL 2 | .188 |
244 | 0221 | ANVERS 1 | .398 |
245 | 0095 | PRAHA 28 | .266 |
246 | 0174 | HELL 47 | .250 |
247 | 0096 | PRAHA 29 | .297 |
248 | 0097 | PRAHA 30 | .309 |
249 | 0098 | PRAHA 31 | .309 |
250 | 0232 | BLIJDORP 3 | .332 |
251 | 0233 | PRAHA 32 | .297 |
252 | 0234 | PRAHA 33 | .309 |
253 | 0235 | PRAHA 34 | .266 |
254 | 0236 | PRAHA 35 | .309 |
255 | 0237 | HELL 48 | .250 |
256 | 0238 | BLIJDORP 4 | .482 |
257 | 0239 | BLIJDORP 5 | .332 |
258 | 0240 | ANVERS 2 | .328 |
259 | 0241 | HELL 49 | .328 |
260 | 0242 | CATSKILL 3 | .309 |
261 | 0243 | PRAHA 36 | .297 |
262 | 0244 | ASKANIA 1 | .000 |
263 | 0245 | PRAHA 37 | .309 |
264 | 0246 | LONDON 10 | .328 |
265 | 0247 | PRAHA 38 | .266 |
266 | 0248 | CATSKILL 4 | .305 |
267 | 0249 | CATSKILL 5 | .156 |
268 | 0250 | PRAHA 39 | .398 |
269 | 0251 | PRAHA 40 | .309 |
270 | 0252 | KOBEN 1 | .207 |
271 | 0253 | HELL 50 | .250 |
272 | 0254 | CATSKILL 6 | .328 |
273 | 0255 | PRAHA 41 | .309 |
274 | 0256 | ANVERS 3 | .328 |
275 | 0257 | BLIJDORP 6 | .482 |
276 | 0258 | PRAHA 42 | .309 |
277 | 0259 | ASKANIA 2 | .000 |
278 | 0260 | PRAHA 43 | .297 |
279 | 0261 | PRAHA 44 | .398 |
280 | 0262 | CATSKILL 7 | .250 |
281 | 0263 | CATSKILL 8 | .309 |
282 | 0264 | AMSTER 1 | .332 |
283 | 0265 | CATSKILL 9 | .156 |
284 | 0266 | CATSKILL 10 | .250 |
285 | 0267 | HELL 51 | .250 |
286 | 0268 | CATSKILL 11 | .305 |
287 | 0269 | PRAHA 45 | .266 |
288 | 0270 | PRAHA 46 | .297 |
289 | 0271 | PRAHA 47 | .309 |
290 | 0272 | BLIJDORP 7 | .482 |
291 | 0273 | PRAHA 48 | .398 |
292 | 0274 | KOBEN 2 | .207 |
293 | 0275 | CATSKILL 12 | .207 |
294 | 0276 | CATSKILL 13 | .250 |
295 | 0277 | CATSKILL 14 | .156 |
296 | 0278 | HELL 52 | .250 |
297 | 0279 | CATSKILL 15 | .328 |
298 | 0280 | ANVERS 4 | .328 |
299 | 0281 | PARIS 5 | .047 |
300 | 0282 | PRAHA 49 | .309 |
301 | 0283 | PRAHA 50 | .398 |
302 | 0284 | BLIJDORP 8 | .482 |
303 | 0285 | ASKANIA 3 | .000 |
304 | 0286 | PRAHA 51 | .266 |
305 | 0287 | PRAHA 52 | .459 |
306 | 0288 | PRAHA 53 | .459 |
307 | 0289 | ASKANIA 4 | .250 |
308 | 0290 | PRAHA 54 | .297 |
309 | 0291 | PRAHA 55 | .309 |
310 | 0292 | CATSKILL 16 | .309 |
311 | 0293 | CATSKILL 17 | .305 |
312 | 0294 | HELL 53 | .250 |
313 | 0295 | HELL 54 | .242 |
314 | 0296 | PRAHA 56 | .383 |
315 | 0297 | KOBEN 3 | .207 |
316 | 0298 | CATSKILL 18 | .207 |
317 | 0299 | CATSKILL 19 | .328 |
318 | 0300 | CATSKILL 20 | .402 |
319 | 0301 | CATSKILL 21 | .250 |
320 | 0302 | CATSKILL 22 | .156 |
321 | 0303 | PRAHA 57 | .398 |
322 | 0304 | BERLIN-O. 1 | .332 |
323 | 0305 | ANVERS 5 | .328 |
324 | 0306 | PRAHA 58 | .309 |
325 | 0307 | BLIJDORP 9 | .558 |
326 | 0308 | BLIJDORP 10 | .482 |
327 | 0309 | PRAHA 59 | .309 |
328 | 0310 | PRAHA 60 | .398 |
329 | 0311 | PRAHA 61 | .309 |
330 | 0312 | PRAHA 62 | .297 |
331 | 0313 | ASKANIA 5 | .250 |
332 | 0314 | PRAHA 63 | .309 |
333 | 0315 | PRAHA 64 | .266 |
334 | 0316 | CATSKILL 23 | .305 |
335 | 0317 | CATSKILL 24 | .207 |
336 | 0318 | PRAHA 65 | .459 |
337 | 0319 | CATSKILL 25 | .309 |
338 | 0320 | CATSKILL 26 | .250 |
339 | 0321 | ASKANIA 6 | .000 |
340 | 0322 | HELL 55 | .328 |
341 | 0323 | PRAHA 66 | .398 |
342 | 0324 | PRAHA 67 | .383 |
343 | 0325 | PRAHA 68 | .406 |
344 | 0326 | ANVERS 6 | .328 |
345 | 0327 | LEIPZIG 1 | .469 |
346 | 0328 | PRAHA 69 | .309 |
347 | 0329 | CATSKILL 27 | .328 |
348 | 0330 | BERLIN O 2 | .332 |
349 | 0331 | PRAHA 70 | .398 |
350 | 0332 | PRAHA 71 | .297 |
351 | 0333 | ASKANIA 7 | .250 |
352 | 0334 | CATSKILL 28 | .195 |
353 | 0335 | PRAHA 72 | .309 |
354 | 0336 | BLIJDROP 11 | .482 |
355 | 0337 | PRAHA 73 | .309 |
356 | 0338 | HELL 56 | .250 |
357 | 0339 | CATSKILL 29 | .207 |
358 | 0340 | HELL 57 | .242 |
359 | 0341 | CATSKILL 30 | .250 |
360 | 0342 | PRAHA 74 | .383 |
361 | 0343 | AMSTER 2 | .486 |
362 | 0344 | PRAHA 75 | .459 |
363 | 0345 | ANVERS 7 | .328 |
364 | 0346 | BLIJDORP 12 | .558 |
365 | 0347 | LEIPZIG 2 | .469 |
366 | 0348 | WASS 1 | .566 |
367 | 0349 | LONDON 11 | .355 |
368 | 0350 | LONDON 12 | .355 |
369 | 0351 | LONDON 13 | .342 |
370 | 0352 | ASKANIA 8 | .047 |
371 | 0353 | PRAHA 76 | .504 |
372 | 0354 | PRAHA 77 | .398 |
373 | 0355 | PRAHA 78 | .309 |
374 | 0356 | BLIJDORP 13 | .482 |
375 | 0357 | CATSKILL 31 | .311 |
376 | 0358 | HELL 58 | .250 |
377 | 0359 | PRAHA 79 | .309 |
378 | 0360 | AMSTER 3 | .490 |
379 | 0361 | CATSKILL 32 | .309 |
380 | 0362 | CATSKILL 33 | .402 |
381 | 0365 | HELL 59 | .328 |
382 | 0363 | PRAHA 80 | .398 |
383 | 0364 | KOBEN 4 | .207 |
384 | 0366 | CATSKILL 34 | .328 |
385 | 0367 | PRAHA 81 | .398 |
386 | 0646 | LONDON 32 | .355 |
387 | 0368 | CATSKILL 35 | .207 |
388 | 0369 | WASH-TANK 1 | .195 |
389 | 0370 | LEIPZIG 3 | .469 |
390 | 0371 | AMSTER 4 | .486 |
391 | 0372 | PRAHA 82 | .309 |
392 | 0373 | CATSKILL 36 | .195 |
393 | 0374 | PRAHA 83 | .332 |
394 | 0375 | BERLIN-O 3 | .047 |
395 | 0376 | PRAHA 84 | .504 |
396 | 0377 | PRAHA 85 | .035 |
397 | 0378 | HELL 60 | .242 |
398 | 0379 | BLIJDORP 14 | .558 |
399 | 0380 | CATSKILL 37 | .195 |
400 | 0381 | CATSKILL 38 | .250 |
401 | 0382 | WASS 2 | .566 |
402 | 0383 | HELL 61 | .250 |
403 | 0384 | CATSKILL 39 | .402 |
404 | 0385 | HABANA 1 | .403 |
405 | 0386 | PRAHA 86 | .023 |
406 | 0387 | PRAHA 87 | .047 |
407 | 0388 | PRAHA 88 | .047 |
408 | 0389 | LONDON 14 | .342 |
409 | 0390 | LONDON 15 | .355 |
410 | 0391 | ASKANIA 9 | .023 |
411 | 0392 | CATSKILL 40 | .328 |
412 | 0393 | PRAHA 89 | .023 |
