APPENDIX 1
METHODOLOGY

Two methodologies were tested in order to collect data on fish eating habits and attitudes:

1. An interview schedule, favoured by the Consultant Socio-economist, whereby interviewers record answers to questions which they ask in person.

2. A formal questionnaire (a direct translation of the interview schedule) whereby respondents fill the questionnaire themselves after a brief explanation. Respondents would be randomly selected at village meetings held by the survey team to introduce themselves and the purpose of the survey. This was the suggested methodology of the District Officer for Women and Youth Affairs.

It was decided that both methodologies would be field-tested during the beginning of the survey, and results compared. If one method proved to be more effective in terms of quality of results this would then be selected for the survey. If, however, both methods proved to be of equal effectiveness, they would be used together.

Both forms are attached at the end of this Appendix.

Before discussing the final methodology selected, the relative advantages and disadvantages of either should be briefly discussed.

Formal Questionnaire

It is often convenient to use questionnaires for large scale surveys of well-educated people as they provide a cheap means of collecting data relatively quickly from large numbers of people. Generally speaking, questionnaires often suffer from a low response rate and inadequate answers. Whereas an interviewer can explain why the study is important and see that all questions are answered, this is more difficult with a distributed questionnaire.

For Lesotho specifically, other disadvantages of this method could be identified:

• the questionnaire would be biased in favour of more literate respondents.

• the questionnaire would have to be distributed at village meetings to enable a brief explanation of the form. This automatically biases the sample in favour of respondents who attend village meetings (usually the elder members of the village) and those that are interested in aquaculture;

• some questions were difficult to translate from English to Sesotho and it was therefore uncertain whether the answer to the questions would be directly comparable with those from the interview schedule;

Interview Schedules

Interviews are often preferred because the personal approach usually produces much more satisfactory results as the interviewer can ensure that questions are understood and answered properly. Also, supplementary questions can be used to get additional information. Because literacy is not necessary for interviews, the sample is less limited than that of questionnaires.

However, there are three main draw backs to this approach:

• where the interviewer is a foreigner or government official there may be bias in answers because the respondent feels that they should answer in a particular way;

• where the interviewer is unable to speak the language, and has to use an interpreter, there may be problems in the meaning of questions and answers.

• the approach is more time consuming than the distribution of questionnaires and thus sample size has to be reduced.

Field Pre-Testing

No time was available to field test both survey methods. Therefore, the communities of Ramapepe/Thaba Patsoa can be considered the ‘test’ area. Respondents who had been distributed questionnaires were given 3 days to return them to the house of the chief. Conducted interviews averaged 45–60 minutes per household during the first two days of the survey, but as the team familiarised themselves with the interview schedule, the average interview time per household was reduced to 20–30 minutes. An average of 10–15 minutes was required to reach the next household.

Selection of Methodology

Answers from the Sesotho questionnaire were of varying quality and some questions were not answered at all. It was felt by the survey team that the main reasons for this were that more time was needed to explain to respondents how to complete the form and because the form was too complex. Very few forms showed indications that they were not understood at all, but answers to particular questions indicated that respondents had some difficulties in comprehension.

It was agreed that the Sesotho questionnaire would be abandoned for the remainder of the survey and was therefore not distributed in Area 2.

Recommended Changes to Survey Forms

During the course of the survey, it was discovered that a few questions should be altered or rephrased slightly, and a few questions included. These recommended changes can be found in the revised interview schedule in Appendix 5.

With regard to the Sesotho questionnaire, it was agreed that, should this methodology be continued, a simplified form should be designed, and more explanation provided to potential respondents.

METHODOLOGY 1: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

ALCOM SURVEY OF FISH CONSUMPTION AND ATTITUDES TO FISH: COMMUNITIES LIVING AROUND DAMS/RESERVOIRS AND ASSOCIATION FISH PONDS IN LESOTHO

Date:

Reservoir:

Village/Area:

Headman/Chief:

Respondent Number:

Relation to headman/chief:

Approximate distance from household to reservoir/pond:

NOTE: PLEASE MARK IN THE BRACKETS JUST AFTER THE QUESTION NUMBER THE FOLLOWING:

1. (   ) Name of respondent:

2. (   ) Household composition: see attached table

3. (   ) What is the principal source of household income:

4. (   ) What are secondary sources of household income/ subsistence:

5. (   ) What does your household use the reservoir for most often :

6. (   ) What does your household occasionally use the reservoir for :

IF FISHING IS NOT MENTIONED AS A USE, GO TO QUESTION 11

7. (   ) Which household members fish in the reservoir?

8. (   ) How do they catch the fish?

9. (   ) How often do they go fishing?:

10. (   ) Do they give the fish to the household to eat?

(   ) If no, what do they do with the fish they catch?

11. (   ) Who are the people not in your household who catch fish in the reservoir?

12. (   ) Does your household eat fresh fish?

13. (   ) Whom in the household eats fresh fish?

14. (   ) Do you know when those household members ate fresh fish for the first time?

15. (   ) Do you know where those household members ate fresh fish for the first time?

16. (   ) Which type of fish is eaten by these household members?

17. (   ) Which kind do most people in your household prefer?

(   ) Why?

18. (   ) From where does your household get it's fresh fish ?

19. (   ) In what form does the fresh fish arrive at the household?

20. (   ) How is fresh fish prepared in your household?

21. (   ) From where did the person who prepares fish learn how to cook it?

22. (   ) If your household has too much fresh fish for one meal, what do you do with the surplus?

23. (   ) Which time of the year do you eat the most fresh fish?

