Appendix

Contents

Table 1 Wijesinghe et al.'s (1993) Five Forest Type
Table 2 Greller and Balasubramanian (1993) Eight Forest types
Table 5 Districtwise Area of Natural Forest (1992) by Forest Types
Table 4 Landuse in Sri Lanka
Table 5 Legg and Jwell Criteria for Classification of Closed Forest
Table 6 Changes in Forest Cover between 1983 and 1992
Table 7 Change in Forest Cover of Homegardens
Table 8 Expected Changes in area under Other Tree Resources
Table 9 Area of Forest Timber Plantations in 1992
Table 10 Districtwise Area of Fuelwood Plantations in 1992
Table 11 Forest Plantations (raised during 1993 to 1996)
Table 12 Districtwise Area of Homegardens in 1992
Table 13 Districtwise Areas of Rubber, Coconut and Tea Plantations in 1992
Table 14 Stand Structures of Rubber Plantations
Table 15 Area of New Planting and Replanting of Rubber
Table 16 Stand Structures of Coconut Plantations
Table 17 Replanting and New Planting of Coconut
Table 18 Areas under Tea Sector
Table 19 Areas of Tree Resources under Other Categories
Table 20 Total Estimated Accessible Wood Supply from Trees Outside Forest
Table 21 Total Accessible Production
Table 22 Number of Species and Levels of Endemism and Threat.
Table 23 Forest Areas Studied under NCR
Table 24 Diversity in Galle, Matara, Kalutara, and Rathnapura Districts
Table 25 Floral and Faunal Diversity and Hydrological importance of Forests
Table 26 Additional Proposed Forests Areas for Conservation
Table 27 Initiatives for Conservation of Biodiversity
Table 28 Sites Designated for Conservation under International Initiatives
Table 29 Areas administrated by FD and DWLC
Table 30 Distribution of Population by Districts
Table 31 Livestock Population
Table 32 Literacy and Education Levels
Table 33 Percentage Contribution by Different Sectors to GDP
Table 34 Percentage Contribution to GDP within Agriculture Sector
Table 35 Percentage Contribution of Different Agriculture Crops to GDP
Table 36 Per capita Consumption of Fuelwood
Table 37 Total Consumption of Bio-energy by Household sector
Table 38 Industrial Consumption of Fuelwood
Table 39 Requirements for Bio-Fuel in Industrial and Commercial Sector
Table 40 Demand and Production of biomass at national and district level
Table 41 Supply of Bio-fuel by Different Sources
Table 42 Total Supply of Fuelwood from Alternative Sources
Table 43 Requirements of Wood and Bio-fuel
Table 44 Total Accessible Production
Table 45 Consumption, Production and Import Scenario for Wood
Table 46 Production from Tree Resources within Forest Areas
Table 47 Total Estimated Production from Trees Outside Forest
Table 48 Total Estimated Accessible Wood Supply from Trees Outside Forest
Table 49 Potential Production from Home gardens
Table 50 Potential Production OF Wood Fibre from Rubber Plantations
Table 51 Potential Production in 1995 and 2000 from Coconut Plantation
Table 52 Per hectare Production from Other Tree Resources
Table 53 Estimated Accessible Wood Supply from Other Trees Outside Forest
Table 54 Value of Medicinal Herbs collected per family
Table 55 Imports and Exports of Medicinal Plants
Table 56 Regional Distribution of various rattan species, and average diameter
Table 57 Distribution of Bamboo species, and their average diameter
Table 58 Value of Kitul products from Wet Zone Forest Areas
Table 59 Value of Collectable Edible Plants

Table 1. Wijesinghe et al.'s (1993) Forest Type

Forest type	Dominant Communities or Species	Bio-Climatic zone
Wet Evergreen Forest (Tropical Rainforest)	Dipterocarpus (low and mid altitudes) Mesua-Doona-Shorea (mid Altitudes) Camnosperma- Zeylanica (Adam's Peak range) Vitex-Wormia-chaetocarpus-Anisophyllea (low altitudes)	Low and Mid Country Wet zone
Tropical Montane Forest	Syzgium -Colophyllum-Gordonia-Michelia (widespread) Stemonoporus (Adam's Peak range)	Montane Wet Zone
Intermediate Evergreen Forest	Intermediate between Wet evergreen and Dry Mixed Evergreen	Low and Mid Country Intermediate Zone, and Montane Intermediate Zone
Dry Mixed Evergreen Forest	Manikara-Drypetes-Chloroxylon (wide spread) Alseodaphne - Berrya - Diospyros (more humid conditions)	Dry Zone
Semi-Evergreen Thorn Forest	Manikara hexandra, Salvadora persica, Dichrostachys cinera, Acacia Spp.	Arid Zone

(Wijesinghe et al., 1993)

Table 2. Greller and Balasubramanian (1993) - Forest types

Forest Classification	Characteristic Species of the Community (Greller and Balasubramanian, 1980)
ZBI/1 Meso-phyllous Evergreen Dipetrocarp (rain forest)	Doona - Dipterocarp - Mesua Zone
OBI/1-1 Notophyllous Evergreen Diperterocarp	Doona- Calophyllum-Syzygium Zone (lower montane of ZBI/1)
OBI/2-1 Notophyllus Evergreen Mixed	Myristica - Cullenia-Aglaia Litsea Zone - (lower montane of ZBI/2)
OBI/1-2 Microphyllus Evergreen Dipterocarp	Stemono Zone (upper montane of ZBI/1)
OBI/2-2 Microphyllus Evergreen Mixed	Calophyllum Zone - (upper montane of ZBI/2)
ZBI/2 Meso-phyllus Evergreen Mixed (rain forest)	Artocarpus, Pometia, Filicium Zone
ZBII/1 Semi Deciduous Forest	Vitex-Berrya-Schleichera-Drypetes Zone
ZBII/2 Semi Deciduous Wood land/ Thorn Scrub	Manikara - Randia - Dichrostachya Zone

Source: Greller and Balsubramanian, 1993

Table 3. Districtwise Natural Forest (1992) by Forest Types (Area in hectares)

DISTRICT	Montane Forest	Sub Montane Forest	Lowland Rain Forest	Moist Monsoon Forest	Dry Monsoon Forest	Riverine Dry Forest	Mangrove	Sparse Forest	Total
Ampara				45190	69265	10160	292	41760	166667
Anuradhapura					180083	0	0	116693	296776
Badulla	93	3888	1577	17517	3353	0	0	27843	54271
Batticaloa				13302	21770	0	1421	16325	52818
Colombo			1832	0	0	0	0	36	1868
Galle			18903	0	0	0	187	1699	20789
Gampaha			273	14	0	0	122	20	429
Hambantota			220	739	19169	3710	539	55077	79454
Jaffna					822	0	260	298	1380
Kalutara			20240	0	0	0	70	1266	21576
Kandy	935	8504	14258	3545	0	0	0	5980	33222
Kegalle		3655	11791	0	0	0	0	492	15938
Kilinochchi					32373	0	312	6042	38727
Kurunegala				1827	8153	0	0	14766	24746
Mannar					111389	795	1261	11762	125207
Matale	89	5314	12831	41337	15237	0	0	9207	84015
Matara		519	16686	2174	516	0	6	2076	21977
Moneragala		65	768	63558	113627	4584	0	52569	235171
Millaittivu					153769	0	463	17987	172219
Nuwara Eliya	1943	31078	3977	2649	0	0	0	3273	42920
Polonnaruwa				47266	68093	523	0	22949	138831
Puttalam					79452	814	2264	17104	99634
Ratnapura	48	15816	38194	4755	3545	0	0	4491	66849
Trincomalee				4	110491	1826	1491	17629	131441
Vavuniya					103182	0	0	16504	119686
Totals (ha)	3108	68839	141550	243877	1094289	22412	8688	463848	2046611

(Source: Legg and Jwell, 1995)

Table 4. Landuse in Sri Lanka

Land category	Specific land use	Area (ha)
Urban land
	Built-up land	22,640
	Associated non-agricultural land	7,319
Agricultural land
	Homesteads	781,280
	Tree & Other Perennial Crops
	Tea	201,630
	Rubber	166,500
	Coconut	332,140
	Cinnamon	8,880
	Cashew	580
	Oil-palm	1,070
	Other perennial crops	54,740
Crop land
	Paddy	494,460
	Sparsely used cropland	1,069,990
	Other crop land	599,110
Forestland
	Natural Forest
	Dense forest	1,582,700
	Open Forest	463,800
	Forest plantations	72,300
Range land
	Scrub land	205,630
	Grass land	91,190
Wet land
	Forested
	Mangroves	20,150
	Non-forested
	Marsh	42,400
Water		290,520
Barren land		77,480
Total		6,586,509

(Source: Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Profiles: Sri Lanka Profile, 1996)

Table 5. Legg and Jwell criteria for classification of Closed Forest

Category of Closed Canopy Forest	Rainfall (mm)	Elevation (meter)
Low-land rain forest	greater than 2500	less than 1000 meter
Moist monsoon forest	between 1800 to 2500	less than 1000 meter
Sub-montane forest	greater than 1800	more than 1000 meter
Dry monsoon forest	less than 1800

(Source: Legg and Jwell, 1995)

Table 6. Changes in Forest cover between 1983 and 1992

DISTRICT	Total land Area	Total Closed Forest 1992	Total Closed Forest 1983	Change 1983-92
	(in ha)	(in ha)	(in ha)	(in ha)	(in percent)
Ampara	450031	124908	149330	-24422	-16.4
Anuradhapura	722178	180083	191890	-11807	-6.2
Badulla	285673	26428	56720	-30292	-53.4
Batticaloa	263983	36493	44801	-8317	-18.6
Colombo	68469	1832	1490	342	23.0
2Galle	161256	19089	17980	1109	6.2
Gampaha	141890	409	1350	-941	-69.7
Hambantota	262307	24377	43250	-18874	-43.6
Jaffna	107848	1081	680	401	59.0
Kalutara	164391	20310	13860	6450	46.5
Kandy	192808	27241	29525	-2284	-7.7
Kegalle	168328	15446	12575	2871	22.8
Kilinochchi	132499	32686	102590	-69904	-68.1
Kurunegala	489787	9980	13110	-3130	-23.9
Mannar	200148	113445	107910	5535	5.1
Matale	206050	74809	66760	8049	12.1
Matara	130829	19901	16800	3101	18.5
Moneragala	576763	182601	219995	-37394	-17.0
Mullaittivu	260946	154232	100290	53942	53.8
Nuwara Eliya	174109	39646	39930	-284	-0.7
Polonnaruwa	344988	115881	161735	-45854	-28.4
Puttalam	315485	82529	77900	4629	5.9
Ratnapura	327034	62357	52645	9712	18.4
Trincomalee	267991	113812	115070	-1258	-1.1
Vavuniya	200836	103182	119800	-16619	-13.9
TOTALS	6616628	1582756	1757995	-175240	-10.0

(Source: Legg and Jwell, 1995)

Table 7. Change in forest cover of Homegardens (1992)

DISTRICT	District area (in ha)	Home garden 1983 (in ha)	Home garden 1992 (in ha)	Change 1983-1992 (in ha)	Change 1983-1992 (in %)
Ampara	450,031	17,910	16,245	-1,665	-9.3
Anuradhapura	722,178	53,600	56,143	2,543	4.7
Badulla	285,673	35,230	50,764	15,534	44.1
Batticaloa	263,983	7,510	14,359	6,849	91.2
Colombo	68,469	14,840	8,577	-6,263	-42.2
Galle and Matara	292,085	85,620	99,000	13,380	15.6
Gampaha	141,890	69,670	56,884	-12,786	-18.4
Hambantota	262,307	38,390	44,922	6,532	17.0
Kalutara	164,391	35,230	33,156	-2,074	-5.9
Kandy	192,808	37,160	61,029	23,869	64.2
Kegalle	168,328	44,270	46,782	2,512	5.7
Kurunegula	489,787	53,640	72,892	19,252	35.9
Matale	206,050	20,650	20,258	-392	-1.9
Moneragala	576,763	47,380	56,739	9,359	19.8
Nuwara Eliya	174,109	11,400	9,172	-2,228	-19.5
Polonnaruwa	344,988	23,280	36,180	12,900	55.4
Puttalam	315,848	34,480	64,747	30,267	87.8
Ratnapura	327,034	52,480	56,462	3,982	7.6
Trincomalee	267,991	18,830	14,083	-4747	-25.2
Totals	5,714,713	701,570	818,394

(Jwell, 1995)

Table 8. Expected Changes in area under other Tree Resources in 1992 (Area in "000" ha)

Category	Year 1995	Year 2000
Rubber	193.5	188.7
Coconut	300.7	300.7
Tea	189.0	194.0
Mixed and Four Perennials	101.6	104.0
Roads with Trees*	1.5	1.7
Settlements	27.6	29.2

(* Kilometers have been converted 1 km = 0.1 ha; FSMP, 1995)

Table 9. Area of Forest Timber Plantations in 1992 (Area in hectares)

DISTRICT	Conifers	Eucalyptus	Teak	Mahogany	Total
Ampara		61	4602		4663
Anuradhapura		395	4464		4859
Badulla	3781	3876	1		7658
Batticaloa			3989		3989
Colombo	128				128
Galle	357				357
Gampaha	63			283	346
Hambantota	284	312	1504		2100
Jaffna	95				95
Kalutara	1069				1069
Kandy	3167	916			4083
Kegalle	198	48		314	560
Kilinochchi
Kurunegela	50	413	2944	3239	6646
Mannar			119		119
Matale	874	923	1780	5	3582
Matara	890	14			904
Moneragala	67	463	4927	3	5460
Mullaittivu		40	1996		2036
Nuwara Eliya	2510	6469			8979
Polonnaruwa		1044	2649		3693
Puttalam		944	5292	211	6447
Ratnapura	3233	131	584		3948
Trincomalee		153	281		434
Vavuniya			138		138
Totals	16,766	16,202	35,270	4,055	72,293

(Legg and Jwell, 1995)

Table 10. Districtwise Area of Fuelwood Plantations (Area in hectares)

DISTRICT	Area of Fuelwood Plantations (ha)
Ampara	443
Anuradhapura	261
Badulla	1141
Batticaloa	0
Colombo	0
Galle	65
Gampaha	0
Hambantota	2527
Jaffna - Vavuniya	181
Kalutara	0
Kandy	8
Kegalle	0
Kilinochchi	0
Kurunegula	224
Mannar	0
Matale	173
Matara	0
Moneragala	327
Mullaittivu	0
Nuwara Eliya	96
Polonnaruwa	1274
Puttalam	5289
Ratnapura	0
Trincomalee	0
Totals	12.009

(FSMP, 1995)

Table 11. Forest Plantations raised during 1993 to 1996
(Area in hectares)

DISTRICT	1993	1994	199	1996	Total
Ampara	60	137	33	50	280
Anuradhapura	150	350	350	350	1,200
Badulla	200	250	195	80	725
Batticaloa	0	0	0	0	0
Colombo	0	0	0	0	0
Galle	325	248	185	200	958
Gampaha	0	0	0	0	0
Hambantota	250	30	85	60	425
Jaffna	0	0	0	0	0
Kalutara	332	100	418	206	1,056
Kandy	400	585	568	209	1,762
Kegalle	50	100	32	20	202
Kilinochchi	0	0	0	0	0
Kurunegula	200	381	194	100	875
Mannar	0	0	0	0	0
Matale	166	265	174	283	888
Matara	0	0	0	0	0
Moneragala	282	380	75	250	987
Mullaittivu	0	0	0	0	0
Nuwara Eliya	509	338	322	187	1,356
Polonnaruwa	60	300	326	245	931
Puttalam	206	300	154	506	1,166
Ratnapura	344	320	288	350	1,302
Trincomalee	0	0	0	0	0
Vavuniya	0	0	0	0	0
Totals	3,534	4,084	3,399	3,096	14,113

(AR)

Table 12. Districtwise Area of Homegardens in 1992

DISTRICT	Home garden (in 000 ha)	Home garden (in 000 ha)
Source	(Jwell 1995)	(FSMP, 1995)
Ampara	16.2	17.9
Anuradhapura	56.1	56.1
Badulla	50.8	49.6
Batticaloa	14.3	11.4
Colombo	8.6	8.6
Galle	99.0	36.1
Gampaha	56.9	34.9
Hambantota	44.9	38.9
Jaffna	With Galle	42.3
Kalutara	33.1	31.9
Kandy	61.0	58.0
Kegalle	46.8	39.2
Kilinochchi	NA	16.6
Kurunegula	72.9	72.9
Mannar	NA	4.8
Matale	20.2	23.2
Matara	NA	46.4
Moneragala	56.7	55.1
Mullaittivu	NA	16.6
Nuwara Eliya	9.2	9.1
Polonnaruwa	36.2	34.0
Puttalam	64.7	64.7
Ratnapura	56.5	51.5
Trincomalee	14.1	18.8
Vavuniya	NA	19.9
Totals	818.2	858.5

NA = Information Not Available
Source: FSMP, 1995 and Jwell, 1995

Table 13. Districtwise Area of Rubber, Coconut and Tea Plantations in 1992

DISTRICT	Rubber in 000 ha	Coconut in 000 ha	Tea in 000 ha
Ampara		2.8	0
Anuradhapura		4.1	0
Badulla	1.5	0.6	29.3
Batticaloa	0	2.9	0
Colombo	10.9	6.7	.3
Galle	18.7	9.6	14.9
Gampaha	10.9	41.3	0
Hambantota	0.1	14.8	0.1
Jaffna	0	7.2	0
Kalutara	45.7	8.9	3.4
Kandy	3.8	6.0	58.5
Kegalle	52.7	14.8	8.8
Kilinochchi	0	0.3	0
Kurunegula	3.7	108.0	0.3
Mannar	0	0.1	0
Matale	3.8	6.7	5.9
Matara	7.6	10.4	14.7
Moneragala	1.5	3.0	0
Mullaittivu	0	1.6	0
Nuwara Eliya	0	0.6	34.1
Polonnaruwa	0	2.2	0
Puttalam	0	37.5	0
Ratnapura	35.6	9.0	19.5
Trincomalee	0	1.3	0
Vavuniya	0	0.3	0
Totals	196.5	300.7	189. 8

(Source: FSMP, 1995 and Legg and Jwell, 1995)

Table 14. Stand Structure of Rubber Plantations

Age in years	Area in 000 ha
	1995	2000
More than 25	55.7	32.2
21- 25	16.8	20.0
16-20	20.0	38.6
11-15	38.6	34.4
6-10	34.4	28.0
Less than 6	28.0	35.5
Total	193.5	188.7
Annual felling level	8.0	8.1

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 15. Area of New Planting and Replanting of Rubber (Area in hectares)

Year	New Planting	Re-Planting
1970	112	4,144
1975	155	3,229
1980	977	5,434
1985	2,723	6,514
1990	1,297	5,202
1995	829	3,239
1996	1,297	3,443
1997	751	1,033

(Source; FSMP 1995 and AR, 1997)

Table 16. Stand Structure of Coconut Plantations

Age in years	Area in 000 ha
	1995	2000
More than 70	38.8	23.2
50-70	87.5	94.6
30-50	115.8	99.2
10-30	49.6	41.7
Less than 10	9.0	42.0
Total	300.7	300.7
Annual felling level	7.0	8.0

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 17. Replanting and New Planting of Coconut (CCB Schemes)
(Area in hectares)

Planting	1995	1996	1997
Replanting	986	578	1,221
New Planting	1,250	841	931

(AR, 1997)

Table 18. Area under Tea Sector

Year	Area in "000" hectares
1995	189
1996	189
1997	194

(AR, 1997)

Table 19. Area of Tree Resources under Other Categories
(Area in "000" ha)

Category	Year 1995	Year 2000
Mixed and Four Perennials	101.6	104.1
Roads with Trees*	1.54	1.7
Settlements	27.6	29.2

(* Kilometers have been converted 1 km = 0.1 ha. Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 20. Total Estimated Accessible Wood Supply from Trees Outside Forest
(in 000 cubic meters of round wood)

Wood	Tree Resource	Wood Availability
Peeler Logs		1992	1995	2000
	Rubber	1	1	1
	Sub Total	1	1	1
Saw Logs
	Home gardens	515	551	570
	Rubber Plantation	250	252	255
	Coconut and Palmyra Plantation	157	168	202
	Trees on Tea Garden	76	76	76
	Other Perennials	65	66	69
	Roadside and Settlements	5	5	5
	Sub Total	1, 068	1118	1177
Poles	Homegardens	730	786	813
	Other Perennial	45	46	48
	Sub Total	775	832	861
TOTAL	Total	1, 844	1, 951	2, 039

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 21. Total Accessible Production

Products	Source	Unit	Year 1995	Year 2000	Year 2005	Year 2010
Industrial and Sawn Wood	Natural Forest	000 M3	9.2	8.6	8.0	7.4
	Forest Plant.	000 M3	78.8	182.3	290.6	443.8
	Outside Forest	000 M3	1368.2	1435.9	1525.1	1574.6
	Total	000 M3	1456.2	1626.8	1823.7	2025.8
Bio-fuel	Natural Forest	000 tonne	664.3	621.6	582.8	546.6
	Forest Plant.	000 tonne	372.0	264.0	192.4	279.1
	Outside Forest	000 tonne	8834.6	8993.6	9158.9	9331.0
	Total	000 tonne	9870.9	9879.2	9934.1	10156.7

(FSMP, 1995)

Table 22. Number of Species And Levels of Endemism and Threat

Group	Species			Endemic Species
	Total	Threatened Species		No.	Threatened Endemic species
		National Criteria	Global Criteria		National Criteria	Global Criteria
Pteridophyte	314	90(29%)	36(11%)	57(18%)	30(53%)	35(61%)
Gymnosperms	1	1(100%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	0(0%)
Angiosperms	3,368	487(14%)	413(12%)	879(26%)	227(26%)	399(45%)
Butterflies	>242	81(33%)	3(1%)	14(6%)	11(79%)	3(21%)
Spiders	>400	14(4%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	0(0%)
Land molluscs	266	152(57%)	0(0%)	201(76%)	152(76%)	0(0%)
Freshwater fishes	65	30(46%)	19(29%)	29(45%)	28(97%)	19(66%)
Amphibians	48	29(60%)	0(0%)	29(60%)	29(100%)	0(0%)
Reptiles	162	113(70%)	9(6%)	79(49%)	78(99%)	1(1%)
Birds	419	56(13%)	8(2%)	24(6%)	17(71%)	6(25%)
Mammals	89	39(44%)	9(10%)	12(13%)	11(92%)	0(0%)

(FSMP, 1995)

Table 23. Forest areas studied under NCR

District	Number of forests studied	Total forest area in ha.	Floristic diversity				Faunal diversity
			Spp	Gen	Fam	End.	Spp
Matara	17	12539	418	447	252	198	426
Galle	19	36130	420	261	266	205	426
Kalutara	11	18782	399	257	260	194	402
Ratnapura	36	40640	628	332	338	266	555

(Spp= Species, Gen= Genus, Fam = Family, End = Endemism; FAMP, 1995)

Table 24. Diversity in Galle, Matara, Kalutara, and Rathnapura Districts

Selected group	No. of species recorded in rain/moist monsoon forest
	No. of species in group	Total	Rare	Endemic	Rare endemic
Woody plants	1,496	619(41%)	119(8%)	299(20%)	49(3%)
Butterflies	>242	50(21%)	14(6%)	2(1%)	0(0%)
Molluscs	266	>27(10%)	9(3%)	22(8%)	6(2%)
Freshwater fishes	65	21(32%)	10(15%)	13(20%)	3(5%)
Amphibians	48	27(56%)	8(17%)	14(29%)	3(6%)
Reptiles	162	44(27%)	13(8%)	22(14%)	5(3%)
Birds	419	109(26%)	22(5%)	19(5%)	1(+%)
Mammals	89	25(28%)	5(6%)	3(3%)	0(0%)

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 25. Floral and Faunal Diversity and Hydrological importance of Forests

Forest	Floristic Diversity			Faunal Diversity			Hydrology
	New sp.	Prot. Sp.	N.P. Sp.	Tot Sp.	End Sp.	Thr. Sp.	Ero. Rnk.	Hyd. Rnk.	Fi. Rnk.
Sinharaja	337	337	141	106	40	38	84	7	18
Kanneliya	27	415	63	64	26	18	97	13	33
Gilimale-Eratna	51	388	90	103	47	34	65	23	14
Kalugala	14	49	49	68	30	25	97	44	54
Massenna	13	442	36	44	18	16	5	104	30
Bambarabotuwa	11	453	25	86	28	20	81	35	40
Dellawa	8	461	17	82	27	26	26	14	4
Nahiti Mukulana	5	466	12	63	20	17	155	153	174
Oliyagankele	4	470	8	0	8	5	182	251	238
Velihena	3	473	5	24	4	4	181	224	227
Delwala	2	475	3	55	27	21	63	50	37
Kombala-Kottawa	2	477	1	57	23	19	187	131	178
Kekanadura	1	478	0	20	8	5	228	251	263
Viharakele	0	478	0	28	10	9	180	203	217
Kandewattegoda	0	478	0	26	8	3	155	228	216

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 26. Additional Proposed Forests Areas for Conservation of Biodiversity

Forest	Floristic Diversity			Faunal Diversity			Hydrology
	New Sp.	Prot. Sp.	N.P. Sp.	Tot. Sp.	End Sp.	Thr. Sp.	Ero. Rnk.	Hyd. Rnk.	Fl. Rnk
Morapitiya-R'kanda	248	248	269	81	28	24	50	31	35
Handapan Ella	72	320	197	57	21	16	58	10	11
Rammalakanda	54	374	143	72	26	23	9	105	38
Naklyndenlya	37	411	106	60	22	17	117	26	59
Walawe Basin	18	429	88	46	13	11	34	24	7
Kalubowitiyana	14	443	74	40	14	9	1	93	19
Kiribatgala	13	456	61	52	19	19	96	164	139
Ingiriya	10	466	51	43	13	8	168	173	192
Haycock	9	475	42	43	20	14	15	160	72
Morahela	8	483	34	62	24	19	54	54	29
Ranwaragalakanda	7	490	27	37	7	3	98	134	186
Kurulugala	7	497	20	28	12	8	93	147	115
Diyadawa	5	502	15	88	22	20	16	15	3
Gongala	5	507	10	38	17	11	70	34	25
Yagirala	4	511	6	39	12	7	141	98	114
Silverkanda	3	514	3	31	12	10	43	94	49
Tiboruwakota	3	517	0	33	14	10	12	120	46

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 27. Initiatives for Conservation of Biodiversity in the Forest Areas

Year	Indicator	Provision for Biodiversity Conservation
1848	Timber Ordinance No.24	Reservation of forests, largely for timber production.
1873		Hooker advocates protection of natural forests above 5000 feet as climatic reserves.
1885	Forest Ordinance No. 10	Protection of forests and their products in reserved forest and villages forests, primarily for sustained production; also, protection of wildlife in sanctuaries.
1907	Forest Ordinance No 16	Protection of forests and their products in reserved forests and village forests, primarily to provide for controlled exploitation of timber.
1929	First authoritative forest policy statement	Preservation of indigenous flora and fauna.
1938	Amended	Clearing of forests prohibited above 5000 feet Plantations to be converted to indigenous species.
1937	Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance No.2	Protection of wildlife in national reserves and sanctuaries (comprising both crown and private land).
	Amendment Act No.44 in 1964	Nature reserve and jungle corridor incorporated as categories of national reserve.
	Amendment Act No.1 in 1970	Intermediate zone to provide for controlled hunting, was removed from ordinance.
	Amendment Act No. 49 in 1993	Refuge marine reserve and buffer zone as additional categories of national reserve.
	1953 National Forest Policy. Re-stated in 1972 and 1980	For conserving forests to preserve and ameliorate the environment, and to protect flora and fauna.
	1969 UNESCO Biological Programme and 1975 UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme	Arboreta representative of the main bio-climatic zones established and demarcated in forest and reserves.
1982	Mahaweli Environmental Project	Network of protected areas established to mitigate impact of Mahaweli Development Project on wildlife and to protect catchments of Mahaweli Ganga.
1988	National Heritage Wilderness Area Act No.3	Protection of state land having unique ecosystem, genetic resources, or outstanding natural features.
1990	National Policy for Wildlife Conservation	For maintenance of ecological processes and preservation of genetic diversity; ex-situ conservation recognized as important for threatened species.
1990	Forestry Sector Development Programme	Logging of forests banned in wet zone, pending review of their watershed and biodiversity conservation roles.
1995	National Forest Policy	Priority given to biodiversity conservation

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 28. Sites designated for conservation under international initiatives

International initiative	Protected area	Year	Area (ha)
Ramsar Wetland Conservation	Bundala S	1990	6,216
UNESCO MAB Programme	Hurulu FR Sinharaja FR/PR	1977 1978	524 8,864
World Heritage Convention	Sinharaja NHWA	1988	11,187

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 29. Extent of designated areas administrated by FD and DWLC

National Designation	Number, Area (in hectare) and proportion of total land area %
	No.	Area as declared and proportion in bracket	Area as in 1994 and proportion in bracket
Forestry Department
Forest reserve	177	518,199 (7.8%)	466,335(7.1%)
Proposed reserve	217	621,147 / (9.4%)	589,388(8.9%)
National Heritage
Wilderness area	1	11,187 / (0.2%)	11,187(0.2%)
Total with FD	395	1,150,533(17.4%)	1,066,910(16.1%)
DWLC
Jungle Corridor*	1	10,360(0.2%)	10,360(0.2%)
National Park	12	462,448(7.0%)	462,448(7.0%)
Nature Reserve	3	33,372(0.5%)	33,372(0.5%)
Sanctuary	52	284,117(4.3%)	284,117(4.3%)
Strict Natural
Reserve	3	31,574(0.5%)	31,574(0.55%)
Total with DWLC	71	821,871(12.4%)	821,871(12.4%)

(* not in existence since in 1995, FSMP, 1995)

Table 30. Distribution of Population by Districts
(Population in "000" Persons)

District	1981	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997*
1. Colombo	1,698	1,891	1,915	1,935	1,965	1,994	2,026	2,062	2,095	2,128	2,164
2. Gampaha	1,389	1,494	1,506	1,518	1,532	1,543	1,555	1,568	1,582	1,595	1,608
3.Kalutara	827	914	925	934	945	952	961	969	979	988	997
4.Galle	815	910	922	932	946	958	971	983	996	1,007	1,019
5.Matara	644	744	757	765	776	786	797	810	822	832	842
6.Ham6.bantota	424	494	502	510	517	524	531	537	544	549	554
7.Badulla	643	689	698	701	718	716	724	735	748	756	770
8.Moneragala	280	334	340	344	351	356	361	367	374	379	384
9.Kandy	1,126	1,214	1,227	1,236	1,258	1,257	1,269	1,286	1,306	1,319	1,340
10.Matale	357	405	410	414	421	423	429	434	440	445	451
11.Nuwara Eliya	522	525	531	530	541	533	535	541	550	552	561
12.Kegalle	682	733	739	743	751	752	758	763	770	773	778
13.Ratnapura	796	899	913	923	941	948	960	972	984	994	1,006
14.Kurunegala	1,212	1,373	1,391	1,410	1,428	1,445	1,462	1,481	1,499	1,513	1,528
15.Puttalam	493	571	580	589	598	607	617	626	636	645	655
16.Ampara	389	461	470	474	482	492	501	512	522	531	540
17.Batticaloa	331	393	401	409	417	425	433	443	452	461	471
18.Trincomalee	257	302	307	311	315	319	323	327	331	336	343
19.Anuradhapura	588	682	694	705	716	728	741	750	763	772	783
20.Polonnaruwa	263	304	310	314	319	325	329	336	340	344	347
21.Jaffna	831	844	856	863	871	875	879	896	905	911	916
22.Kilinochchi	-	99	101	99	101	104	107	110	112	115	119
23.Mannar	107	124	127	129	132	134	137	140	141	143	144
24.Mulativu	78	90	91	91	92	94	96	98	100	103	106
25.Vavuniya	96	110	112	114	114	115	117	119	121	124	126
Total	14,848	16,599	16,825	16,993	17,247	17,405	17,619	17,865	18,112	18,315	18,552

(* = Provisional Figures, AR, 1997)

Table 31. Livestock population (in million)

Animal	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
Neat cattle	1.8199	1.7727	1.4768	1.6038	1.704	1.7025	1.704	1.644	1.5788	1.599
Buffaloe	0.967	0.9581	0.825	0.8966	0.794	0.7911	0.764	0.761	0.7258	0.721
Sheep	0.0298	0.026	0.0203	0.0222	0.02	0.0202	0.019	0.011	0.0106	0.012
Goat	0.5183	0.5217	0.46	0.5283	0.583	0.5878	0.591	0.535	0.5207	0.519
Pig (swine)	0.0944	0.085	0.0835	0.0912	0.09	0.0938	0.087	0.085	0.0803	0.076

Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka

Table 32.Literacy and Education Levels

	1953	1963	1973	1978	1981	1986	1996
Literacy (%)	NA	82.2	80.8	86.2	85.4	88.6	92.1
Secondary and higher level (%)	11.6	24.1	29.9	36.7	37.1	47.1	56.0

Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka

Table 33. Percentage Contribution by different sectors to GDP

Sectors	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
Agriculture etc.	22	21.5	21	19.4	18.8
Mining and quarrying	1	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.2
Manufacturing	20	20.6	21	21.6	22.4
Electricity, gas and water	2	2.1	2.2	2.1	2
Construction	7.2	7.3	7.5	7.5	7.5
Trade and hotels	21.7	21.8	21.6	21.9	21.9
Transport	9.8	9.7	9.5	9.7	9.7
Banking	5.1	5.2	5.5	5.8	5.9
Ownership and dwellings	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7
Services	10.3	10	9.8	10	9.9
Total	100	100	100	100	100

Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka

Table 34. Percentage Contribution to GDP within Agriculture Sector

Sectors	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
Livestock	4.1	4	3.9	4.1	3.9
Forestry	4.1	3.7	3.7	3.8	3.8
Fisheries	9.2	9.1	9.2	9.2	9.4
Agriculture crops "sub sector"	82.6	83.2	83.3	82.9	82.9
Total Agriculture Sector	100	100	100	100	100

Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka

Table 35. Percentage Contribution of Different Agriculture Crops to GDP

Crops	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
Tea	12.7	12.8	12.6	13.8	14.4
Rubber	2	1.9	1.9	2.1	1.9
Coconut	6.5	7.6	7.7	7.5	7.5
Minor export crops	4.3	4.2	4.1	4.3	3.7
Paddy	19.2	19.4	19.7	15	15.9
Other food crops	30.6	29.8	29.8	32.1	31.2
Tobacco	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Betel and areca nuts	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.2
Other agricultural products	1.8	2	2.2	2.2	2.4
Plantation development	3.8	3.8	3.7	4.2	4.3
Total Agriculture sub-sector	82.6	83.1	83.3	82.9	82.9

Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka

Table 36. Per capita Consumption of Fuelwood

Study	Year	Daily Consumption (Kg/person)
Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority "NARESA" (Wijesinghe, 1983)	1981-1983	1.36
Forestry Master Plan	1985	1.56
Consumer finance and Socio-Economic survey	1987	1.48
Forestry Sector Master Plan	1993	1.35

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 37. Total Consumption of Bio-energy by Household sector

Year	Total population (millions)	% using fuelwood	Consumption per capita (kg/day)	Total consumption (million tonne)
1993	17.69	93.8	1.35	8.15
1994	17.90	93.6	1.34	8.21
1995	18.10	93.4	1.34	8.26
2000	19.09	92.3	1.32	8.48
2005	20.06	90.8	1.30	8.63
2010	21.02	89.3	1.28	8.76
2015	21.86	87.8	1.26	8.83
2020	22.57	86.3	1.24	8.82

(FSMP, 1995)

Table 38. Industrial Consumption of fuelwood

Sub Sector	Fuelwood Consumption (1000 tonne)
Tea	455 (43.2%)
Hotels and Eating Houses	164 (15.6%)
Brick and Tiles	150 (14.2%)
Coconut	51 (4.8%)
Bakeries	99 (9%)
Rubber	72 (6.8%)
Tobacco	13 (1.2%)
Others	49 (4.7%)

(FSMP, 1995)

Table 39. Requirements for Bio-fuel in Industrial and Commercial Sector
(in million tonnes)

Year	Projected fuelwood requirements
	Tea	Hotels etc.	Brick & tile	Coconut	Bakery	Rubber	Tobacco	Others	Total
1993	410	177	150	50	99	72	13	49	1.02
1994	408	174	150	48	99	72	12	49	1.02
1995	406	170	150	42	99	72	12	49	1.00
2000	396	153	150	40	99	72	9.5	49	0.97
2005	386	133	150	33	99	72	9.5	49	0.93
2010	376	119	150	26	99	72	9.5	49	0.90
2015	367	118	150	19	99	72	9.5	49	0.88
2020	358	115	150	12	99	72	9.5	49	0.82

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 40. Demand and Production of biomass at national and district level
(in `000 tonnes)

	1995			2020
District	Demand	Supply	Balance	Demand	Supply	Balance
Ampara	221	397	176	253	406	170
Anuradhapura	385	423	37	411	423	13
Badulla	515	487	(28)	530	502	(27)
Batticaloa	190	301	111	202	333	131
Colombo	844	151	(694)	874	152	(722)
Galle	491	452	(39)	512	467	(45)
Gampaha	759	499	(260)	801	500	(301)
Hambantota	253	421	169	268	432	164
Jaffna	406	205	(201)	431	220	(211)
Kalutara	489	481	(7)	515	486	(28)
Kandy	656	657	1	691	692	1
Kegalle	444	544	100	463	544	82
Killinochchi	47	82	35	50	89	39
Kurunegala	729	1,298	569	772	1,292	520
Mannar	68	89	21	72	91	19
Matale	214	283	69	227	289	62
Matara	434	392	(42)	460	415	(45)
Moneragala	184	399	215	196	413	217
Mullaittivu	46	142	96	49	145	96
Nuwara Eliya	579	292	(286)	585	290	(296)
Polonnaruwa	173	320	147	184	340	156
Puttalam	373	674	301	390	677	287
Ratnapura	557	593	36	576	609	33
Trincomalee	146	173	27	155	177	21
Vavuniya	57	119	62	61	124	63
Total	9,260	9,872	612	9,709	10,109	401

(FSMP, 1995)

Table 41. Supply of Bio-fuel by different Sources

Source	Unit	1995	2000	2005	2010
Natural Forest	000 tonne	664.3	621.6	582.8	546.6
Forest Plant.	000 tonne	372.0	264.0	192.4	279.1
Outside Forest	000 tonne	8834.6	8993.6	9158.9	9331.0
Total	000 tonne	9870.9	9879.2	9934.1	10156.7

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 42. Total Supply of Fuelwood from Alternative Sources
(in percentage)

Study	Rubber wood	Crop Residues	Other Fuel Wood
1986-1987 Consumer Survey	17%	22%	52%
1983 NARESA	18%	29%	53%
1993 FSMP	15%	33%	52%

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 43. Requirement of Wood and Bio-fuel

Product	Unit	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020
Sawn wood	000 m3	567	624	688	753	820	885
Plywood	000 m3	30	34	39	45	52	59
Other panels	000 m3	5	7	10	13	18	23
Fibre for Paper	000 t	30	30	30	30	30	30
Paper	000 tonne	145	182	223	272	333	407
Pulpwood	000 tonne	9	9	9	0	0	0
Poles (wooden)	000 m3	390	411	432	453	471	486
Poles (bamboo)	000 m3	77	81	85	85	85	85
Bio-fuel (household)	000 tonne	8,260	8,480	8,630	8,760	8,830	8,820
Bio-fuel (industrial)	000 tonne	1000	970	930	900	880	820

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 44. Total Accessible Production

Products	Source	Unit	Year 1995	Year 2000	Year 2005	Year 2010
Industrial and Sawn Wood	Natural Forest	000 M3	9.2	8.6	8.0	7.4
	Forest Plant.	000 M3	78.8	182.3	290.6	443.8
	Outside Forest	000 M3	1368.2	1435.9	1525.1	1574.6
	Total	000 M3	1456.2	1626.8	1823.7	2025.8
Bio-fuel	Natural Forest	000 tonne	664.3	621.6	582.8	546.6
	Forest Plant.	000 tonne	372.0	264.0	192.4	279.1
	Outside Forest	000 tonne	8834.6	8993.6	9158.9	9331.0
	Total	000 tonne	9870.9	9879.2	9934.1	10156.7

(FSMP, 1995)

Table 45. Consumption, Production and Import Scenario for Wood

Product			Year
		Unit	1995	2000	2005	2010
Sawnwood	Consumption	Million M3	0.567	0.626	0.688	0.753
	Production	Million M3	0.539	0.563	0.585	0.640
	Imports	Million M3	0.028	0.063	0.103	0.113
Plywood and	Consumption	Million M3	0.035	0.041	0.049	0.058
Other wood	Production	Million M3	0.005	0.005	0.005	0.005
Based panels	Imports	Million M3	0.030	0.036	0.044	0.053
Paper	Consumption	Million tonne	0.145	0.182	0.223	0.272
	Production	Million tonne	0.029	0.029	0.029	0.029
	Imports	Million tonne	0.116	0.153	0.194	0.243
Fibre for	Consumption	Million tonne	0.030	0.030	0.030	0.030
Paper	Production	Million tonne	0.021	0.21	0.021	0.015
Making	Imports	Million tonne	0.009	0.009	0.009	0.015

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 46. Production from Tree Resources within Forest Areas

Products	Source	Unit	Year 1995	Year 2000	Year 2005	Year 2010
Industrial and Sawn Wood	Natural Forest	000 M3	9.2	8.6	8.0	7.4
	Forest Plant.	000 M3	78.8	182.3	290.6	443.8
	TOTAL		88.0	190.9	298.6	451.2