413 | 0394 | HELL 62 | .242 |
414 | 0395 | PRAHA 90 | .035 |
415 | 0396 | PRAHA 91 | .332 |
416 | 0397 | HELL 63 | .250 |
417 | 0398 | KOLN 1 | .464 |
418 | 0399 | PRAHA 92 | .398 |
419 | 0400 | PRAHA 93 | .047 |
420 | 0401 | LONDON 16 | .355 |
421 | 0402 | BLIJDORP 15 | .482 |
422 | 0403 | PRAHA 94 | .023 |
423 | 0404 | LEIPZIG 4 | .469 |
424 | 0405 | BLIJDORP 16 | .558 |
425 | 0406 | SAN DIEGO 1 | .334 |
426 | 0407 | CATSKILL 41 | .250 |
427 | 0408 | CATSKILL 42 | .195 |
428 | 0409 | LONDON 17 | .342 |
429 | 0417 | CATSKILL 56 | .309 |
430 | 0410 | CATSKILL 43 | .328 |
431 | 0411 | HELL 64 | .242 |
432 | 0412 | PRAHA 95 | .023 |
433 | 0413 | LONDON 18 | .355 |
434 | 0414 | PRAHA 96 | .035 |
435 | 0415 | KOLN 2 | .464 |
436 | 0416 | WARSZAWA 2 | .330 |
437 | 0457 | PARIS 6 | .330 |
438 | 0458 | SAN DIEGO 2 | .235 |
439 | 0459 | WASS 3 | .566 |
440 | 0460 | LEIPZIG 5 | .469 |
441 | 0461 | ANVERS 8 | .354 |
442 | 0462 | PRAHA 97 | .047 |
443 | 0463 | PRAHA 98 | .023 |
444 | 0464 | PARIS 7 | .192 |
445 | 0465 | LEIPZIG 6 | .029 |
446 | 0466 | PARIS 8 | .200 |
447 | 0467 | NURNBERG 1 | .342 |
448 | 0468 | PRAHA 99 | .398 |
449 | 0469 | CATSKILL 44 | .207 |
450 | 0485 | KOBEN 5 | .207 |
451 | 0470 | CATSKILL 45 | .195 |
452 | 0471 | PRAHA 100 | .023 |
453 | 0472 | PRAHA 101 | .406 |
454 | 0473 | SAN DIEGO 3 | .334 |
455 | 0474 | ANVERS 9 | .342 |
456 | 0475 | LONDON 19 | .355 |
457 | 0476 | CATSKILL 46 | .328 |
458 | 0477 | LONDON 20 | .342 |
459 | 0478 | HELL 65 | .242 |
460 | 0479 | BERLIN-0. 4 | .047 |
461 | 0480 | CATSKILL 47 | .195 |
462 | 0481 | PRAHA 102 | .035 |
463 | 0482 | WARSZAWA 3 | .330 |
464 | 0483 | PRAHA 103 | .330 |
465 | 0484 | KOLN 3 | .464 |
466 | 0509 | BLIJDROP 17 | .558 |
467 | 0486 | PRAHA 104 | .047 |
468 | 0487 | SAN DIEGO 4 | .235 |
469 | 0488 | PRAHA 105 | .023 |
470 | 0489 | ASKANIA 10 | .035 |
471 | 0490 | ASKANIA 11 | .375 |
472 | 0491 | MARWELL 1 | .354 |
473 | 0492 | PRAHA 106 | .023 |
474 | 0493 | PRAHA 107 | .023 |
475 | 0494 | CATSKILL 48 | .289 |
476 | 0495 | LONDON 21 | .355 |
477 | 0496 | BROOK 1 | .209 |
478 | 0497 | HOWLETTS 1 | .398 |
479 | 0498 | CATSKILL 49 | .250 |
480 | 0499 | HOWLETTS 2 | .354 |
481 | 0500 | LONDON 22 | .342 |
482 | 0501 | CATSKILL 50 | .172 |
483 | 0502 | LONDON 23 | .355 |
484 | 0503 | HELL 66 | .250 |
485 | 0504 | SAN DIEGO 5 | .334 |
486 | 0505 | CATSKILL 51 | .289 |
487 | 0506 | HOWLETTS 3 | .262 |
488 | 0507 | RIGA 1 | .332 |
489 | 0508 | MARWELL 2 | .330 |
490 | 0510 | PARIS 9 | .192 |
491 | 0511 | PRAHA 108 | .047 |
492 | 0512 | WARSZAWA 4 | .330 |
493 | 0513 | ANVERS 10 | .354 |
494 | 0514 | ANVERS 11 | .342 |
495 | 0515 | BERLIN-OST 5 | .047 |
496 | 0516 | HOWLETTS 4 | .354 |
497 | 0517 | MARWELL 3 | .039 |
498 | 0518 | KOLN 4 | .464 |
499 | 0519 | PRAHA 109 | .023 |
500 | 0520 | PARIS 10 | .330 |
501 | 0521 | PARIS 11 | .200 |
502 | 0522 | MARWELL 4 | .000 |
503 | 0523 | PRAHA 110 | .023 |
504 | 0524 | ASKANIA 12 | .375 |
505 | 0525 | ASKANAIA 13 | .035 |
506 | 0526 | BROOK 2 | .209 |
507 | 0527 | MARWELL 5 | .000 |
508 | 0528 | ASKANIA 14 | .070 |
509 | 0529 | MARWELL 6 | .039 |
510 | 0530 | LONDON 24 | .342 |
511 | 0531 | SALZBURG 1 | .012 |
512 | 0532 | CATSKILL 52 | .207 |
513 | 0533 | CATSKILL 53 | .289 |
514 | 0534 | CATSKILL 54 | .195 |
515 | 0535 | CATSKILL 55 | .328 |
516 | 0536 | WASS 4 | .566 |
517 | 0537 | NURNBERG 2 | .029 |
518 | 0538 | LONDON 25 | .355 |
519 | 0539 | MARWELL 7 | .000 |
520 | 0540 | PRAHA 111 | .023 |
521 | 0541 | CATSKILL 57 | .193 |
522 | 0542 | HOWLETTS 5 | .221 |
523 | 0543 | NURNBERG 3 | .039 |
524 | 0570 | WARSZAWA 5 | .330 |
525 | 0544 | HOWLETTS 6 | .354 |
526 | 0545 | CATSKILL 58 | .250 |
527 | 0546 | MARWELL 8 | .039 |
528 | 0547 | LEIPZIG 7 | .414 |
529 | 0548 | ASKANIA 15 | .250 |
530 | 0549 | BROOK. 3 | .209 |
531 | 0550 | ASKANIA 16 | .023 |
532 | 0551 | PRAHA 112 | .023 |
533 | 0552 | ASKANIA 17 | .047 |
534 | 0553 | BERLIN-O. 6 | .047 |
535 | 0554 | MARWELL 9 | .000 |
536 | 0555 | MARWELL 10 | .000 |
537 | 0556 | SALZBURG 2 | .012 |
538 | 0557 | HELL 67 | .250 |
539 | 0558 | PRAHA 113 | .262 |
540 | 0559 | MARWELL 11 | .039 |
541 | 0560 | ANVERS 12 | .354 |
542 | 0561 | PARIS 12 | .192 |
543 | 0562 | NURNBERG 4 | .077 |
544 | 0563 | LEIPZIG 8 | .029 |
545 | 0564 | MARWELL 12 | .000 |
546 | 0565 | HELL.68 | .242 |
547 | 0569 | SAN DIEGO 6 | .334 |
548 | 0566 | CATSKILL 59 | .252 |
549 | 0567 | CATSKILL 60 | .311 |
550 | 0568 | CATSKILL 61 | .226 |
551 | 0571 | MARWELL 13 | .000 |
552 | 0572 | KOLN 5 | .597 |
553 | 0573 | HOWLETTS 7 | .221 |
554 | 0574 | NURNBERG 5 | .029 |
555 | 0575 | HOWLETTS 8 | .354 |
556 | 0576 | ARNHEM 1 | .349 |
557 | 0577 | PRAHA 114 | .023 |
558 | 0578 | MARWELL 14 | .000 |
559 | 0579 | NURNBERG 6 | .039 |
560 | 0580 | HELL 69 | .309 |
561 | 0581 | LONDON 26 | .355 |
562 | 0582 | LONDON 27 | .330 |
563 | 0583 | PRAHA 115 | .262 |
564 | 0584 | MARWELL 15 | .039 |
565 | 0585 | HOWLETTS 9 | .354 |
566 | 0586 | LONDON 28 | .405 |
567 | 0587 | HOWLETTS 10 | .221 |
568 | 0588 | PRAHA 116 | .023 |
569 | 0589 | PRAHA 117 | .262 |
570 | 0590 | PRAHA 118 | .023 |
571 | 0591 | MARWELL 16 | .039 |
572 | 0592 | LEIPZIG 9 | .414 |
573 | 0593 | PARIS 13 | .200 |
574 | 0594 | MARWELL 17 | .000 |
575 | 0595 | PRAHA 119 | .268 |
576 | 0596 | LEIPZIG 10 | .029 |
577 | 0597 | NURNBERG 7 | .077 |
578 | 0598 | LONDON 29 | .469 |
579 | 0599 | HOWLETTS 11 | .121 |