24. (   ) What prevents your household from eating fresh fish more often than it does now?

25. (   ) What other types of fish does your household eat?

26. (   ) Which of these fish does your household prefer?

27. (   ) Why do you prefer these types of fish?

28. (   ) Do you feed any types of fish to the children?

29. (   ) At what age do you start feeding fish to the children?

30. (   ) Are there only particular kinds of fish they are not able to eat?

31. (   ) What is the reason why they are not able to eat these types of fish?

32. (   ) Does your household prefer chicken or fish?

33. (   ) Has your household ever eaten duck?

(   ) If no, why not?

NOW, GO TO QUESTION 36

34. (   ) How does your household obtain ducks?

35. (   ) Does your household prefer chicken or duck?

(   ) Why?

36. (   ) How often does your household eat:

37. (   ) Do you know of any cultural beliefs (taboos) that prevent people from eating fresh fish, fish of any other type or ducks?

OTHER COMMENTS:

2. HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION

* = ABSENT:
1 = working in RSA
2 = working elsewhere in Lesotho
3 = at school

** = ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
1 = livestock farmer
2 = salaried employment
3 = crop production
4 = self employed (business)
5 = at school
6 = cattle herder
7 = looking for work
8 = petty trading
9 = occassional work
10 = labourer
11 = self-help scheme
12 = old
13 = invalid
14 = unknown
15 = Other, specify

METHODOLOGY 2: SESOTHO QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DISTRIBUTION

(Note: Not all questions are in the same order)

LIPHUPUTSO TSA ALCOM HO FUMANA MAIKUTTO A BATHO BA PHELANG LIBAKENG TSE HAUFI LE MATAMO A LITLHAPI LE KA MOO BA THAHASELLENG HO JA TLHAPI.

A RABA LIPOTSO TSE LATELANG, HA U SA TSEBE KERABO EA PATSO NGOLA “A” SEKHEONG SE BONTSITSOENG.

MOHLALA:

26. (   ) Na ba lapa la hao ba rata nama ea:

LETAMO:

MOTSE:

1. Lebitso:

2. Sheba leqhephe le latelang.

3. (   ) Tsoaea ka ho nepahala:

Mehloli e mphumantsang chelete:

4. (   ) Mehloli e meng e mphumantsang chelete:

5. (   ) Melemo ea matamo lapeng la hao:

6. (   ) Mekhoa eo lelapa la hao le sebelisang metsi a letamo:

HA POTSO EA LITLHAPI E'SA ARAJOA E EA POTSONG EA 11

7. (   ) Ke bo mang ba tsoasang litlhapi lapeng la hao? Bontsa ka lipalo tseo u li supileng Potsong ea bobeli ( No.2)

8. (   ) Bontsa mokhoa oo ba tsoasang litlhapi ka ona:

9. (   ) Ba tsoasa litlhapi ha ngata ha kae?

10. (   ) Na lelapa la hao le ja thlapi?

(   ) Le estsang ka tlhapi e tsoasitsoeng?

11. (   ) Ke bo mang ba tsoasang litlhapi letamong:

12. (   ) Na ba lapa la hao ba ja Tlhapi?

13. (   ) Ke bo mang ba jang tlhapi e tsoang metsing ka lapeng?

14. (   ) U ka tseba nako eo ba lapa la hao ba qalileng ho ja tlhapi e tsoang metsing khetlo la pele?

15. (   ) Bolela hore na ba ne ba fumana tlhapi eo kae?

16. (   ) Tlhapi eo le e jang e bitsoang?

17. (   ) Ke mofuta ofe oa tlhapi oo batho ba o ratang haholo?

(   ) Hobaneng?

18. (   ) Le fumana tlhapi libakeng li fe?

19. (   ) Tlhapi e tsoa rekoa e fihla lapeng e le joang?

20. (   ) Bontsa mekhoa eo u phehang tlhapi ka eona:

21. (   ) U ithutile ho pheha tlhapi kae?

22. (   ) Ha le na le tlhapi e ngata eo le sa e jeng hang-hang le etsa joang ka eona:

23. (   ) Ke nakong e fe ea selemo eo tlhapi e jeoang haholo:

24. (   ) Ke eng e stisang lapa la hao ho ja tlhapi ha ngata?

25. (   ) Ke mefuta e fe ea litlhapi eo le e jang hahola:

E EA POTSONG EA 28

26. (   ) Le ja mofuta ofe oa tlhapi haholo?

27. (   ) Hobaneng ha le rata mofuta oo oa tlhapi?

28. (   ) Na u fepa bana ba hao ka mefuta e meng ea litlhapi?

29. (   ) U qala ho fepa bana ba hao tlhapi ha ba le nako e kae?

30. (   ) Na ho na le mefuta e meg ea litlhapi eo le sa rateng ho e ja?

31. (   ) Ke hobaneng ha ba sa je mefuta ee ea tlhapi?

32. (   ) Na lelapa la hao le ja nama ea:

33. (   ) Na ba lelapa la hao ba ja nama ea makau?

(   ) Hobananeg?

EA POTSONG EA 36

34. (   ) Le fumana makau kae?

35. (   ) Na ba lelapa la hao ba rata:

(   ) Hobananeg?

36. (   ) Lelapa la ha le ja:

37. (   ) Na u tseba litumelo tsa moetlo tse thibelang batho ho ja nama ea:

Lekau:

Tlhapi:

A K'U FABE KA MAIKUTLO A HAO HO LIMA TEMO EA LITLHAPI:

2. LELAPA: