REVIEW
ON
RECYCLING OF ANIMAL WASTES AS A SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS FOR FRESHWATER FISHCULTURE WITHIN AN INTEGRATED
LIVESTOCK SYSTEM
by
RIAZ KAUSAR*
THE PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
and
UNDP/FAO PROJECT PAK/80/019 - COORDINATED NATIONAL
PROGRAMME FOR LIVESTOCK FEED RESOURCES AND NUTRITION
This working paper was prepared by Miss Riaz Kausar, Research Officer (Fisheries), assisted by Dr. Z. O. Muller, Chief Technical Adviser as part of the work of the UNDP/FAO Project PAK/80/019 - Coordinated National Programme for Livestock Feed Resources and Nutrition. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the United Nations or of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The conclusions and recommendations given in the working paper are those considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the project findings.
The review describes in a comprehensive manner the state of knowledge in the utilization of animal wastes and their feeding to fish. A special attention is being paid to the mechanism of livestock waste recycling and an integrated approach involving livestock species whose manure can be utilized as a sole donor of nutrients for fish farming. The integration describes fish species consuming manures directly or through zooplankton, phytoplankton and macrophytes.
A special chapter is allocated to feeding systems and procedures in nursery ponds using organic and chemical fertilizers as main sources of nutrients.
The suitability of catfish for tropical and sub-tropical fish farming is examplified with particular respect to countries of Southeast Asia. The results of an impressive research carried cut in the sub-tropical part of USA are also presented.
A chapter on carp farming emphasises those specific areas which involve feeding of livestock wastee as a sole source of nutrients for fish via various eco-systems.
The main objectives of integrated fish farming are highlighted with special reference to Pakistan and priorities areas of research undertaken by the PARC, UNDP/FAO Project PAK/80/019 - Coordinated National Programme for Livestock Feed Resources and Nutrition.
The review presents comprehensive list of references.
The author is greatly indebted to Dr. Haleem-ul-Hasnain, Member Animal Sciences, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, for encouragement and support in the preparation of this review.
Special thanks are due to Dr. Z.O. Muller, Chief Technical Adviser, PAK/80/019 - Coordinated National Programme for Livestock Feed Resources and Nutrition, for guidance, providing most of the literature, criticism in evaluating the work during the course of its progress and valuable amendments to this review. The above mentioned FAO Project gave the author all clerical assistance and other administrative support.
Sincere gratitude is also expressed to Dr. A.N. Sheri, Associate Professor, Agricultural University, Faisalabad, who provided much necessary literature.
Last but not least gratitude is expressed to Abdul Aziz, Secretary of the Chief Technical Adviser, FAO Project PAK/80/019 for the typing of this paper.
January, 1983
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2.1 The main culturable fishes of Pakistan
2.2 The mode of action of manure recycling to fish
2.3 The integrated approach and experience
2.4 The impact of fertilization
2.6 The quantity of wastes excreted by livestock and poultry
2.7 Method of manure application
4.1 The impact of waste feeding upon the taste and fish meat quality
5.0 FEEDING OF HATCHLINGS AND FRY
6.1 Nutritional requirement of catfish
8.0 THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF INTEGRATED FISH FARMING
T A B L E S
Table 1 Growth of fish in manured ponds
Table 2 Chemical composition of excreta of different farm animals
Table 3 Farm animal waste output and waste composition. TLW represents total live weight
Table 8 Supplementary feed ingredients
Table 9 Experimental results of the feeding experiments
Table 11 Proximate composition of different feeds used
Table 12 Protein and fat content of fish fed with different feeds at the end of the experiment
Table 13 Summary of minimum dietary requirements of fishes
Table 14 Ingredients and amount to make a tonne of feed for channel catfish
Table 20 Average percentage weight gains for catfish rations containing various levels of fibre
Table 21 Dates at which various protein densities were fed
Table 22 Formulation of feeds containing different levels of protein
Table 23 Production and cost data calculated on per-acre basis
Table 24 Results of the experiment on larvae Coregonus lavaretus fed with defined amounts of feed
Table 26 Growth of commercial catfish production
Table 27 Rates of feeding during 15 days in nursery ponds
Table 28 Volume of artificial feeds to be given to fry for 15 days in nursery ponds
Table 29 Rates of reeding during 15 days in nursery ponds
Table 30 Composition of the organic manures used in the experiment
F I G U R E S
Fig. 1 = 1.1 to 1.3 Major Indian Carps
Fig. 2 = 2.1 to 2.5 Exotic fishes