580 | 0600 | ASKANIA 18 | .023 |
581 | 0601 | ASKANIA 19 | .250 |
582 | 0602 | ASKANIA 20 | .137 |
583 | 0603 | SAN DIEGO 7 | .285 |
584 | 0647 | SALZBURG 5 | .012 |
585 | 0604 | SAN DIEGO 8 | .365 |
586 | 0605 | ASKANIA 21 | .047 |
587 | 0606 | ASKANIA 22 | .250 |
588 | 0607 | HELL 70 | .410 |
589 | 0608 | CATSKILL 62 | .311 |
590 | 0609 | BLIJDORP 18 | .143 |
591 | 0610 | MARWELL 18 | .000 |
592 | 0611 | BERLIN-OST 7 | .047 |
593 | 0612 | NURNBERG 8 | .029 |
594 | 0613 | MARWELL 19 | .000 |
595 | 0614 | SAN DIEGO 9 | .218 |
596 | 0615 | LONDON 30 | .405 |
597 | 0616 | CATSKILL 63 | .311 |
598 | 0617 | PRAHA 120 | .262 |
599 | 0618 | CATSKILL 64 | .252 |
600 | 0619 | MARWELL 20 | .000 |
601 | 0795 | AALBORG 1 | .012 |
602 | 0620 | ASKANIA 23 | .137 |
603 | 0621 | PARIS 14 | .200 |
604 | 0622 | HELL 71 | .246 |
605 | 0623 | PARIS 15 | .192 |
606 | 0624 | ASKANIA 24 | .361 |
607 | 0625 | MARWELL 21 | .039 |
608 | 0626 | YORK 14 | .252 |
609 | 0627 | MARWELL 22 | .039 |
610 | 0628 | LEIPZIG 11 | .029 |
611 | 0629 | HOWLETTS 12 | .221 |
612 | 0630 | HOWLETTS 13 | .221 |
613 | 0631 | PRAHA 121 | .035 |
614 | 0632 | NURNBERG 9 | .077 |
615 | 0633 | KOLN 6 | .597 |
616 | 0645 | SALZBURG 3 | .012 |
617 | 0634 | PRAHA 122 | .262 |
618 | 0635 | YORK 15 | .252 |
619 | 0636 | ASKANIA 25 | .252 |
620 | 0637 | ASKANIA 26 | .183 |
621 | 0638 | SAN DIEGO 10 | .285 |
622 | 0639 | SAN DIEGO 11 | .365 |
623 | 0640 | HELL 72 | .309 |
624 | 0641 | OBERWIL 1 | .023 |
625 | 0642 | PRAHA 123 | .273 |
626 | 0643 | LONDON 31 | .510 |
627 | 0644 | KOLN 7 | .464 |
628 | 0648 | CATSKILL 65 | .334 |
629 | 0649 | NURNBERG 10 | .039 |
630 | 0672 | WARSZAWA 6 | .487 |
631 | 0650 | HOWLETTS 14 | .354 |
632 | 0651 | NURNBERG 11 | .029 |
633 | 0652 | ASKANIA 27 | .361 |
634 | 0653 | ASKANIA 28 | .137 |
635 | 0654 | HABANA 2 | .547 |
636 | 0655 | BERLIN-OST 8 | .313 |
637 | 0656 | ASKANIA 29 | .140 |
638 | 0657 | LENINGRAD 1 | .326 |
639 | 0658 | LEIPZIG 12 | .520 |
640 | 0659 | LEIPZIG 13 | .414 |
641 | 0660 | NURNBERG 12 | .327 |
642 | 0661 | OBERWIL 2 | .057 |
643 | 0662 | LEIPZIG 14 | .327 |
644 | 0663 | MARWELL 23 | .346 |
645 | 0664 | PRAHA 124 | .262 |
646 | 0665 | ARNHEM 2 | .242 |
647 | 0666 | ASKANIA 30 | .163 |
648 | 0667 | LONDON 33 | .094 |
649 | 0668 | LONDON 34 | .110 |
650 | 0669 | SAN DIEGO 12 | .334 |
651 | 0670 | OBERWIL 3 | .023 |
652 | 0671 | LEIPZIG 15 | .029 |
653 | 0673 | ASKANIA 31 | .252 |
654 | 0674 | LONDON 35 | .105 |
655 | 0675 | ASKANIA 32 | .183 |
656 | 0676 | MARWELL 24 | .000 |
657 | 0677 | NURNBERG 13 | .077 |
658 | 0678 | SAN DIEGO 13 | .285 |
659 | 0679 | KOLN 8 | .597 |
660 | 0680 | HOWLETTS 15 | .221 |
661 | 0681 | ANVERS 13 | .504 |
662 | 0682 | HELL 73 | .309 |
663 | 0683 | YORK 16 | .252 |
664 | 0684 | PRAHA 125 | .262 |
665 | 0685 | SAN DIEGO 14 | .365 |
666 | 0686 | SAN DIEGO 15 | .218 |
667 | 0687 | SALZBURG 4 | .012 |
668 | 0688 | YORK 17 | .252 |
669 | 0689 | LONDON 36 | .105 |
670 | 0690 | PARIS 16 | .308 |
671 | 0691 | CATSKILL 66 | .311 |
672 | 0738 | SAN DIEGO 21 | .365 |
673 | 0692 | KOLN 9 | .464 |
674 | 0693 | HOWELETTS 16 | .120 |
675 | 0694 | MARWELL 25 | .000 |
676 | 0695 | LONDON 37 | .355 |
677 | 0696 | ARNHEM 3 | .219 |
678 | 0697 | MARWELL 26 | .039 |
679 | 0699 | OBERWIL 4 | .023 |
680 | 0700 | MARWELL 27 | .346 |
681 | 0701 | MEMPHIS 1 | .316 |
682 | 0698 | HOWLETTS 17 | .199 |
683 | 0702 | ASKANIA 33 | .137 |
684 | 0703 | HELL 74 | .391 |
685 | 0704 | BERLIN-O 9 | .313 |
686 | 0705 | LONDON 38 | .105 |
687 | 0706 | ASKANIA 34 | .140 |
688 | 0707 | WARSZAWA 7 | .487 |
689 | 0708 | ARNHEM 4 | .242 |
690 | 0709 | ASKANIA 35 | .163 |
691 | 0796 | AALBORG 2 | .012 |
692 | 0710 | ASKANIA 36 | .361 |
693 | 0711 | ASKANIA 37 | .140 |
694 | 0712 | SAN DIEGO 16 | .285 |
695 | 0713 | SAN DIEGO 17 | .365 |
696 | 0714 | ASKANIA 38 | .183 |
697 | 0715 | LEIPZIG 16 | .327 |
698 | 0716 | OBERWIL 5 | .057 |
699 | 0717 | LEIPZIG 17 | .029 |
700 | 0718 | MARWELL 28 | .039 |
701 | 0719 | LEIPZIG 18 | .520 |
702 | 0720 | HOWLETTS 18 | .376 |
703 | 0721 | HOWLETTS 19 | .210 |
704 | 0722 | YORK 18 | .418 |
705 | 0723 | YORK 19 | .418 |
706 | 0724 | YORK 20 | .252 |
707 | 0725 | LONDON 39 | .110 |
708 | 0726 | NURNBERG 14 | .327 |
709 | 0727 | PRAHA 126 | .273 |
710 | 0728 | PRAHA 127 | .262 |
711 | 0729 | HABANA 3 | .547 |
712 | 0730 | SAN DIEGO 18 | .235 |
713 | 0731 | YORK 21 | .252 |
714 | 0732 | SAN DIEGO 19 | .334 |
715 | 0733 | LONDON 40 | .105 |
716 | 0734 | LENINGRAD 2 | .246 |
717 | 0735 | BLIJDROP 19 | .143 |
718 | 0736 | CATSKILL 67 | .311 |
719 | 0737 | SAN DIEGO 20 | .218 |
720 | 0739 | NURNBERG 15 | .029 |
721 | 0740 | NURNBERG 16 | .039 |
722 | 0741 | NURNBERG 17 | .077 |
723 | 0742 | BERN 1 | .263 |
724 | 0743 | ARNHEM 5 | .219 |
725 | 0744 | BERLIN-OST 10 | .047 |
726 | 0745 | LONDON 41 | .097 |
727 | 0746 | MARWELL 29 | .346 |
728 | 0747 | MARWELL 30 | .000 |
729 | 0797 | AALBORG 3 | .012 |
730 | 0748 | LONDON 42 | .102 |
731 | 0749 | MARWELL 31 | .039 |
732 | 0750 | BERLIN-OST 11 | .313 |
733 | 0751 | OBERWIL 6 | .023 |
734 | 0752 | WARSZAWA 8 | .487 |
735 | 0753 | TOPEKA 1 | .306 |
736 | 0754 | HELL 75 | .391 |
737 | 0755 | HOWLETTS 20 | .120 |
738 | 0756 | BERLIN-OST 12 | .313 |
739 | 0757 | HOWLETTS 21 | .199 |
740 | 0758 | ARNHEM 6 | .242 |
741 | 0759 | LONDON 43 | .094 |
742 | 0760 | SAN DIEGO 22 | .285 |
743 | 0761 | FROSON 1 | .224 |
744 | 0762 | MOSKVA 4 | .196 |