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 47. Total Estimated Production from Trees Outside Forest
(in 000 cubic meters)

Wood	Tree Resource	Wood Availability
Peeler Logs		1992	2000
	Rubber	1	1
	Sub Total	1	1
Saw Logs
	Home gardens	551	570
	Rubber Plantation	333	337
	Coconut and Palmyra Plantation	208	237
	Trees on Tea Garden	76	76
	Other Perennial	66	69
	Roadside and Settlements	5	5
	Sub Total	1239	1294
Poles	Homegardens	786	813
	Other Perennial	46	48
	Sub Total	832	861
TOTAL	Total	2072	2156

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 48.Total Estimated Accessible Wood Supply from Trees Outside Forest

(in 000 cubic meters of round wood))

Wood	Tree Resource	Wood Availability
Peeler Logs		1992	1995	2000
	Rubber	1	1	1
	Sub Total	1	1	1
Saw Logs
	Home gardens	515	551	570
	Rubber Plantation	250	252	255
	Coconut and Palmyra Plantation	157	168	202
	Trees on Tea Garden	76	76	76
	Other Perennials	65	66	69
	Roadside and Settlements	5	5	5
	Sub Total	1, 068	1118	1177
Poles	Homegardens	730	786	813
	Other Perennial	45	46	48
	Sub Total	775	832	861
TOTAL	Total	1, 844	1, 951	2, 039

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 49. Potential Production from Home gardens

Wood	Production in 000 cubic meters
	1992	2000
Saw logs	551	570
Poles	786	813
	1, 337	1, 383

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 50. Potential Production of Wood Fibre from Rubber Plantations

Wood	Unit	Potential		Availability (%)		Production
		1995	2000	1995	2000	1995	2000
Peeler log	000 cub. Meter	1.9	1.9	64	64	1.2	1.2
Saw log	000 cub. Meter	520	526	64	64	333	337
Fuelwood	000 cub. Meter	1,016	1,208	95	95	965	977

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 51. Potential Production in 1995 and 2000 from Coconut Plantation

Wood	Unit	Potential		Availability (%)		Production
		1995	2000	1995	2000	1995	2000
Saw logs	000 cub.meter	346	395	60	60	208	237
Fuelwood	000 cub.meter	361	412	85	85	307	351
Biomass	000 tonne	2014	1833	80	80	1611	1467

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 52. Per hectare Production from Other Tree Resources

Wood	Tree Resource	Production in cubic meters
		1995
Saw logs
	Trees on Tea land	0.4 /ha
	Other perennials	0.69/ha
	Roadsides	0.13/km
	Settlements	0.1/ha
Poles
	Other perennials	0.48/ha

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 53. Estimated Accessible Wood Supply from Other Trees Outside Forest
(in 000 cubic meters of round wood))

Wood	Tree Resource	Wood Availability
		1992	1995	2000
Saw Logs
	Trees on Tea Garden	76	76	76
	Other Perennials	65	66	69
	Roadside and Settlements	5	5	5
	Sub Total	146	147	150
Poles	Other Perennial	45	46	48
	Sub Total	45	46	48
TOTAL	Total	191	193	198

(Source: FSMP, 1995)

Table 54. Value of Medicinal Herbs collected per family

Name of the Forests	Value in Rs. Per family per year
Delwala	255.50
Kekunadura	112.00
Dellawa	15.00
Kalugala	423.50
Kottawa Kohomba	358.80
Welihena	153.00
Wiharakele	848.00
Oligankele	104.00
Kandewattegoda	19.00
Nahitiya Madampe	136.00
Knuckles	2,500.00

(Socio-Economic Survey, IUCN, 1995) and CR, 1997)

Table 55. Imports and Exports of Medicinal Plants

(In Million Rs)

Year	Imports	Exports
1990	0.76	7.87
1991	0.20	6.29
1992	34.83	32.11
1993	42.31	101.31

(Socio-Economic Survey, IUCN, 1995)

Table 56. Regional distribution of various rattan species, and average diameter

Species	Diameter	Distribution
Thambotu wel (Calamus zeylanicus)	2.5 cm	Wet zone
Thuda rena, sudu wewel (Calamus ovoideus)	2.5 cm	Wet zone
Ma wewel, wanduru wel, periya pirambu (Calamus thwaitesii)	3.5 cm	Wet and intermediate zones (dry zone in Ritigala)
Heen wewel, kola hangala (Calamus pseudotenuis)	1.5 cm	Wet zone
Kaha wewel, ela wewel (Calamus rivalis)	1.5 cm	Intermediate and wet zones
Narawel (Calanus delicatulus)	1.0 cm	Wet zone
Wewel, heen wewel, Polonnaru wel, pirambu (Calamus rotang)	1.0 cm	Dry zone
Kukulu wel (Calamus digitalus, C. radiatus, C. Pachystemonus)	0.5 cm	Wet zone

(FSMP, 1995)

Table 57. Distribution of Bamboo species, and their average diameter

Species	Diameter	Distribution
Bata (O.stridula)	1-2.5 cm	Found extensively in wet zone lowlands, growing naturally
Bata (Davidsea attenuata)	1-2.5 cm	Wet and intermediate zone mountains, growing naturally
Una bambu, Kaha una, Kola una (Bambusa vulgaris)	5-10 cm	Wet zone lowlands, widely cultivated
Yodha bambu (Dendrocalamus giganteus)	10-35 cm	Wet zone mountains, cultivated on a small scale

(FSMP, 1995)

Table 58. Value of Kitul products from Wet Zone Forest Areas

Name of forest	Income (Rs per hectare)
Dellawa	9,260
Erathna-Gilimale	15,749
Kalugala	2,399
Bambarabotuwa	13,741
Delwala	17,762
Nahitiya /Madampe	7,410

(CR, 1997)

Table 59. Value of Collectable Edible Plants

Name of the forests	Value (Rs. Per Annum)
Oliyagankele	595
Dellawa	888
Nahitiya/Madampe	223
Delwala	3360
Kottawa Kombala	2,116
Welihena	2,240
Viharakele	2,204
Kandewattegoda	985
Kekunadura	226
Kalugala	448

(CR, 1997)