745 | 0763 | NURNBERG 18 | .309 |
746 | 0764 | ASKANIA 39 | .318 |
747 | 0765 | ASKANIA 40 | .375 |
748 | 0766 | ASKANIA 41 | .375 |
749 | 0767 | ASKANIA 42 | .262 |
750 | 0768 | HELL 76 | .309 |
751 | 0769 | MARWELL 32 | .000 |
752 | 0770 | MARWELL 33 | .039 |
753 | 0771 | ASKANIA 43 | .148 |
754 | 0772 | STUTTGART 1 | .262 |
755 | 0773 | ASKANIA 44 | .250 |
756 | 0774 | MARWELL 34 | .000 |
757 | 0775 | HOWLETTS 22 | .210 |
758 | 0776 | HOWLETTS 23 | .376 |
759 | 0777 | HELL 77 | .391 |
760 | 0778 | LONDON 44 | .097 |
761 | 0779 | CHESTER 1 | .165 |
762 | 0780 | BLIJDORP 20 | .194 |
763 | 0781 | SAN DIEGO 23 | .365 |
764 | 0782 | LONDON 45 | .105 |
765 | 0783 | LONDON 46 | .110 |
766 | 0784 | OBERWILL 7 | .057 |
767 | 0785 | LONDON 47 | .105 |
768 | 0786 | NURNBERG 19 | .327 |
769 | 0787 | HELL 78 | .410 |
770 | 0788 | LEIPZIG 19 | .414 |
771 | 0789 | LEIPZIG 20 | .029 |
772 | 0790 | KIEV 1 | .166 |
773 | 0791 | LONDON 48 | .355 |
774 | 0792 | PARIS 17 | .308 |
775 | 0793 | WIEN 1 | .235 |
776 | 0794 | NURNBERG 20 | .029 |
777 | 0800 | BERN 2 | .146 |
778 | 0801 | BERN 3 | .263 |
779 | 0802 | TALLINN 1 | .188 |
780 | 0803 | SABABURG 1 | .039 |
781 | 0804 | BERLIN-WEST 1 | .235 |
782 | 0805 | MARWELL 35 | .346 |
783 | 0806 | LEIPZIG 21 | .327 |
784 | 0807 | ARNHEM 7 | .219 |
785 | 0808 | MARWELL 36 | .225 |
786 | 0809 | WARSZAWA 9 | .487 |
787 | 0810 | LENINGRAD 3 | .246 |
788 | 0811 | LONDON 49 | .102 |
789 | 0812 | SAN DIEGO 24 | .365 |
790 | 0813 | AALBORG 4 | .012 |
791 | 0814 | LONDON 50 | .094 |
792 | 0815 | LEIPZIG 22 | .520 |
793 | 0816 | MARWELL 37 | .239 |
794 | 0817 | BERLIN-OST 13 | .313 |
795 | 0818 | CATSKILL 68 | .203 |
796 | 0819 | LONDON 51 | .097 |
797 | 0820 | NURNBERG 21 | .077 |
798 | 0821 | ASKANIA 45 | .256 |
799 | 0822 | SAN DIEGO 25 | .285 |
800 | 0823 | ASKANIA 46 | .137 |
801 | 0824 | CHESTER 2 | .165 |
802 | 0825 | HOWLETTS 24 | .376 |
803 | 0826 | ASKANIA 47 | .375 |
804 | 0827 | DUISBURG 1 | .262 |
805 | 0828 | MARWELL 38 | .039 |
806 | 0829 | MARWELL 39 | .000 |
807 | 0830 | WIEN 2 | .185 |
808 | 0831 | ASKANIA 48 | .250 |
809 | 0832 | ASKANIA 49 | .375 |
810 | 0833 | HELL 79 | .309 |
811 | 0834 | MARWELL 40 | .000 |
812 | 0835 | ASKANIA 50 | .318 |
813 | 0836 | HOWLETTS 25 | .199 |
814 | 0837 | MOSKVA 5 | .196 |
815 | 0838 | HOWLETTS 26 | .210 |
816 | 0839 | ASKANIA 51 | .201 |
817 | 0840 | SAN DIEGO 26 | .341 |
818 | 0841 | SAN DIEGO 27 | .365 |
819 | 0842 | ASKANIA 52 | .047 |
820 | 0843 | ASKANIA 53 | .250 |
821 | 0844 | HOWLETTS 27 | .120 |
822 | 0845 | MARWELL 41 | .039 |
823 | 0846 | NEW YORK 22 | .280 |
824 | 0847 | LONDON 52 | .105 |
825 | 0848 | HELL 80 | .391 |
826 | 0849 | LONDON 53 | .097 |
827 | 0850 | OBERWIL 8 | .057 |
828 | 0851 | LONDON 54 | .105 |
829 | 0852 | ARNHEM 8 | .242 |
830 | 0853 | HELL 81 | .410 |
831 | 0854 | LONDON 55 | .110 |
832 | 0855 | MARWELL 42 | .000 |
833 | 0856 | SPRINGE 1 | .327 |
834 | 0857 | LEIPZIG 23 | .414 |
835 | 0858 | YORK 23 | .252 |
836 | 0859 | STUTTGART 2 | .262 |
837 | 0860 | PRAHA 128 | .262 |
838 | 0861 | NURNBERG 22 | .351 |
839 | 0862 | PRAHA 129 | .273 |
840 | 0863 | SABABURG 2 | .173 |
841 | 0864 | PARIS 18 | .308 |
842 | 0865 | MARWELL 43 | .238 |
843 | 0866 | LONDON 56 | .355 |
844 | 0867 | NEW YORK 24 | .418 |
845 | 0868 | WIEN 3 | .235 |
846 | 0869 | SAN DIEGO 28 | .448 |
847 | 0870 | OBERWIL 9 | .023 |
848 | 0871 | BERLIN-WEST 2 | .235 |
849 | 0872 | BERN 4 | .263 |
850 | 0873 | WARSZAWA 10 | .576 |
851 | 0874 | BLIJDORP 21 | .194 |
852 | 0875 | SABABURG 3 | .196 |
853 | 0876 | OBERWILL 10 | .023 |
854 | 0877 | LONDON 57 | .102 |
855 | 0878 | BLIJDROP 22 | .143 |
856 | 0879 | SAN DIEGO 29 | .265 |
857 | 0880 | OBERWIL 11 | .051 |
858 | 0881 | BERN 5 | .146 |
859 | 0882 | LEIPZIG 24 | .327 |
860 | 0883 | LEIPZIG 25 | .327 |
861 | 0884 | MARWELL 44 | .346 |
862 | 0885 | HELSINKI 1 | .287 |
863 | 0886 | MINNESOTA 1 | .296 |
864 | 0887 | TOPEKA 2 | .306 |
865 | 0888 | WARSZAWA 11 | .177 |
866 | 0889 | LEIPZIG 26 | .520 |
867 | 0890 | MARWELL 45 | .225 |
868 | 0891 | ROSTOV 1 | .303 |
869 | 0892 | SAN DIEGO 30 | .285 |
870 | 0893 | ASKANIA 54 | .375 |
871 | 0894 | HOWLETTS 28 | .199 |
872 | 0895 | WARSZAWA 12 | .487 |
873 | 0896 | ASKANIA 55 | .256 |
874 | 0897 | HELL 82 | .309 |
875 | 0898 | ASKANIA 56 | .256 |
876 | 0899 | LONDON 58 | .097 |
877 | 0900 | ASKANIA 57 | .137 |
878 | 0901 | ASKANIA 58 | .375 |
879 | 0902 | DUISBURG 2 | .262 |
880 | 0903 | HELL 83 | .391 |
881 | 0904 | NURNBERG 23 | .077 |
882 | 0905 | ASKANIA 59 | .250 |
883 | 0906 | YORK 25 | .438 |
884 | 0907 | SAN DIEGO 31 | .341 |
885 | 0908 | BERLIN-OST 14 | .313 |
886 | 0909 | MINNESOTA 2 | .046 |
887 | 0910 | HOWLETTS 29 | .376 |
888 | 0911 | CHESTER 3 | .165 |
889 | 0912 | MARWELL 46 | .039 |
890 | 0913 | LONDON 59 | .105 |
891 | 0914 | HOWLETTS 30 | .210 |
892 | 0915 | KOLN 10 | .054 |
893 | 0916 | MARWELL 47 | .000 |
894 | 0917 | CATSKILL 69 | .241 |
895 | 0918 | MARWELL 48 | .000 |
896 | 0919 | OBERWIL 12 | .057 |
897 | 0920 | MARWELL 49 | .039 |
898 | 0921 | CATSKILL 70 | .352 |
899 | 0922 | OBERWIL 13 | .225 |
900 | 0923 | HOWLETTS 31 | .120 |
901 | 0924 | ARNHEM 9 | .242 |
902 | 0925 | WIEN 4 | .185 |
903 | 0926 | LEIPZIG 27 | .414 |
904 | 0927 | MARWELL 50 | .000 |
905 | 0928 | LONDON 60 | .105 |
906 | 0930 | LENINGRAD 4 | .246 |
907 | 0931 | NURNBERG 24 | .029 |
908 | 0932 | HELL 84 | .410 |
909 | 0933 | YORK 26 | .280 |
910 | 0934 | NURNBERG 25 | .309 |
911 | 0935 | HOWLETTS 32 | .357 |
912 | 0936 | HELL 85 | .391 |
913 | 0937 | PRAHA 130 | .262 |
914 | 0938 | SABABURG 4 | .173 |
915 | 0939 | KIEV 2 | .166 |
916 | 0940 | BERLIN-OST 15 | .313 |
917 | 0941 | PARIS 19 | .308 |
918 | 0942 | YORK 27 | .280 |
919 | 0943 | PRAHA 131 | .273 |
920 | 0944 | YORK 28 | .438 |
921 | 0945 | DENVER 1 | .403 |
922 | 0946 | S. DIEGO 32 | .365 |
923 | 0947 | WARSZAWA 13 | .177 |
924 | 0948 | MINNESOTA 3 | .159 |
925 | 0949 | HILVAREN 1 | .194 |
926 | 0950 | ARNHEM 10 | .219 |
927 | 0951 | MIDWAY 1 | .194 |
928 | 0952 | MINNESOTA 4 | .140 |
929 | 0953 | TALLINN 2 | .188 |
930 | 0954 | LONDON 61 | .110 |
931 | 0955 | BERN 6 | .263 |
932 | 0956 | SABABURG 5 | .196 |
933 | 0957 | LEIPZIG 28 | .327 |
934 | 0958 | LONDON 62 | .105 |
935 | 0959 | ASKANIA 60 | .023 |
936 | 0960 | WARSZAWA 14 | .576 |
937 | 0961 | S. DIEGO 33 | .285 |
938 | 0962 | NURNBERG 26 | .351 |
939 | 0963 | ASKANIA 61 | .250 |
940 | 0964 | DENVER 2 | .452 |
941 | 0965 | MARWELL 51 | .346 |
942 | 0966 | ASKANIA 62 | .375 |
943 | 0967 | LEIPZIG 29 | .520 |
944 | 0968 | OBERWIL 14 | .314 |
945 | 0969 | LONDON 63 | .102 |
946 | 0970 | ASKANIA 63 | .250 |
947 | 0971 | LONDON 64 | .097 |
948 | 0972 | LONDON 65 | .097 |
949 | 0973 | MIDWAY 2 | .195 |
950 | 0974 | MIDWAY 3 | .199 |
951 | 0975 | TOPEKA 3 | .306 |
952 | 0976 | OBERWIL 15 | .051 |
953 | 0977 | ROSTOV 2 | .303 |
954 | 0978 | PFORZHEIM 1 | .225 |
955 | 0979 | NURNBERG 27 | .077 |
956 | 0980 | ASKANIA 64 | .252 |
957 | 0981 | ASKANIA 65 | .438 |
958 | 0982 | MARWELL 52 | .039 |
959 | 0983 | ASKANIA 66 | .148 |
960 | 0984 | ASKANIA 67 | .256 |
961 | 0985 | HOWLETTS 33 | .210 |
962 | 0986 | LEIPZIG 30 | .029 |
963 | 0987 | ASKANIA 68 | .438 |
964 | 0988 | YORK 29 | .265 |
965 | 0989 | MARWELL 53 | .225 |
966 | 0990 | MARWELL 54 | .000 |
967 | 0991 | HOWLETTS 34 | .376 |
968 | 0992 | CHESTER 4 | .165 |
969 | 0993 | HELL 86 | .309 |
970 | 0994 | MIDWAY 4 | .225 |
971 | 0995 | OBERWILL 16 | .225 |
972 | 0996 | LEIPZIG 31 | .327 |
973 | 0997 | MARWELL 55 | .000 |
974 | 0998 | MARWELL 56 | .000 |
975 | 0999 | HELL 87 | .391 |
976 | 1000 | WARSZAWA 15 | .487 |
977 | 1001 | BERN 7 | .146 |
978 | 1002 | LEIPZIG 32 | .414 |
979 | 1003 | HOWLETTS 35 | .120 |
980 | 1004 | DUISBURG 3 | .262 |
981 | 1005 | MARWELL 57 | .239 |
982 | 1006 | ARNHEM 11 | .229 |
983 | 1007 | KOLN 11 | .054 |
984 | 1008 | KURGAN 1 | .367 |
985 | 1009 | LONDON 66 | .105 |
986 | 1010 | HOWLETTS 36 | .199 |
987 | 1011 | PRAHA 132 | .262 |
988 | 1012 | HOWLETTS 37 | .357 |
989 | 1013 | MARWELL 58 | .039 |
990 | 1014 | BERLIN-W 3 | .235 |
991 | 1015 | KIEV 3 | .166 |
992 | 1016 | SABABURG 6 | .173 |
993 | 1017 | YORK 30 | .330 |
994 | 1018 | LONDON 67 | .094 |
995 | 1019 | ARMHEM 12 | .220 |
996 | 1020 | PARIS 20 | .308 |
997 | 1021 | S. DIEGO 34 | .365 |
998 | 1022 | HILVAREN 2 | .143 |
999 | 1023 | OBERWIL 17 | .023 |
1000 | 1024 | WARSZ. 16 | .177 |
1001 | 1025 | ARNHEM 13 | .242 |
1002 | 1026 | WARSZ. 17 | .177 |
1003 | 1027 | WIEN 5 | .235 |
1004 | 1028 | MINNESOTA 5 | .140 |
1005 | 1029 | MOSKVA 6 | .315 |
1006 | 1030 | LENINGRAD 5 | .246 |
1007 | 1031 | BERN 8 | .197 |
1008 | 1032 | LEIPZIG 33 | .162 |
1009 | 1033 | OBERWIL 18 | .057 |
1010 | 1034 | BERLIN-O. 16 | .313 |
1011 | 1035 | MINNESOTA 6 | .159 |
1012 | 1036 | SPRINGE 2 | .122 |
1013 | 1037 | HELL. 88 | .506 |
1014 | 1038 | HELL. 89 | .391 |
1015 | 1039 | NURNBERG 28 | .029 |
1016 | 1040 | ASKANIA 69 | .137 |
1017 | 1041 | ASKANIA 70 | .438 |
1018 | 1042 | BERN 9 | .157 |
1019 | 1043 | ASKANIA 71 | .375 |
1020 | 1044 | ASKANIA 72 | .148 |
1021 | 1045 | MARWELL 59 | .346 |
1022 | 1046 | MOSKVA 7 | .121 |
1023 | 1047 | NURNBERG 29 | .351 |
1024 | 1048 | ASKANIA 73 | .250 |
1025 | 1049 | LONDON 68 | .102 |
1026 | 1050 | LONDON 69 | .097 |
1027 | 1051 | PFORZHEIM 2 | .225 |
1028 | 1052 | LONDON 70 | .355 |
1029 | 1096 | HOWLETTS 38 | .210 |
1030 | 1053 | MIDWAY 5 | .194 |
1031 | 1054 | MIDWAY 6 | .195 |
1032 | 1097 | HOWLETTS 39 | .376 |
1033 | 1055 | LEIPZIG 34 | .327 |
1034 | 1056 | MIDWAY 7 | .199 |
1035 | 1057 | SPRINGE 3 | .128 |
1036 | 1058 | LEIPZIG 35 | .520 |
1037 | 1059 | LENINGRAD 6 | .165 |
1038 | 1060 | PARIS 21 | .454 |
1039 | 1061 | LONDON 71 | .105 |
1040 | 1062 | SABABURG 7 | .262 |
1041 | 1098 | HOWLETTS 40 | .199 |
1042 | 1063 | YORK 31 | .280 |
1043 | 1064 | TOPEKA 4 | .290 |
1044 | 1065 | TOPEKA 5 | .287 |
1045 | 1066 | NURNBERG 30 | .309 |
1046 | 1067 | MARWELL 60 | .000 |
1047 | 1068 | MARWELL 61 | .039 |
1048 | 1069 | MARWELL 62 | .000 |
1049 | 1099 | HOWLETTS 41 | .120 |
1050 | 1070 | LEIPZIG 36 | .327 |
1051 | 1071 | S. DIEGO 35 | .365 |
1052 | 1072 | LEIPZIG 37 | .414 |
1053 | 1073 | BERN 10 | .146 |
1054 | 1074 | ASKANIA 74 | .262 |
1055 | 1075 | HELL. 90 | .309 |
1056 | 1076 | ASKANIA 75 | .375 |
1057 | 1077 | ASKANIA 76 | .256 |
1058 | 1078 | LONDON 72 | .105 |
1059 | 1100 | HOWLETTS 42 | .194 |
1060 | 1079 | MINNESOTA 7 | .046 |
1061 | 1080 | BERLIN-O. 17 | .111 |
1062 | 1081 | BERLIN-O. 18 | .113 |
1063 | 1082 | MINNESOTA 8 | .296 |
1064 | 1101 | HOWLETTS 43 | .176 |
1065 | 1102 | DUISBURG 4 | .262 |
1066 | 1083 | TOPEKA 6 | .347 |
1067 | 1084 | YORK 32 | .244 |
1068 | 1085 | TOPEKA 7 | .352 |
1069 | 1086 | PRAHA 133 | .262 |
1070 | 1087 | BERLIN W.4 | .235 |
1071 | 1088 | STUTTGART 3 | .447 |
1072 | 1089 | MARWELL 63 | .039 |
1073 | 1090 | SABABURG 8 | .173 |
1074 | 1091 | MARWELL 64 | .225 |
1075 | 1092 | MARWELL 65 | .239 |
1076 | 1093 | WIEN 6 | .185 |
1077 | 1094 | YORK 33 | .355 |
1078 | 1095 | PARIS 22 | .308 |
1079 | 1103 | S. DIEGO 36 | .252 |
1080 | 1104 | DENVER 3 | .290 |
1081 | 1105 | SPRINGE 4 | .116 |
1082 | 1106 | WARSZ. 018 | .177 |
1083 | 1107 | S. DIEGO 37 | .406 |
1084 | 1108 | WARSZ. 019 | .487 |
1085 | 1109 | MINNESOTA 9 | .140 |
1086 | 1110 | SABABURG 9 | .262 |
1087 | 1150 | HELL. 93 | .309 |
1088 | 1111 | MINNES. 10 | .124 |
1089 | 1112 | NIKOLAEV 1 | .257 |
1090 | 1113 | BERLIN-O. 19 | .113 |
1091 | 1114 | ASKANIA 77 | .250 |
1092 | 1115 | HELL. 91 | .506 |
1093 | 1116 | OBERWIL 19 | .051 |
1094 | 1117 | ASKANIA 78 | .148 |
1095 | 1118 | ASKANIA 79 | .318 |
1096 | 1119 | ASKANIA 80 | .256 |
1097 | 1120 | HALLE 11 | .239 |
1098 | 1121 | NURNBERG 31 | .414 |
1099 | 1122 | HOWLETTS 44 | .194 |
1100 | 1123 | WARSZ. 20 | .177 |
1101 | 1124 | HELL. 92 | .506 |
1102 | 1125 | MINNES. 11 | .214 |
1103 | 1126 | BERLIN-O. 20 | .111 |
1104 | 1127 | PRAHA 134 | .084 |
1105 | 1128 | ASKANIA 81 | .288 |
1106 | 1129 | MARWELL 66 | .346 |
1107 | 1130 | TOPEKA 8 | .306 |
1108 | 1131 | LONDON 74 | .105 |
1109 | 1132 | MOSKVA 8 | .071 |
1110 | 1133 | ARNHEM 14 | .229 |
1111 | 1134 | HOWLETTS 45 | .357 |
1112 | 1135 | PRAHA 135 | .084 |
1113 | 1136 | SABAB. 10 | .344 |
1114 | 1137 | MOSKVA 9 | .108 |
1115 | 1138 | LONDON 73 | .097 |
1116 | 1139 | WARSZ. 21 | .338 |
1117 | 1140 | LONDON 75 | .102 |
1118 | 1141 | SPRINGE 5 | .128 |
1119 | 1142 | OBERWIL 20 | .057 |
1120 | 1143 | LEIPZIG 38 | .520 |
1121 | 1144 | MARWELL 67 | .000 |
1122 | 1145 | ASKANIA 82 | .256 |
1123 | 1146 | KIEV 4 | .226 |
1124 | 1147 | KOLN 12 | .054 |
1125 | 1148 | LEIPZIG 39 | .162 |
1126 | 1149 | ASKANIA 83 | .262 |
1127 | 1151 | SPRINGE 6 | .122 |
1128 | 1152 | MOSKVA 10 | .367 |
1129 | 1153 | KOLN 13 | .037 |
1130 | 1154 | HOWLETTS 46 | .194 |
1131 | 1155 | MINNES. 12 | .206 |
1132 | 1156 | HOWLETTS 47 | .210 |
1133 | 1157 | HILVAREN. 3 | .194 |
1134 | 1158 | WIEN 7 | .235 |
1135 | 1159 | ASKANIA 84 | .250 |
1136 | 1160 | BERN 11 | .146 |
1137 | 1161 | MIDWAY 8 | .199 |
1138 | 1162 | BERN 12 | .197 |
1139 | 1163 | BERLIN-W. 5 | .235 |
1140 | 1164 | MINNES. 13 | .181 |
1141 | 1165 | DENVER 4 | .293 |
1142 | 1166 | MARWELL 68 | .039 |
1143 | 1167 | MINNES. 14 | .165 |
1144 | 1168 | BERN 13 | .157 |
1145 | 1169 | HELL. 94 | .465 |
1146 | 1170 | HOWLETTS 48 | .194 |
1147 | 1171 | MARWELL 69 | .140 |
1148 | 1172 | ASKANIA 85 | .438 |
1149 | 1173 | MARWELL 70 | .128 |
1150 | 1174 | LONDON 76 | .105 |
1151 | 1175 | MARWELL 71 | .126 |
1152 | 1176 | SABAB. 11 | .173 |
1153 | 1177 | LEIPZIG 40 | .294 |
1154 | 1178 | ASKANIA 86 | .375 |
1155 | 1179 | DENVER 5 | .293 |
1156 | 1180 | YORK 34 | .119 |
1157 | 1181 | ASKANIA 87 | .181 |
1158 | 1182 | WIEN 8 | .185 |
1159 | 1183 | HOWLETTS 49 | .199 |
1160 | 1184 | ROSTOV 3 | .303 |
1161 | 1185 | MINNES. 15 | .173 |
1162 | 1186 | NURNBERG 32 | .351 |
1163 | 1187 | HELL. 95 | .391 |
1164 | 1188 | LENINGRAD 7 | .114 |
1165 | 1189 | HOWLETTS 50 | .120 |
APPENDIX II
GENETICALLY EFFECTIVE PRZEWALSKI'S HORSE STALLIONS: NUMBER OF OFFSPRING PER STALLION
STUDBOOK # SIRE | NUMBER OF OFFSPRING |
293 | 51 |
285 | 44 |
259 | 38 |
76 | 35 |
78 | 35 |
517 | 32 |
154 | 31 |
397 | 28 |
383 | 26 |
499 | 22 |
171 | 21 |
469 | 20 |
182 | 19 |
411 | 19 |
85 | 18 |
187 | 17 |
391 | 16 |
265 | 13 |
314 | 13 |
246 | 12 |
1 | 11 |
433 | 10 |
185 | 81 |
39 | 9 |
56 | 9 |
166 | 9 |
287 | 9 |
341 | 9 |
523 | 9 |
146 | 8 |
281 | 8 |
320 | 8 |
430 | 8 |
482 | 8 |
245 | 7 |
306 | 7 |
388 | 7 |
519 | 7 |
87 | 6 |
113 | 6 |
157 | 6 |
251 | 6 |
559 | 6 |
638 | 6 |
62 | 5 |
103 | 5 |
211 | 5 |
367 | 5 |
11 | 4 |
35 | 4 |
106 | 4 |
118 | 4 |
120 | 4 |
257 | 4 |
260 | 4 |
574 | 5 |
466 | 5 |
421 | 5 |
440 | 4 |
543 | 4 |
613 | 4 |
747 | 4 |
15 | 3 |
81 | 3 |
83 | 3 |
220 | 3 |
269 | 3 |
368 | 3 |
533 | 3 |
552 | 3 |
568 | 3 |
571 | 3 |
597 | 3 |
612 | 3 |
661 | 3 |
90 | 2 |
180 | 2 |
235 | 2 |
271 | 2 |
313 | 2 |
385 | 2 |
399 | 2 |
473 | 2 |
555 | 2 |
558 | 2 |
605 | 2 |
606 | 2 |
607 | 2 |
615 | 2 |
652 | 2 |
685 | 2 |
688 | 2 |
689 | 2 |
17 | 1 |
THESE STALLIONS ALL SIRED ONE OFFSPRING: | |
17 | |
132 | |
191 | |
235 | |
262 | |
303 | |
324 | |
342 | |
392 | |
437 | |
470 | |
494 | |
505 | |
584 | |
590 | |
A total of 109 effective stallions… |
Yu. Musienko, N. Krylov, N. Lobanov and V. Klimov
In 1987 the Askania-Nova zoo, one of the oldest in the USSR, will mark its 100th anniversary. It was established in 1885–1887 in the steppes of Tavria on the Black Sea northern shores. In historic times these steppes gave refuge to numerous herds of wild horses - tarpans eliminated by man last century.
When N. Przewalski discovered a new species of wild horses that were seen by few people and doubted by many others, it was decided in Russia to catch and transmit them to Europe. By doing so, the existence of true wild horses could be proved.
At the end of the 19th century an expedition was sent to Mongolia and in 1900 the Askania-Nova zoo was the first in Europe to accommodate wild horses. Mares Staraya-I and Staraya-II and a stallion Vaska initiated captive reproduction of these horses and first foals were born. During 40 years 37 foals were produced in the zoo to form an old Askania line. The horses propagated normally till the Second World War. They formed a basis of Munich (Hellabrunn) line, thus preserving blood of the Askania line in current Przewalski horses. The Second World War that brought about vast devastations to Europe and the USSR put an end to existence of the line, the horses in Askania-Nova were destroyed.
In 1948 a stallion Orlik-Robert was delivered from Germany and in 1957 the zoo admitted a mare Orlitsa-III caught in the wild in Mongolia. These animals became founders of a new Askania line.
LINE STRUCTURE, DEMOGRAPHY
The horses of this line began to reproduce since 1960 and 100 animals have been produced over 25 years. Some of them (50 percent) form a nucleus of the line, the others have been distributed among the USSR and other countries' zoos. As related to the foals produced per year, the Askania-Nova zoo is acknowledged to be a leader among the world's zoos. The average surplus accounts for 12–15 percent per annum exceeding other zoos' indices by 5–7 percent. Practically all the sexually mature mares are productive. In some years fertility reached 100 percent, averaging 60 percent on the whole. Among fifty horses available in Askania-Nova only ten are efficient. The zoo does its utmost to improve these indices.
Demographic figures are given in Table 1. As one can see, the population's reproductive potential is increasing.
Analysing the line structure, mention should be made of two
Age classes | Male | Female | Total | % |
0 – 1 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 23.5 |
1 – 3 | 8 | 7 | 16 | 27.7 |
3 – 5 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 14.8 |
5 – 10 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 16.7 |
10 – 15 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 16.7 |
Over 20 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.6 |
Prague-line mares involved in reproduction (Gasana and Vada) as well as two females and a male imported from the USA in 1982. The latter represent American branches of the Munich line. The line geneology clearly indicates three families - offspring of Orlitsa-III, Vada and Gasana. As for the stallions, the horses relate to Orlik-Robert and his offspring and Gordyi of the Prague line. One more line is likely to be formed, involving a stallion Sigor from the USA into reproduction. Therefore, the new Askania line includes blood of all the wild founders of the Przewalski horse captive population. This fact favours genetic variability of the line and reproductive processes.
MANAGEMENT, BREEDING
Now the Przewalski horses in Askania-Nova occupy a portion of reserve feather grass steppe divided into large enclosures. Depending on the time of the year they are kept in either isolated or common enclosures varing from 45 to 1550 ha. All-year round ranging promotes better development and reproduction of horses. In relation to morphology, exterior, coloration, hair coat and behaviour, the Askania-line horses are closer to a standard of wild horses that has been repeatedly indicated by other specialists. They are more successful in reproduction as compared with horses from other zoos. The inbreeding level is very high in captive population on the whole, while being much less in Askania-Nova. Inbreeding coefficient of the line makes 0.25 on the average though it surpasses 0.30 in some animals. It happens due to long-term consanguineous mating because a stallion Pegas has been a major sire for a long period of time. To remedy the situation, in 1982 the Askania-Nova zoo exchanged horses with the US Bronx and San Diego zoos. Askania-Nova received two mares Lisa and Bollette and a stallion Sigor that made it possible to propagate horses in several directions. Since 1983 the animals have been mated and managed in four groups according to the prepared programme on interbreeding:
Group 2 produced three foals in 1984 and two foals were born to the American mares. The international exchange of horses has favoured the animals' reproduction and the line genetic structure that will make a high level of genetic variability possible. Now the Askania-Nova zoo owns representatives of two pure lines and can breed horses in several directions and provide the total population with animals having new gene combinations. In the future efforts will be taken to enhance the quality and numbers of the line by: stimulation of reproductive processes, increasing the level of the line genetic variability, isolation of the Prague-line horses and their separate management, pure breeding, line breeding, formation of new lines and breeding groups with qualitatively new gene variants.
Jirí Volf
The breeding of the Przewalski horse (Equus przewalskii Poliakov, 1881) in captivity was started in 1899–1904. At that time six transports from Middle Asia brought a total of 54 individuals to Europe. A low reproduction rate and extensive scattering of the breed prevented additions and could not prevent a natural decrease at the beginning. In the twenties the number of wild horses kept in captivity varied within the range of 20–30 animals. In the thirties this number gradually increased exceeding several times 40 individuals. During World War II the number again temporarily decreased; another ten years passed before it was possible to substitute the losses. Despite this, the future of the species was not secure due mainly to the fact that during this period the number of freely living wild horses decreased catastrophically.
In September 1959, the 1st International Symposium on the Protection of the Przewalski Horse took place and the Prague Zoo, at the time the most important breeder, was assigned the task of compiling an all-world card-index on this animal.
An accurate central card-index makes it possible to publish annually the international Pedigree Book of the Przewalski horse. This book increases the direct interest of breeders aimed at the reproduction of animals, surveys the results of all-world breeding, facilitates the exchange of animals and supplementation of breeding herds and due to its wide distribution propagates the protection of this endangered species. When I started to publish the Pedigree Book in 1960, 59 Przewalski horses lived at 17 breeding stations; by 1 January 1985, as many as 620 individuals were living at 100 zoological gardens, scientific institutes and private breeders. This means that during twenty-five years the number of Przewalski horses kept in captivity increased more than ten times.
Irrespective of this indisputable success some undesirable aspects accompanying the worldwide breeding of wild horses should be taken into consideration.
First of all is the domestication effect. This is manifested by morphological changes, of the extremities and the cranium in particular. We found that these changes could be proved as soon as the first generation of horses was born in captivity. This change affects above all the lower jawbone, where the Corpus mandibulae narrows and the jaw assumes the fine form of tweezers. The cause of this weakening of the lower jawbone is the relatively soft food ingested by the animals in captivity which does not adequately put to use the biting apparatus of the horses.
However, negative selection, used by some breeders mainly with stallions, also cannot be overlooked. As a consequence, the dark-nosed form has presently almost disappeared from breeding herds (this form was formerly described by Pallas as Equus equiferus typicus). Some of the hyppologists considered the so-called meal-nose as a specific art of wild horses. Up to now it has depended on every single breeder whether he prefers the lighter form of wild horses with striped extremities, which can be for instance found in the Prague breed, or the darker form with black extremities kept at the Munich collection.
One has also to be aware of the breeding of relatives, which has already been observed in Przewalski horses for a long time. All wild horses living in captivity at present descended from only ten imported individuals: one pair which came to Falz-Fein in 1899 and a mare in 1902, two pairs of the Hagenbeck transport in 1901 and a pair in 1902, and the last the mare “Orlica III”. It lived in the Scientific Research Institute in Askania Nova (Ukraine) until the end of 1974. It is a pity that for a long time she was crossed with domestic stallions and did not influence to a great extent the breeding of wild horses all over the world. Only three purebred descendents of her remain.
In my opinion, it is possible to suppress partly the above mentioned aspects. The most effective approach would be the release of a greater number of individuals to a reserve. As the number of Przewalski horses in captivity is continually rising this step can be fully justified.
The reserve should ensure good living conditions for the animals so that the many years of effort of the breeders are not be wasted.
In the reserve the horses must be completely safe from their natural enemies - beasts of prey - as well as from hunters. We can use wild asses - Kulans (Equus hemionus kulan) as an example here. They found a new home on the island Barsa-Kelmes in the Aral sea some time ago.
Further important factors, which must be observed when releasing wild horses to a reserve, include soil and climatic conditions. The animals have to rub their hoofs regularly, because otherwise these would grow to such dimensions that these individuals could become completely lame. Thus, a hard sandy ground is essential.
The continential climate with a greater variation of temperature and little rainfall is a natural area for wild horses. We know that moisture is in fact much more unfavourable for wild horses than the greatest possible frost. Therefore, the reserve should have an arid climate.
This also influences feeding conditions favourably. Thus, prairie grass favourably influences the development of the chewing muscles and the whole mandible.
In addition, from the point of view of genetics, the reservation has to be isolated from domestic horses. The danger of cross-breeding holds not only for domestic stallions, but also for domestic mares that cannot withstand the aggression of wild stallions, and also for domestic mares that are introduced to the herd by wild stallions.
If a suitable reserve is found all breeders should be informed. If some of them are willing to give a part of their herd for the new reserve, they should be given the opportunity to get personally acquainted with the reserve and give their possible comments and recommendations before shipping the horses - I think that about 5% of the world's wild horses should be introduced at first, that means about 25–35 animals.
I believe sincerely that the foundation of a special reserve of Przewalski horses will reflect the successful international cooperation in the preservation of this endangered species and, in addition, will secure its fruitful future.
I wish your session in Moscow full success.
EQUUS PRZEWALSKI - 1 January 1985
Location of animals, with numbers of males and females
Adelaide | 1, | 2 |
Anvers | 2, | 3 |
Arnhem | 3, | 4 |
Askania Nova | 22, | 31 |
Barcelona | 2, | 0 |
Bekesbourne | 14, | 24 |
Berlin-Ost | 5, | 10 |
Berlin-West | 2, | 4 |
Bern | 3, | 4 |
Bernburg | 1, | 1 |
Bratislava | 1, | 0 |
Budapest | 1, | 0 |
Cardigan | 1, | 0 |
Catskill | 6, | 10 |
Cavriglia | 1, | 0 |
Cévennes | 1, | 0 |
Chester | 1, | 3 |
Chiba | 2, | 2 |
Colombo | 1, | 0 |
Colwyn Bay | 1, | 1 |
Denver | 2, | 3 |
Dubbo | 6, | 11 |
Duisburg | 2, | 1 |
Edmonton | 3, | 2 |
Front Royal | 2, | 7 |
Frösön | 0, | 1 |
Gdansk-Oliva | 1, | 1 |
Genk | 4, | 2 |
Gramat | 1, | 1 |
Gronau | 5, | 0 |
Habana | 2, | 3 |
Halle/S. | 1, | 2 |
Helsinki | 2, | 2 |
Herberstein | 1, | 2 |
Hilvarenbeek | 2, | 3 |
Hohenstadt | 1, | 0 |
Jersey | 3, | 0 |
Karaganda | 1, | 1 |
Karl-Marx-Stadt | 1, | 0 |
Karlsruhe | 1, | 1 |
Keokuk | 1, | 0 |
Kiev | 3, | 2 |
Kingussie | 6, | 0 |
Kisinev | 1, | 1 |
Köln/R. | 3, | 6 |
Krakow | 2, | 2 |
Kurgan | 0, | 1 |
Leipzig | 2, | 8 |
Lelystad | 2, | 4 |
Leningrad | 2, | 4 |
Lodz | 1, | 0 |
London | 2, | 0 |
Los Angeles | 1, | 1 |
Lymington | 2, | 0 |
Marwell | 8, | 14 |
Memphis | 1, | 2 |
Midway Manor | 2, | 7 |
Minnesota | 13, | 8 |
Montpellier | 1, | 4 |
Moskva | 6, | 7 |
München | 8, | 15 |
Münster | 2, | 2 |
Neumünster | 1, | 0 |
Neuwied | 1, | 0 |
New York | 4, | 11 |
Nikolaev | 4, | 3 |
Norderheide | 0, | 4 |
Nürnberg | 3, | 11 |
Oberwil | 2, | 5 |
de Ooij | 4, | 0 |
Paignton | 1, | 0 |
Paris | 2, | 3 |
Peking | 2, | 2 |
Pforzheim | 1, | 2 |
Praha | 3, | 7 |
Riga | 2, | 1 |
Roma | 1, | 0 |
Rostov/D. | 1, | 1 |
Rotterdam | 1, | 2 |
Sababurg | 1, | 7 |
Salzburg | 2, | 2 |
San Diego | 1, | 2 |
San Diego WAP | 5, | 14 |
Schwerin | 1, | 0 |
Seul | 1, | 1 |
Soest | 1, | 1 |
Springe | 4, | 6 |
Stendal | 1, | 0 |
Stuttgart | 1, | 2 |
Tallinn | 1, | 1 |
Taskent | 3, | 0 |
Termez | 1, | 0 |
Thot a Thomac | 1, | 0 |
Tokyo | 2, | 2 |
Topeka | 5, | 3 |
Toronto | 1, | 3 |
Warszawa | 3, | 7 |
Whipsnade | 3, | 11 |
Wien | 3, | 4 |
Woburn | 5, | 0 |
260, | 348 |
M. Knowles
SUMMARY
The present picture of numbers of animals in different locations is given in the paper by the Studbook keeper Dr. J. Volf and the paper by Dr. O. Ryder on this subject. The only comment additionally needed is to indicate that there are sufficient animals in captivity for a release to be made without prejudice to the captive population. There is also a strong commitment from the captive breeding population to make animals available.